


at the 



'World's 



Coiti'^^'^"*^- 



ExDomBon 



lo 1893 




W^m: 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 


Chap. 


T500 


Shelf 


r^ir 


pkESENTED BX IT 


:m^A 


^\-%^?s^^_... 


UNITED ST! 


ajES OF AMEEroA. 










\0 ■o-'yn^i/c^rrt'e''n^^6-^ yO-^ 

IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION, 

Please acknowledge receipt to 
J. O. Crosby, 

GARNAVILLO, IOWA 



mm^M 








REPORT 



OB^ THE 



Iowa Columbian 



Commission, 



CONTAINING A FULL STATEMENT OF ITS PROCEEDINGS, 

INCLUDING A LIST OF ALL DISBURSEMENTS, 

ACCOMPANIED BY COMPLETE VOUCHERS 

THEREFOR. 



C^^^^^>t^e^^^ c^^/C-t. '^r^^ 



CHICAGO, A. D., 1893 



PUBLISHED BY THE COMMISSION, 



CEDAR RAPIUS, IOWA. 

REPUBLICAN I'KINTING COMPANY, PRINTERS AND BINDERS. 
1895. 



f^ 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



Letter of Transmission, - - - - 7 

Report of the Commission, - - - - g 

Report of the Executive Conniiittee, - - - 21 

Report of the Committee on Ceremonies, - - 35 

Report of the Committee on Music, - - - 88 

Report of the Department of Live Stock, - - 95 

Report of the Department of Agriculture, Dairy and Apiary, - 125 

Report of the Department of Horticulture, - - 165 

Report of the Department of Minerals and Geology, - - 177 

Report of the Department of the Press, - - 

Report of the Department of Woman's Work, - - 188 
Report of the Department of Manufactures and Machinery, - 197 
Report of the Department of Education and Fine Arts, - - 199 
Report of the Department of Forestry, Photography and Corn Food, 214 
Report of the Committee on Archaeological, Historical and Statisti- 
cal Information, including discovery, settlement, boundaries geo- 
graphy and topography of Iowa, - - - 220 
Geology of the State, . - . . 243 
Climatology, - - - - - 257 

Natural Resources, - - - - 271 

Commercial Facilities, - . . . 280 

Banking, Insurance and Taxation, - - - 286 

Legends of the Origin of Maize, - - - - 297 

Live Stock, . _ _ - _ -^04 

Dairying, ----- -^07 

Horticulture, ----- ^09 

Native Flora, Forests and Artificial Groves - - 314 

Manufacturing, - - - - - 318 

Work of the Fish Commisson, - - - - ^23 

Education, ----- ^24 

Libraries, ------ 333 

Churches and Church Work, - - - 333 

Corn and and other Palaces, - - - - ^43 

Iowa Books and Authors, . - - - ^46 

Iowa at Expositions, ----- 358 

Iowa Population Tabulated, - - 365 

State Government and Institutions, - - - 367 

Report of the Auditing Committee, - - - 378 



UNITED STATES COMMISSIONERS FOR IOWA, 




PROF. W. F. KING. COL. JOSEPH EIBOECK 

ALTERNATE U. S. COMMISSIONERS FOR IOWA. 




Answering A Request for His Pho- 
tograph Says: 
"I never have had, have not now 
and never expect to have the article 
you wish, liesides I have not the 
least desire 'to go rattling or thun- 
dering down the ages' posing as 
an alternate commissioner of the 
World's Fair." 



JOHN HAVES. 



C. E. WHITIN(i. 



To His Excellency Frank D. Jackson, Governor of Iowa : 

Sir:— Chapter ii6of the laws of the 23d General Assembly, entitled 
"An act to provide for a creditable exhibit of the resources of the State of 
Iowa, in the Columbian Exposition, or the World's Fair, to be held in Chi- 
cago," approved April 15th, i8qo, provides that "At the close of its services 
the Commission shall make to the Governor a statement of its proceedings, 
which shall include a list of all disbursements, with complete vouchers 
therefor attached." 

In fultillment of the statutory requirement, we have the honor to submit 
to your Excellency the following report, accompanied by the reports of all 
the Standing Committees and Commissioners in charge of departments, 
which show the plans of promotion and preparation, and the prosecution of 
the work committed to us by the Executive Council of the State, and are 
designed to be a. complete history of Iowa at the World's Columbian Expo- 
sition of 1893, together with a full list of all disbursements and vouchers 
therefor. Respectfully submitted, 

James O. Crosby, President. 

John F. Buncombe, Vice-President. 

F. N. Chase, Secretary. 

William Hamilton Dent, Treasurer. 

S. H. Mallory, ) 

S. B. Packard, \ Executive Com. 

H. W Seaman, ) 

Henry Stivers, 

Charles Ashton, 

J. W. Jarnagin, 

A. C. Roberts, 




Q = 



2: o 



Report of the Iowa Columbian Commission. 



BY JAMES O. CROSBY. 



To his Excellency Frajik D. Jackson^ Governor of the State of Iowa : 

During the Exposition, pursuant to a resolution of the Commission, the 
committee on Archaeological, Historic il and Statistical information pub- 
lished "A Hand Book of Iowa," for general distribution from the Iowa State 
Building. A first edition of 2o,ood copies was soon exhausted and a second 
edition of 5,000 was printed, and that too has been exhausted. The report 
of that committee is accompanied by a copy of the book and is herewith 
re-published. It contains the laws of the 23d and 24th General Assembly 
creating the Commission and making appropriations for its work, with a 
full account of the organization of the. Commission, its officers, committees, 
and classification of departments of its work, to which reference is made 
without repetition here. 

The second session of the Commission was held at Des Moines on the 
15th day of October, 1890, when a set of rules was adopted that was pub- 
lished in pamphlet form, with the act of the 23d General Assembly and 
the act of Congress providing for the Exposition. The rules provided for 
regular sessions of the Commission to be held at the Capitol in Des Moines, 
on the first Wednesday of February, June and October. A committee was 
appointed to publish an address to the people of the state, in order to 
awaken an interest in preparing for a creditable representation of Iowa at 
the Exposition. Soon after President Harrison issued his proclamation 
setting forth that Chicago had complied with the requirements of the act of 
Congress, the committee issued the following address which was generally 
published in the newspapers of the state: 

The Iowa Columbian Commission, 



To the People of the State of Iowa : 

As it is tit and appropriate that the four hundredth anniversary of the discovery of 
America should be commemorated by an Exhibition of the resources of the United States of 
America, their development, and of the progress of civilization in the New World, the Con- 
gress of the United States has enacted "that an Exhibition of arts, industries, manufactures, 
and products of the soil, mine and sea, shall be inaugurated in the year 1892, in the city of 
Chicago, in the state of Illinois." 

The President of the United States, in pursuance of said enactment, through the De- 
partment of State, has made Proclamation of the same, setting forth the time the Exposition 
vvill open and close, and in behalf of the Government and people has invited Foreign Na- 
tions to take part in said Exposition and appoint representatives thereto. 

The buildings will be dedicated on the 12th day of October, 1892, with ceremonies appro- 
priate to the four hundredth anniversary of the discovery of America by Christopher Col- 
umbus, and the Exposition will be open to visitors not later than the lirst day of .May, 1893, 
and close not later than the 30th day of October thereafter. 

The act of Congress provides that the Secretary of the Treasury shall cause to be 
erected, at a cost not exceeding 8400,000. a suitable building in which there shall be exhib- 
ited from the Executive Departments, the Smithsonian Institution, the United States Fish 
Commission, and the National Museum, such articles and materials as illustrate the function 



10 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

and administrative faculty of the Government in time of peace, and its resources as a war 
power, tending to demonstrate the nature of our institutions and their adaptation to the 
Avants of the people. 

The Secretary of the Treasury is also directed to place on exhibition one of the Life 
Saving Stations authorized by existing laws to be constructed, and to cause the same to be 
fully equipped with all apparatus, furniture and appliances now in use in all life saving sta- 
tions in the United States. 

It is expected that Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, Central, South and British Amer- 
ica, the Islands of the Sea, and every State and Territory in our Union, will be represented 
with their finest productions of "arts, manufactures, and of the soil, mine and sea." The 
whole world "competing in generous rivalry for the palm of superior excellence " 

In the things that make Nations great and prosperous and happy, Iowa stands in the 
front rank of States, and is situated so near the location of the Exposition, that she should 
avail herself of this opportimity to make such an exhibit as will fully show her real condi- 
tion and thus augment our national exhibit, and add to the grandeur of the whole as a com- 
prehensive display of the industrial, intellectual and moral development of the World. 

International Expositions have grown to such immense proportions, and are prepared 
at such great cost, it is not probable that the present generation will be called upon to assist 
in the preparation of another within the United States. 

The Commission will take pleasure in communicating all needed information and in 
furnishing all facilities within its power: yet with the people must rest the responsibility of 
the success or failure of our State to be properly represented: and we invoke the aid of 
every true citizen to do all within his power, in her exhibit to place Iowa before the assem- 
bled Nations, in the position to which she is justly entitled; that we may thus be enabled to 
compare with other States our condition and capabilities, and our Nation with other Nations 
of the World. 

Ample buildings will be constructed to supply all the needs of the Exposition, and 
sufficient space will be secured for all exhibits from our State: and we earnestly urge all 
Agricultural and Horticultural Societies and Farmers' Alliances and Clubs, all Stock 
Breeders' Associations and Stock Breeders; Manufacturers of every description; all Min- 
ers, Mechanics, Farmers, Nurserymen, Quarrymen; all persons in control of State Institu- 
tions; all Institutions of Learning, Teachers and School Boards; Artists, Musicians, Photo- 
graphers, Printers. Publishers. Bankers. State Officers, Managers of Rail Ways, Insurance 
Companies, and Producers of every kind, to begin now to plan for the best contribution you 
can make to the World's Columbian Exposition. 

This Exposition will be a school of observation to the farmer, of technical education 
to every artisan, a school of design to every manufacturer ; it will stimulate progress in the 
sciences, arts and industries that benefit mankind; it will advance knowledge, dispel con- 
ceit and prejudice; cultivate friendship between individuals, States and Nations, 

1 here is no other means of diffusing knowledge in so short a time, so wide and varied 
in its scope, to an extent so great and far reaching in its refining and elevating influence. 

It is desirable that the greatest possible number of our people should attend the Ex- 
position, and devote as much time as they can give to the study of its mammoth collection 
af object lessons, for it will bean opportunity the value of which is beyond computation. 

Address all communications to F. N. Chase, Secretary, Cedar Falls, Iowa. 

Signed by the Members of the Commission. 

At the regular meeting in February, 1891, a committee was appointed 
to visit Chicago and make appHcation for a site for an Iowa State Building. 
Being the first state with an organized World's Fair Commission, and the 
first to apply for a location, before the plan for laying off the grounds had 
been fully matured, an acre and a half was assigned to Iowa, and formally 
accepted, which was afterwards given to France and Ceylon, upon which 
their buildings were erected. 

When Jackson Park was surveyed and plat completed, the ground 
assigned to our state was found to be within the location desired for foreign 
countries and a favorable exchange was made, by which we received the 
beautiful site, including the "Shelter," on the shore of Lake Michigan, with 
a finely constructed sea wall in front, and permission was given to make 
such use of the building as we desired, conditioned that at the close of the 
Fair we return it as it came to us. 

A large expense was thus saved in the cost of a sufficient building for 
the needs of the state during the Exposition. There is a tradition that the 
architect employed, some years before the Fair, by the South Park Commis- 
sioners, to design a structure for that place as *'A shelter in the time of 
storm" for visitors and pic-nic parties, and for romantic worshipers at the 
shrine of Terpsichore, had in his possession jilans of the French Chateau 
de losselyn, and took a section of it for the design, and called it -'The 



12 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

Shelter." After Messrs. Josselyn & Taylor of Cedar Rapids were chosen 
architects for the Commission, and we had come in possession of the Shelter, 
Mr. Josselyn made a visit to the grounds for the purpose of studying the 
situation, when he recognized a section of his ancestral chateau, of which 
he also possessed the plans. The additions made took another section, 
nearly reproducing the chateau, with only such changes as were necessary 
to adapt it to its use as the Iowa State Building. 

The following preliminary plan of promotion and preparation was 
adopted: 

1. Requiring each Commissioner to ascertain and report at the next 
meeting, the agricultural, industrial, mineral, mechanical, educational, and 
other resources and advantages of the congressional district of his residence 
worthy of being represented at the Columbian Exposition. 

2. That all individual exhibitors in this state be assisted in the trans- 
portation of their exhibits to the Exposition and return; that a competent 
person shall be in attendance at Chicago to give full information and assist 
in properly locating such exhibits according to classification and space 
allotted. 

3. That there be procured an educational exhibit of the State Univer- 
sity, State Agricultural College, all Colleges and Academies, all High 
Schools, all Normal Schools and common schools, and the State Teachers' 
Association. 

4. That statistical charts be prepared of all state institutions, showing 
their history and extent, with full statements of their management. 

5. That Ottumwa be requested to furnish a model of its Coal Palace, 
Creston of its Bluegrass Palace, Sioux City of its Corn Palace, and Forest 
City of its Flax Palace 

6. That an exhibit of soils to the depth of five or six feet, as it is in 
place, be made in glass tubes six inches in diameter, samples of soil to be 
taken from different localities so as to show the general character of the soil 
throughout the state. 

7. That a large geological map be constructed after the model at p. 33 
of White's Geological Report of Iowa, and a collection of specimens of the 
different formations as they occur in place from the lowest exposures in 
the state to the highest, to be exhibited in cases with glass fronts 12 inches 
wide and 6 feet high. 

8. That all proprietors operating quarries of building stone be requested 
to furnish samples of stone in 12-inch cubes with different dress for each 
face, but one left to show cleavage. 

9. That a collection be made of all varieties of grasses growing in the 
state, both wild and cultivated, and artistically arranged for an exhibit. 

10. That the State Horticultural Society and State Agricultural Society 
be invited to make exhibits to worthily represent their respective depart- 
ments, and the Fish Commission to make such representation as will show 
tile growth of pisciculture in the state. 

11. That a suitable building be erected on the State Agricultural Fair 
grounds for the Conmiission to hold open headquarters during the fairs of 
1 891 and 1892. A committee was appointed to procure from the depart- 
ment of promotion and publicity such suitable World's Fair literature as 



14 REPORT OF JOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

was obtainable, and to prepare such printed matter as was necessary to place 
before Iowa people the work and the needs of the Commission in relation 
to it, to be for free distribution at the headquarters, which was placed in 
charge of the executive committee and the secretary. 

12. That the executive committee prepare a detailed statement of the 
amount necessary lo enable the Commission to make such an exhibit as will 
worthily represent the state. 

13. A committee was appointed to prepare a list of all the periodical 
publications in the state, their characteristics and circulation. 

Also a committee to prepare a list of the religious denominations in the 
State, the number of church buildings, parsonages, schools and their endow- 
ments and number of students; number of ministers and church members,. 
Sabbath Schools with their officers, teachers, scholars and libraries. 

The Secretary visited many cities of the state for the purpose of secur- 
ing the co-operation of the Press, Boards of Trade, and industrial organiza- 
tions. He also issued the following circular letter: 

"Ckdar Falls. Iowa, April, 1891. 
To the Farmers of Iowa : 

"My Dear Si K :— The Iowa Columbian Commission for the World's 
Columbian Exposition, to be held in Chicago, is now organized and is per- 
fecting plans which will, if carried out, insure an exhibit of all the resources 
and all the varied industries of our great State which will be to our credit, 
and also add greatly to the future growth and prosperity of our common- 
wealth. 

The Board of Management at Chicago, is preparing immense buildings 
on Jackson Park in which the competitive exhibits, by individuals and firms 
from all the states and territories in the United States, and all the Foreign 
Nations will be exhibited in their proper departments according to their 
classification, but each state is asked to erect a suitable building for their 
headquarters, m which will be shown the collective state exhibit, represent- 
ing the advantages, resources and possibilities of their respective states. 

A circular will be issued later on that will more fully explain the scope 
and variety of the exhibits in the different departments of this state collec- 
tion. 

The Iowa Commission realize that the extent magnitude and success of 
the Iowa State Exhibit in this department, depends largely upon the farm- 
ers We therefore respectfully ask your hearty co-operation and invite cor- 
respondence. We believe that at the proper time the state will grant all the 
financial aid that is needed to make the Exhibit a credit to the state We 
desire especially at this time to call your attention to the importance of se- 
curing, during this season, the best possible specimens of corn, of the many 
different varieties; of all the grasses, also of grain, wheat, rye, oats, barley, 
flax, millet, broom corn, and any other cereals that can be preserved in good 
form till 1893. We ask you to take special care to select and save any un- 
usually large ears of corn, and extra heavy heads of grain with very long 
straw. All the small grains should be preserved in the straw with the roots 
attached. 

Our object in asking your co-operation at this time is, to procure the best 
possible samples during the two seasons intervening between now and the 
opening of the Exposition. May ist, 1893, to prevent a failure in case the 
season of 1892 should, by unfavorable weather, render it impossible to obtain 
the best that our soil could produce under favorable circumstances. If the 
season of 1891 should f)r()ve to be bad, we would still have next year's crop 
to draw from, and Iowa which now takes the lead as an agricultural state, 
must show her best soil, and her best products, and she will then stand first 
in all the states with her State Exhibit at the Great Exposition. 
For the Iowa Columbian Connnmission 

F. N. Chase, Secretary." 



REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION I5 

The Populist, Republican and Democratic parties at their State Con- 
ventions in 1891, all adopted resolutions in their platforms favoring a liberal 
appropriation by the Legislature to convene the following winter, to enable 
the Commission to make a creditable Exhibit. 

In response to a request from Chief Buchanan, to furnish three columns, 
of three pieces each, of Iowa tree trunks for the colonnade of the Forestry 
building, a committee was appointed that procured and forwarded the num- 
ber desired. 

Large quantities of World's Fair literature were distributed in the fall 
of i8qi, from the headquarters of the State Fair, and at the Coal Palace, the 
Blue Grass Palace, the Corn Palace, the Flax Palace, and generally at the 
county fairs. 

In December of that year, the Executive Committee, after consultation 
with many organizations and individual stock breeders and agriculturists, 
made the following report, which was adopted, and printed copies placed in 
the hands of all the members of the 24th General Assembly which convened 
on the second Monday of January, 1892: 

To the Iowa Columbian Commission : 

"The Executive Committee present the following estimate of money re- 
quired to prepare, install and maintain an exhibit of the products of Iowa at 
the World's Fair at Chicago in 1893. In making these estimates, your com- 
mittee realizes the fact that a large amount of money must be expended in 
making preparations. The success of our representation all lies in getting 
ready. Our stock raisers and farmers are not able to work a year to get 
ready, and then devote the next season, when they shall be planting and 
harvesting, to making an exhibit to the world for the benefit of the state of 
Iowa at large. The Commissioners must offer sufficient encouragement to 
induce the people to get ready whatever they can, that is worthy and cred- 
itable to the state. No lowan will begrudge the money necessary for a state 
building equal to our sister states. We undertake this enterprise for the 
purpose of making known to the world the resources of Iowa, and if it is 
worth doing at all it is worth doing well. 

In making these estimates we have added the cost of transportation and 
also provided for renewals of perishable articles. We estimate: 

For state building and equipment for same S 75,000 

Live Stock — This to include domestic animals of all varieties, kinds 
and classes of Iowa breeding, rearing and ownership ;including a 
poultry exhibit; also including all premiums, medals and prizes 

for the entire live stock industry of the state 50,000 

Agriculture — This to inclnde all grains, grasses, field seeds, root and 
vine products, including the sugar beet and other sugar produc- 
ing plants; also all manufactured articles from the above prod- 
ucts, such as flour, meal, starch, glucose, sugar, sorghum and 
products of the canning factory and packing house; especial at- 
tention being given to corn as an article of food 25,000 

Horticulture— All orchard fruits, products of the vineyards, garden 
fruits, nursery stock and orchard appliances, all processes for 
preserving, evaporating or drying fruits; floriculture and fores- 
try; specimens of native woods -_. 10.000 



l6 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

Manufactures — Machinery of Iowa invention or manufacture, used 
in mechanical, agricultural, mining or artistic operation; manu- 
factured products from wood, leather, cotton, wool, hemp, flax, 
paper and all metals; the object being to present the variety, 
magnitude and excellence of the manufacturing industry of the 
state, giving special attention to the abundance of raw material 
and the cheapness of fuel 15,000 

Dairy Products — Cheese and butter made by the factory or cream- 
ery, or of domestic manufacture, all dairy appliances of Iowa 
invention or manufacture 10,000 

Education and Liberal Arts— This to embrace the work of the com- 
mon school system; the academy, college, university, art insti- 
tutes, technical and professional schools, the educational, re- 
formatory and charitable state institutions; the plastic, pictorial 
and decorative arts, including photography and a photographic 
exhibit of the state; school appliances and furnishings, music, 
drawing, engraving and kindergarten appliances, and public li- 
braries 20,000 

Bee Culture — Bees and their products, bee management, apiarian 

appliances of Iowa invention, manufacture or use 3,000 

Woman's Work — embracing all departments of female industry, 
such as needle work, embroidery, fancy work for home use, com- 
fort or ornamentation, painting, special designs in wood, leather 
and other materials and fabrics; pantry stores, cookery, woman's 
inventions and woman's work in Iowa literature history and 
development 20,000 

Fish Exhibit — Native fishes, embracing the work of the fish commis- 
sion, state hatchery, fish hatching and fish production in Iowa 
streams, lakes and ponds 2,000 

Mineral and Geological — Mineral ores, products of mines, embrac- 
ing coal, lead, iron, aluminum and other metals; gypsum. 
marble, granite, limestone and other building stone; mineral 
paints, fire and potter's clay and other valuable clay and sands 
and articles manufactured from them, including brick and tile; 
specimens of soil,a geological exhibit, fully illustrating the geol- 
ogy of Iowa, properly classified and arranged- -_- -.. 6,000 

Sanitary — Work of the state board of health: hospital accommoda- 
tions for the use of Iowa visitors at the Exposition, who may be 
taken down by sickness or injured by accident, and other sani- 
tary requirements during the Exposition 4,000 

Decorations— Artistic designs in Iowa corn and other Iowa grains 
and grasses used in decorating the interior of the Iowa building; 
the purpose being to make an artistic and beautiful display of 
the field products of Iowa; a display of all Iowa birds, properly 
mounted, will be used for the double purpose of exhibiting such 
specimens and beautifying the building '... . 6,000 

Promoting, Printing and Publication — A statistical exhibit of the re- 
sources, productiveness and other interests essential to a com- 
plete exhibit of the material jirogress and social, ci\il and moral 



REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 1/ 

life of Iowa; also the supplying of literature for free distribution, 
advertising the advantages and excellencies of the state; also 
maintaining a bureau of information for the benefit of the Iowa 
visitors to the exposition; an illustrative exhibit of the climatol- 
ogy of Iowa and the weather and crop reporting service of the 
state; this department embraces all the clerical and mail serv- 
ice essential to the advertising of an Iowa exhibit at Chicago in 
1893 25,000 

Press« Department— Embracing Iowa press headquarters at the ex- 
position with complete files of all the periodical publications of 
the state properly displayed; also the literature of Iowa, includ- 
ing all works of Iowa authorship in law, history, science, poetry, 
travel, etc., and their proper classification and display. 5,000 

Administration and Installation — All clerical hire, furniture for sec- 
retary and other officers, secretary's salary, expense of station- 
ery, postage, express charges, insurance, telegraphing blanks 
and blank books for secretary, treasurer, superintendent and 
other officers; expense of commission and all others essential to 
the installation of an Iowa exhibit 30,000 

Salaries of superintendents, assistants and helpers 23,000 

Incidental and contingent expenses 10,000 

Total $339,000 

This seems a large amount to any one who has not figured up the cost 
and detail and considered that it will require about two years time of the 
promoters and operators engaged in making a showing of the wonderful re- 
sources of our great state, an opportunity that we will not again have during 
this generation. Respectfully submitted, S. H. Mallory, 

J. W. Jarnagin, 
J. F. Buncombe, 

Executive Committe." 

At the regular meeting of the Commission in February the General 
Assembly was in session and bills alike providing for an appropriation of 
$300,000 had been introduced in the Senate and House and referred to 
special committees Each committee had a meeting with the Commission 
at which a general conference and free discussion was held. Both com- 
mittees reported favorably on the bills and recommended their passage; but 
when final action was taken the amount was reduced to $125,000. 

From the time of the passage of the act of Congress authorizing the 
World's Columbian Exposition its plans grew broader to the day of its 
opening. Minute histories of all preceding World's Fairs had been pub- 
lished and they showed how great must be the effort to excel them, and 
energy never before equalled was put forth and each month stimulated to 
higher and grander achievements. 

To any person familiar with the exhibits of that great Exposition, who 
will carefully peruse the above detailed estimate prepared by the executive 
committee, it will be easy to see how far short the exhibit came of what was 



l8 REPORT OF IOWA COLUAJBIAN COMMISSION 

contemplated, and necessarily so by limiting the appropriation to an amount 
insufficient for the plans adopted; and they were revised and cut down in 
every department. 

Immediately after the passage of the act appropriating §125,000 for the 
use of the Commission, a session was held and the Commission re-organized, 
standing committees re-arranged, the work of collecting exhibits class- 
ified into nine departments, each placed under the special charge of one 
Commissioner. 

From that time till the opening of ,the Exposition, the work of prepara- 
tion was actively and energetically carried forward; the details of which 
will fully appear from the accompanying reports of each standing committee 
and department. 

A record of the proceedings of every meeting of the Commission was 
kept by the secretary, and printed copies made for the use of its members, 
which record and some printed copies are to be deposited in the state 
archives for the benefit of the Commission which shall be charged with the 
preparation of Iowa's exhibit at the next quadri-centennial exposition in cele- 
bration of the discovery of America. 

The report of the auditing committee complies with the statute requir- 
ing a list of all disbursements, and complete vouchers thereof will accom- 
pany it. In November last the sum of $3,000 was covered back into the 
state treasury from the unexpended funds in the treasury of the Commission, 
which included salvage, retaining sufficient for the publication of an edition 
of 5,000 copies of this report and final expenses of closing the work of the 
Commission. 

The Commission was unwilling to incur risks that could by any possi- 
bility exhaust the appropriations and leave an empty treasury before its 
work was fully completed. Several states, by reason of the extremely high 
price of labor in building and decorating and in unexpected necessary ex- 
penditures, found their appropriations exhausted in mid-summer. Experi- 
ence admonished us that a small surplus is easier to turn over to the state 
at the close than a deficiency, and much pleasanter to account for. The 
full sum estimated might all have been used m a more thorough exhibit of 
the substantial resources of our state, and been like seed sown in good Iowa 
soil that brings forth fruit abundantly. 

The Commission aimed to make the best showing possible with the 
means placed at their disposal; and already the expenditure has borne 
more than one hundred fold increase, in the great number of good citizens 
that have since made their homes in our state through its influence. And 
still they come and will continue to come. Our own citizens learned from it 
to appreciate the excellence of Iowa as they never had before; and now it is 
believed that there is not on this earth another 55,000 square miles of land 
in f)ne body so productive with so small a percentage of waste. 

On the 19th day of October, 1892, at Chicago a "National organization 
of state executive officers" was formed that held weekly meetings during 
the continuance of the Exposition. Its object was to gain the strength of 
union in promoting the best interests of the Exposition, and to secure the 
rights and privileges to which the states were justly entitled. In preparing 
the program for the closing day exercises the national conmiittee on cere- 



REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION I9 

monies invited that organization to select a person to represent the states 
on that occasion, and Iowa was honored by the selection of the pre-ident of 
her Commission as such representative. By reason of the assassination 
of Mayor Harrison which cast a cloud of sadness over ^11, the program was 
not carried out; but the committee requested all who had parts assigned 
them to forward to the secretary of the National Commission the papers 
prepared by them, to be published as a part of the Exposition's final report. 
The following poem was written by John Brayshaw Kaye, Esq.. of Cal- 
mar, Iowa, and given as a tribute to the closing scene of the World's Col- 
umbian Exposition, October 30, 1893: 

City of Nations! thou white builded dream. 

Sprung like a mirage margined on this plain 
Of inland waters, and so soon again 
To smk in wreck on Time's engulphing stream; 
Thy fame as Sardis' fame shall be enduring. 
Thy fetes than Shushan's, ever more alluring. 
Oh, City of Good Will and Human Love, 

Millennium glimmers from thy domes and towers; 
Thy Colonnades lead from this life of ours 
To visions of the broader life above, 
And back through coming vistas where we scan 
The free and perfect Brotherhood of Man. 
City of WondersI here hath blessed Peace 
Builded her altar and set up her shrine. 
High human purpose nearing the Divine 
Found here in Colon's Land the Golden Fleece, 
And here the fearless argonauts of Spain 
Behol I their ships and meet their Chief again. 
Great anti-Babell out from Shinar's plain 
After four thousand years drifting apart 
The peoples of the earth, in heart and art. 
Within thy fanes and courts have met again, 
And shown in many ways whence all are sprung, 
Speaking the simples of a common tongue. 
What though to-morrow thou shalt disappear. 
The memory of thy presence like a dream 
Of Childhood's light half slumber, still shall seem 
So more than real, well defined and clear. 
Fixed in persp-. ctive ever to remain 
Where will, to being calls thee forth again. 
Oh, offer praise and prayers and prayers and praise 
Alternate wnth sweet interludes of song; 
Let glad Hosannas from the mighty throng 
Well up to Heaven in these closing days 
Of thy World triumphi Nations here have met 
And now the parting only brings regret. 




S. H. MALLORY. 



REPORT OF EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. 



BY S H. MALLORY, CHAIRMAN. 

The Executive Committee of the Iowa Columbian Commission respect- 
fully submit the following report, regarding the work done under their di- 
rection, before and during the World's Exposition at Chicago. 

PRELIMINARY WORK. 

From September second, 1890, when the Committee was appointed, up 
to April seventh, 1892, its work was chiefly assisting the Commission in pro- 
curing information for its future guidance, preparing estimates of the outlay 
desirable to occur, and debating methods and plans for a State Exhibit. 

In compliance with instructions given us by resolutions passed on June 
fourth, 1891, we secured from the State Board of Agriculture a very desir- 
able building site, on the State Fair Grounds, and erected on it a neat 
wooden cottage, 16x20 feet, at a total cost of $196.60, which was used as 
headquarters for the Commission during the holding of the State Fairs of 
1891 and 1892. . 

In April, 1892, the state having appropriated $125,000 instead of the 
much larger sum asked for, the Executive Committee at the"" request of the 
Commission, prepared the following estimate of how said appropriation 
should be expended to attain the most satisfactory results, and presented it 
to the Commission on June 23d, 1892, viz: 

For Pavilion alteration and restoration S 5,500 

For New Building, structure complete 27,000 

For Decorations 3,000 

For Furniture and Furnishings 5,000 

For Attendants, Helpers, etc., during six months of Fair 15,500 

For Administration, Commissioners, per diem and Railway 12,^00 

For expressage, P. O. stamps and stationery 4,000 

For contingent expenses 7, 500 

s8o,ooo 

For Collective Exhibit s8,ooo 

For Literary Bureau-.. 8,000 

For Live Stock 5,000 

For Agriculture and Dairy 8,000 

For Horticulture 2,000 

For Minerals and Geology 2,000 

For Press 1,500 

For Woman's Work 1.500 

For Manufacturing and Machinery. 2,000 

For Education and Liberal Arts 5,000 

For Forestry and Sanitary Work 2,000— S 45,000 

SI 2 5. 000 



REPORT OF EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 23 

On the 7th and 8th of April, 1892, resolutions were passed by the Com- 
mission greatly enlarging and defining the powers of our Committee, dele- 
gating to them all the powers of the Commission, to execute all plans then 
or thereafter to be devised or ordered by the Commission, with full power to 
act in the premises at all times, when the Commission was not in session. 

LOCATION AT WORLD'S EXPOSITION GROUNDS. 

In deference to the wishes of the Directors of the World's Exposition, 
the site for our State Building which had been selected and granted, (lot Y) 
was resigned, and Lot ii taken instead; the change was confirmed by letter 
on April 23, 1892, and the contract between the Exposition Officials and the 
Iowa Commission for the new site, executed on the 23d of June following. 
Your Committee thought the change an advantageous one for Iowa, as the 
new location was on the Lake Front and Grand Boulevard, sufficiently con- 
spicuous, easy of access, open to the cool lake breezes, and with a commo- 
dious, handsome pavilion on it, which the Exposition permitted the State to 
use as part of their State Building, with the sole proviso, that it should be 
left as found, at the close of the Exposition. 

STATE BUILDING. 

On April 13th, 1892, Architect Josselyn was instructed to prepare two or 
three studies for the State Building, to be erected upon the site as selected, 
and on May 5th, he was advised to proceed to prepare plans and specifica- 
tions for the same in accordance with his sketch, that day approved by 
Chief of Construction Burnham. 

The Committee next proceeded to advertise for proposals from con- 
tractors for furnishing all material and labor and constructing the building, 
in accordance with said plans and specifications, work to be awarded 
about June first. 

On June eighth the plans and specifications as presented by the Josselyn 
& Taylor Co , architects, were approved. 

On June 23d, seven propositions were received from three different con- 
tractors, to construct the building as advertised, the bids ranging from S38,- 
500 (the highest) to $23,700 (the lowest). On July seventh, John G Coder, 
the lowest bidder, having satisfied the Committee as to his responsibility, 
v/as awarded the contract. On the same day, it was agreed with the archi- 
tects, Josselyn & Taylor Co., to pay them five per cent of the cost of the 
building, as full compensation for preparing the plans and specifications, 
and superintending its construction. 

A brief description of the architectural features of the building is>s 
follows: 

The pavilion (lettered "A" on the plans) is a building 8o ft. x 120 ft. one 
story in height, and was utilized as an Exhibition Hall. To the west, with a 
south frontage, was the addition, 60 ft. x 112 ft. This portion was arranged 
for and devoted to, the accommodation of the public and officials. It con- 
tained a Reception Hall, about 16x50, Ladies' Parlors about 20x40. Gentle- 
men's Parlor, about 24x32, Governor's and Commission's rooms, Postoffice, 




'Ut>5'rt[-y^\nl ■•^-o-T 



TT^fW '"'Q 



C x-H ' 

' i 

\^ 



£ 



i 

Q c 

o C »' o 
M 3 t -I 1^ -J 

(c iC p uJ U- (5 



< 



o 

o 



o 

< 



> 

■ o 
\^ 

at?d 

in 
o 

% 

d 

o 
o 




26 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

Writing rooms and Toilets. On the second floor was a large Assembly Hall, 
utilized for Exhibition purposes, rooms for the accommodation of the Press, 
sleeping rooms for Officers, with rooms in the third story for janitors. The 
exterior of the Pavilion was slightly modified in its outline, to bring it into 
harmony with the addition, and give the whole building as much as possible 
the appearance of one structure. The whole length of the old and new 
parts gave a frontage towards the south of nearly two hundred feet. 

The principal entrance was toward the western end of the building, be- 
tween two large circular towers. The two western towers had friezes with 
decorated panels. In the panels of the one to the left of the entrance were 
the names of thirteen of the principal cities of the State, arranged alphabet- 
ically, and selected from the census list of 1890: Burlington, Cedar Rapids, 
Clinton, Council Bluffs, Davenport, Des Moines, Dubuque, Fort Madison, 
Keokuk, Marshalltown, Muscatine, Ottumwa and Sioux City. 

In the panels of the other were the names of the following historical 
events in Iowa: Settled by Dubuque in 1788. Louisiana Purchase, 1803. 
Territory of Michigan, 1834. Territory of Wisconsin. 1836. Territory of 
Iowa, 1838. State of Iowa, 1846. There were other panels filled with dec- 
orations illustrative of Iowa's progress and industries, with portrait heads in 
high relief of the Indian Chiefs, Keokuk and Blackhawk, modeled from au- 
thentic engravings lent by the State Masonic library at Cedar Rapids. The 
Park Pavilion gave the key to the style of architecture adopted which was 
that of the French Manoirs, with decorations and enrichments after the style 
of the Chateaux of France. 

Inside were some handsome mantels, modeled and decorated in the 
latter style. 

The following inscription was placed over the fire-place in the main 
hall, "Iowa; the affections of her people, like the rivers of her borders, flow 
to an inseparable union." 

INTERIOR DECORATIONS. 

Milward and Clark of Sioux City, were employed in the fall of 1892, to 
design and superintend the decorations of the Exhibition Hall with the prin- 
cipal products of the State. 

The charming and novel effects they produced by covering the ceilings, 
walls and columns with grains, seeds, grasses, corn, etc., all products of the 
State, wrought into pictures and fanciful decorative designs of form and 
color, gave a unique and unusually attractive interior, makmg one of the 
most novel features of the Exposition. The most favorable comments were 
made by the throngs of visitors, of all nationalities, whom it attracted. 

The views here shown, give but a faint idea of the beauty of the work. 
The remainder of the mural decorations in the building, wit\| the exception 
of the Press room, were designed and executed by the fresco artists, 
Andrews and Noel, of Clinton Iowa, and received much favorable comment. 

Mrs. John F. Duncombe, of Fort Dodge, recjuested jiermission to decor- 
ate the two Press rooms at her own expense, which was granted. She em- 
ployed Mr. Colwell, who furnished the design and executed the work, using 
only materials manufactured and produced in the State. The walls and 





IOWA STATE BUILDING, MAIN ENTRANCE. 



28 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

ceilings were decorated with a finish called cementico, made at Fort 
Dodge; it commenced in the center of the ceiling with a greenish blue tint, 
blending the field as it approached the Style, to a warm buff. The Style 
was pale sage-green, done in a heavy stipple, representing icicles tipped 
with gold. The corners of the ceiling were in scroll with a runnings 
vine in which was interwoven a fac-simile of the leading newspapers of the 
State. The walls were stippled in light, warm buff, to the chair rail, above 
which was an extensive border, composed ot ink and quills, or pens and ink,, 
so arranged as to appear ready for use. Below the chair rail, the tint was a 
light terra cotta. The frieze was blended and done in rosette stipple, lined 
in gold and copper. The mantel was finished in harmonious colors, and the 
fire breast filled with a large painting, representing the Printing Press of the 
day, or the Iowa Cultivator. The wood work was painted to match and 
striped with gold. 

The mantel shelf in the Ladies' Parlor contained a clock furnished by 
the ladies of Iowa City. The case was modeled after the old Capitol Build- 
ing at Iowa City, and made of Iowa City marble. 

The Committee received a proposition from C. S. Young & Co , of Chi- 
cago, to place in the center of the Pavilion a miniature reproduction of the 
State Capitol Building at Des Moines, to be made entirely of glass and the 
grains of the State. They proposed to pay the Commission 35,000 for the 
privilege, and expected to reimburse themselves from the sale of the surplus 
samples of grain, received from the farmers, and the sale of photographs of 
the exhibit. Their proposition being accepted by the Committee, they ap- 
pointed solicitors in every county in the state, to canvass and secure samples 
of all kinds of grain, so that every farmer might have an exhibit at the Ex- 
position. Their names were to be listed and published in a book, describ- 
ing the same. The scheme was not a financial success, as the contributions 
were too few. The miniature Capitol was constructed by Mr. Schuman, of 
the Wells Glass Co. Chicago, under the direction G. P. Bell, architect for the 
contractor. It attracted much attention and received great praise. At the 
close of the Exposition it was presented to the Agricultural College at Ames, 
which assumed all expense, of removal and installation. 

The Flax Palace and flax exhibit was sent by the Flax Palace Associa- 
ation of Forest City; it was prepared under the direction of Jasper Thomp- 
son, ex-President of the Flax Palace Co , and the entire expense, except 
transportation, was borne by the citizens of Forest City. 

FURNITURE AND FURNISHINGS. 

The necessary furnishings for a Postoffice, Parcel room and Registry 
room were purchased of John McLane, of Milford, N. H., and erected in the 
building. They proved of the greatest convenience to the Public and the 
Commission. 

L. S. Merchant, of Cedar Rapids, generously furnished free of charge, a 
large and elegantly bound Register, with an adjustable stand, to be used as 
an official register at the Building. At the close of the Exposition, they were 
placed in the Aldrich Collection in the State Capitol. 

The office furniture was kindly loaned to the Commission by the Rand 
& Leopold Desk Co., of Burlington, Iowa. 



30 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

George P. Bent, of Chicago, loaned a fine Crown Cabinet Organ and an 
elegant Upright Crown Piano,and at the close of the Exposition put the latter 
in first-class condition and presented it to the Commission, who shipped it to 
Des Moines, and had it placed in the Governor's room in the Capitol, as the 
property of the State. The furniture in the parlors and reception rooms was 
purchased of the Haywood & Morrill Manufacturing Co. of Chicago. 

The ladies of Vinton loaned a table and two chairs for use in the parlor. 
They were elegant specimens of carving done by the Vinton ladies. 

The ladies of Dunlap contributed a magnificent great carved chair, up- 
holstered in leather, as an example of their handiwork. At their request, it 
was afterward sent as a gift from them to the Governor and is now in the 
historical rooms at the Capitol. 

SALVAGE. 

On September fifteenth, 1893, the disposition of the property of the State 
on the Exposition Grounds, was delegated by the Commission to the Exec- 
utive Committee. 

Sales were accordingly made and the sum of twenty-five hundred sev- 
enty-seven dollars nineteen cents realized ; in more detail as follows : 

Sale of building $ 235 00 

Sale of postoffice fixtures 185 00 

Sale of furniture and fixtures 900 24 

Sale of dairy products 828 67 

Sale of electric fixtures — . 100 00 

Sale of grain and lumber 143 67 

Sale of wool . 50 80 

Rebate on safe .- 50 00 

Rebate on gas 50 00 

Miscellaneous articles .. 33 81 

Total -$2,577 19 



SCHEDULE OF EXHIBITS AND OTHER ARTICLES TURNED OVER BY THE 
IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION TO THE GOVERNOR AND EXECUTIVE 
COUNCIL FOR THE USE OF THE STATE. 

I Geo. p. Bent ''Crown" Piano (cover and stool.) 

I water color painting, framed, 'Interior Iowa State Building." 

I long mirror. 

8 cases inverted glass show bottles and exhibition bottles. 

I lot glass soil cylinders. 

3 gas logs. 

I box Rosier fire extinguishers. 

I lot Hardin hand grenade fire extinguishers. 

I lot cuspidors. 

3 step ladders. 

4 paper racks and fixtures. 

And the following liat was deposited in the State Library: 
I water color painting, framed, "Iowa State Building." 





1 










i,ti„ia^usd9 




Jh • 




'L^l 


* ; ■ ~ 




AIH 




-^ 


^IW^- ^ 1 


: ..■ i 


■1 




4H 


3itt 1 i/ H 


f«^ l«i 


i# 


'" M 


i 




>:r.ll 


IT- . 


l1 


pi 


,:4«4J*^--^ 


:"" 


liJ^B 


V 


- . .* a ,: . * 5 


a 


^ '^^B 


1 \ 

> 


mm 


, 


** -^'IHB 




W....^. 


: ^^H 


-IIH 


</5 

i 

H 
m 


■ 


IHHI^S^M^^i'^ 


1 




CD 

c 

(— 




o 
o 




m 
O 

H 

o 

z 






9 


z 


1 


■ 


|HBpi>k'-'/ 


•M 


1- ■ 

tai 


1 


1. 


I 1 






' vl^l 


1 /^i 


1 










'm 




^^^^^^^^^^^^^■1^ ' 




m 



report of executive committee 33 

Books — 

I copy Illinois hand book. 

I copy Manitoba hand book. 

I copy New South Wales hand book. 

I copy Canadian Educational handbook. 

I copy Black Hills hand book. 

I copy Costa Rica Publication. 

I copy Canadian Agricultural Report. 

I copy Philadelphia hand book. 

I copy Classification World's Columbian Exposition. 

I copy Wisconsin hand book. 

I copy Minnesota hand book. 

I copy Louisiana hand book. 

I copy Kansas hand book. • 

I copy Minneapolis hand book. 

I copy Spanish hand book. 

I copy British hand book. 

I copy Iowa hand book. 

I copy Iowa Dedication Souvenir. 

1 copy Iowa State Day Souvenir. 

2 large volumes Statutes of New South Wales. 
List of articles placed with Historical Department: 

3 large registry books and stand, used at Iowa State Building, and con- 
taining lists of names of visitors to the Exposition. 

250 volumes Iowa hand book, for distribution. 

Specimens of Iowa stone and marble were placed with the Geological 
Department. 

Also I large glass cabinet, sent to college for blind at Vinton. 

I large glass cabinet, sent to school for deaf at Council Bluffs. 

I " " " " institution for feeble minded at Glenwood. 

I " " " " State Normal Shool, Cedar Falls. 

3 large glass show cases to State Agricultural Society. 

8 Iowa caps to State Agricultural Society. 

I step ladder to State Agricultural Society. 

Large model of Iowa State Capitol building to Agricultural Hall. 

The World's Fair Cottage, on Iowa State Fair Grounds, was given to 
Director J. R. Sage and his successors, for headquarters for weather and 
crop service. 




F. N. CHASE. 



Report of the Committee on Ceremonies. 



BY F. N. CHASE, CHAIRMAN. 

The committee named by this Commission to act as committee on cere- 
monies was appointed with special reference to the dedication ceremonies 
of the Iowa State Building, October 22, 1892. After the ceremonies above 
referred to, this committee reported to the Commission, the report was ac- 
cepted and the committee discharged. 

At a subsequent meeting of the Commission the same committee was 
re-appointed to act until the close of the Exposition, and now beg to submit 
the following as their report: 

While the Iowa State Building was not so large and imposing as some 
of the state buildings, and was not built with special reference to giving 
public entertainments, but more especially adapted to the comfort and con- 
venience of those who daily visited the building for rest and comfort, to see 
the various exhibits representing the resources and products of the state 
and the refinement and culture of its citizens, to listen to the grand concerts 
given daily by the justly celebrated Iowa State Band, and to view the won- 
derful decorations of natural products in the pavilion; still, with the large 
reception rooms and parlors on the first floor and the assembly room on the 
second floor, it made it possible on special occasions to accommodate large 
crowds of people. Yet it was impossible to entertaian all the Iowa visitors, 
their friends and the multitude of visitors from other states, territories and 
foreign nations. 

The following is a list of the more public and official meetings under the 
direction of the Iowa Commission. The three most important of these cere- 
monies were the dedicatory ceremony at the Iowa State Building, October 
22, 1892; the formal opening and presentation of the Iowa State Exhibit to 
Director General Davis and the Board of Management of the World's Col- 
umbian Exposition, May i, 1893; ^^i^ ^^^ Iowa State Celebration Days, 
September 20 and 21, 1893. 

In addition to these was the reception to Miss Clara Barton, presi- 
dent of the American Red Cross Association; reception to West Point 
cadets; the public exercises and reception to the Iowa Press Association, 
August 3, 1893; the reception to Hon. Horace Boies, Governor of Iowa, Di- 
rector General Davis and Board of Management of the Exposition, United 
States and Foreign Commissioners, United States Board of Lady Managers, 
and the Commissioners and Lady Managers of the states and territories, 
from 2 to 5 o'clock p. m., September 20; also the Corn Food Banquet given 
in October, to which were invited the foreign and state commissioners and 
ladies. This last occasion, however, was in charge of a special committee. 

In addition to these ceremonies at the Iowa State Building, there were 
many occasions where ceremonies more or less public were held in the 
assembly room under the auspices of the various societies and organizations 
of the state of Iowa. 



REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 3/ 

The presence of the Iowa State Band during the entire period of the 
Exposition made it possible to give these entertainments and make them 
successes. 

DEDICATION OF THE IOWA STATE BUILDING. 

On October 22, 1892, the day followmg the general dedication of the 
Exposition buildings and grounds, the Iowa State Building — then nearly 
completed — was presented to the Governor by President Crosby, and by the 
Governor dedicated and tendered to the Board of Management of the Ex- 
position. 

Governor Boies and staff, members of the Executive Council, the Iowa 
State Band, several regiments of the Iowa National Guard, and a large 
number of citizens of low'a and other visitors, more than could be. accom- 
modated, were present and the program was successfully carried out. The 
proceedings were published in an Edition de Luxe of 2,500 copies, entitled 
"Souvenir of the Dedicatory Ceremonies of the Iowa State Building at Jack- 
son Park, Illinois, October 22, A. D., 1892," which is here reproduced entire. 

PROGRAM OF CEREMONIES OF DEDICATION. 

Overture — Barber of Seville — Rossini, - - Iowa State Band 

Invocation, - . . . . Rev. T. E. Green, D. D 

Presentation of the building to the Governor of Iowa, 

James O Crosby, Pres. Iowa Col. Commission 
Dedication and tender to the World's Exposition, Governor Horace Boies 
Response (in the program only), - Director-General Geo. R. Davis 

Music— Reminiscences of all Nations, - . Iowa State Band 

Poem— The Ballad of Columbus— Maj. S. H. M. Byers, 

Mrs. Lucia Gale Barber 
Song — Star Spangled Banner, - - Mrs. Ida Norton, accompanied by 

Iowa State Band, with Audience joining in the Chorus. 
Oration, ...... Hon. E. P. Seeds 

Doxology, - - Audience, accompanied by Iowa State Band 

Benediction, . _ . . . Rev. T. E. Green, D. D 

Music — Iowa Columbian March — Prof. Phinney, - Iowa State Band 

F. N. Chase, S. B. Packard, Henry Stivers, Committee on Ceremonies 

IOWA OFFICIALS OF THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN COMMISSION. 

Chief of the Bureau of Agriculture. — W^. I. Buchanan, Sioux City. 
U. S. Comtnisnoners for Iowa. — W. F. King, Mt. \^ernon; Joseph Eiboeck^ 
Des Moines. 
Alternates.— ]<d\vi\ Hayes, Red Oak; Charles E. Whiting, Whiting. 
Members of WomarC s Board of U. S. Commissioners for Iowa. — Mrs. AYhit- 
ing S. Clark, Des Moines; Miss Ora E. Miller, Cedar Rapids. 
Alternates. — Mrs. Ira F. Hendricks. Council Bluffs; Miss Mary B. Han- 
cock, Dubuque. 

IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION. 

Pres. — J. O. Crosby, Garnavillo; V-Pres. — J. F. Duncombe, Ft. Dodge; 

Secy. — F. N. Chase, Cedar Falls; Treas. — Wm. H. Dent, LeMars. 
Executive Committee. — S H. Mallory, Chariton; H. W^ Seaman, Clinton; 

S B. Packard, Marshalltown. 



REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 39 

Auditing Committee. — Theo. Guelich, Burlington; S. B. Packard, Marshall- 
town; Henry Stivers, Des Moines. 

On Compilation of ArchcEolooical, Historical and Statistical Information.— 
Chas. Ashton, Guthrie Center; J. O. Crosby, Garnavillo; J. W. Jarnagin, 
Montezuma. ^ 

DEPARTMENTS. 

"A" Live Stock — S. B. Packard; "B" Agricultural, Dairy and Apiary — F. 
N. Chase; "C" Horticultural— Wm. H. Dent; '"D" Mineral and Geol- 
ogy — J. F. Duncombe; "E" Press Henry Stivers; "F" Woman's Work 
— J. O. Crosby; "G" Manufactures and Machinery —H. W. Seaman; ''H" 
Education and Fine Arts — J. W. Jarnagin: "I" Forestry — Theo. Guelich. 

IOWA BOARD OF LADY MANAGERS. 

Pres.— Miss Ora E. Miller, Cedar Rapids; V-Pres.— Mrs. N. C. Deering. 
Osage; Secy.— Mrs. Eliza G. Rhodes, Mt. Pleasant; Treas.— Miss Mary 
B. Hancock, Dubuque; Mrs. Flora J. McAchran, Bloomfield; Mrs. 
Whitmg S. Clark, Des Moines; Mrs. Orry H. Salts, Corning; Mrs. L. 
O. Ferson, Council Bluffs; Mrs. John F. Duncombe, Ft. Dodge; Miss 
Jennie E. Rogers, Sioux City; Mrs. Ellen K. Cook, Davenport. 

PRAYER BY REV. THOS. E. GREEN, D. D., 

CHAPLAIN OF THE FIRST REGIMENT, IOWA NATIONAL GUARD. 

We praise Thee O Lord: We acknowledge Thee to be the Lord. Thou 
art the ruler of the nations and the King of Kings. By Thy sovereign will 
have the bounds of the earth been set, and out of the counsels of Thy wis- 
dom have the nations been established. 

We praise Thee for all Thy manifold mercies, and especially at this 
time for the Providence that called into being this our western world, and 
has made and preserved for us our beloved nation. 

And as we give Thee thanks so we supplicate Thy continued blessing. 
We pray for our land and nation. Preserve it from peril, establish it in 
righteousness, and fill it with Thy fear and obedience to Thy law. 

Bless we beseech Thee the President of the United States; in this his 
hour of sore distress, manifest to him the comforts of Thy grace. We pray 
for the Governor of our state, and for all who are over us in authority. May 
they be men of clean hands and pure hearts, whose strength is in Thee and 
in Thy righteousness. 

Bless our Commonwealth. Save us from sin and iniquity and establish 
us in prosperity and peace. 

Accept we beseech Thee the work which we now dedicate to humanity, 
and therefore to Thee. May it serve its purpose in the advancement of 
Christian civilization, in the building up of the brotherhood of humanity 
and the proclamation of the Fatherhood of our God. And so may Thy 
blessing be upon us, and Thy mercy upon our children— and to Thee, 
Father, Son and Holy Ghost, shall be glory and honor, now and evermore. 
Amen. 



REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON CEREMONIES. 4 1 



ADDRESS OF JAMES O. CROSBY, 

PRESIDENT OF THE IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION. 

National celebrations in great measure show forth the character of the 
people constituting the nation. 

In early ages the conquests of arms were made the greatest occasions 
for long continued and enthusiastic celebrations, and the order of exercises 
indicated what the people deemed best calculated to express their joy and 
admiration and to afford them their highest pleasure and gratification. 

The savage chieftain celebrated his success upon the war path by mid- 
night orgies with the weird war-dance and superstitious sacrifices. 

In A. D. 70, a Roman army occupied Palestine menacing Jerusalem, 
because the Jews failed to pay to Rome the stipulated tribute money. The 
presence of the army alone was not enough to bring the tribute, and Titus 
destroyed the city, razing its walls to the ground. 

He returned to Rome with 60,000 prisoners, and by the Senate was 
accorded a thiumphal procession. The prisoners built the Coliseum, with a 
seating capacity of 87,000, and upon its completion in A. D. 80, one hundred 
days were spent in celebrating with games and shows, gladiatorial combats 
to the finish, and contests with wild beasts. The triumphal arch of Titus 
and the Coliseum still stand to perpetuate the fame and glory achieved in 
the destruction of Jerusalem. 

A few years later, when the emperor Trajan returned from the Danube , 
after his conquest of the Dacians, again the Coliseum was thrown open to 
celebrate his victory, and for 120 days, for the entertainment of the people, 
the Dacian prisoners were compelled to fight with wild beasts and to butcher 
one another to make Roman holiday. The statue of the Dying Gladiator 
perpetuates the memory of that butchery, and the column of Trajan and 
the Forum in ruins, bearing his name, are reminders of the history of the 
close of the first and the beginning of the second centuries of the Christian 
Era. 

The destructive wars of Napoleon Bonaparte are commemorated in 
Paris by triumphal arches in Place du Carousel and Place de I'Etoile; and 
in Place Vendome rises a column modeled after the column of Trajan. The 
galleries of France glare with highly imaginative representations of the Na- 
poleonic wars. A turn of the kaleidoscope, and standing on the field of 
Waterloo we see a mound of earth 150 feet high, on the summit of which 
the British Lion triumphantly looks defiance over the site of Napoleon's, 
headquarters at Belle Alliance. 

Pomp and glitter with the excitement and victories of war, have edu- 
cated men to hero worship of the military chieftain who through blood and 
carnage attains signal victory; and the sculptor's and the painter's art are 
exhausted to cultivate admiration for military achievements; and they are 
commemorated in song and story. 

4 



42 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

In the progress of the world's civiHzation, the cultivation of the arts of 
peace is resulting in victories, which if not so glittering are more beneficial 
to mankind, lifting them to a higher and better plane of life. 

Friendly contests among the nations in the arts, sciences and industries 
which benefit mankind are celebrations that stimulate the world to the 
building up of all the nations in those things that make a people great and 
prosperous and happy. Such are the conquests of peace. No ruined cities 
or devastated fields follow in the path of such victories. From them some 
noble structures are left as monuments to perpetuate their memory, like the 
beautiful crystal palace of Sydenham, the palaces of Industry and Troca- 
dero in Paris, and the Horticultural and Memorial Halls in Fairmount Park 
at Philadelphia. 

When in 1876 our nation celebrated the centennnial anniversary of its 
birth by such an exhibition, the different sections of our Union were drawn 
into closer relations of amity, and our nation with the other nations of the 
world; while the central thought of Republican Liberty, that "Mankind 
IS CAPABLE OF SELF-GOVERNMENT" was sown like the seed of the sower 
that, in the parable, went forth to sow. 

Acts that are truly great and far-reaching in their influence, in human 
estimation grow with the lapse of centuries. 

Four hundred years ago, Christopher Columbus discovered America, 
which in effect was the discovery of a new world and joining it to the old. 
For a brief period following his heroic discovery he was treated with 
marked favor, but afterward there were few to do him honor, and neglected, 
he died in poverty. After four centuries his courage, skill, daring adven- 
ture and grand achievement have come to be appreciated in the new world 
which he discovered, and popular sentiment decreed that its fourth centen- 
nial must be celebrated with a world's fair. 

The Congress of the United States recognized this decree in the follow- 
ing words: "Whereas, it is fit and appropriate that the four hundredth 
anniversary of the discovery of America be commemorated by an exhibition 
of the resources of the United States of America, their development, and of 
the progress of civilization in the new world," and enacted that this com- 
memoration shall be a World's Columbian Exposition to be inaugurated in 
the year 1892, in the city of Chicago, in the state of Illinois. 

The location was most happy, for its citizens, in leading characteristics, 
are like Columbus, energetic, courageous, daring and persevering. As the 
storm spirit was unable to deter the great navigator from pressing on in his 
voyage of discovery, so the fire fiend spreading devastation through the 
heart of this city, sweeping away its noblest structures like chaff before the 
wind, could not deter its citizens from pressing forward in the building of the 
finest and greatest city that was ever constructed in so short a time, since 
the creation of the world, and it has been truly said that one of the greatest 
exhibits of the exhibition, will be the city of Chicago itself. 

With characteristic energy and boldness they entered upon the hercu- 
lean task of ])reparing for the reception of the world upon a scale of grand- 
cur and magnificence never before equalled, and the result of their labors is 
to-day before us. 

While the bill was pending before Congress jjroviding for the Colum- 



REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON CEREMONIES. 43 

bian Exposition, the 23d General Assembly of the state of Iowa, passed an 
act approved April 15th, 1890, making an appropriation and providing for 
an Iowa Columbian Commission charged with the duty of devising and exe- 
cuting plans to creditably represent at such Exposition, the agricultural, 
mineral, mechanical, industrial, educational and other resources and ad- 
vantages of the state. 

When the President of the United States in pursuance of the act of Con- 
gress had issued his proclamation, our Commission issued an address to the 
people of the state, invoking their aid to place Iowa in her exhibit before the 
world in the position to which she is justly entitled, that we might be enabled 
to compare with other states our condition and capabilities, and our Nation, 
with other Nations, and setting forth that this Exposition "will be a school 
of observation to the farmer, of technical education to the artisan, of design 
to the manufacturer; it will stimulate progress in the sciences, arts and in- 
dustries that benefit mankind; it will advance knowledge, dispel conceit and 
prejudice, and cultivate friendship between individuals. States and Nations." 

"There is no other means of diffusing knowledge in so short a time, so 
wide and varied in its scope, to an extent so great and far reaching in its re- 
fining and elevating influence." 

"It is desirable that the greatest possible number of our people should 
attend the Exposition, and devote as much time as they can give to the 
study of its mammoth collection of object lessons, for it will be an opportu- 
nity the value of which is beyond computation." 

It was deemed of first importance that a commodious building should be 
erected as a headquarters for the numerous visitors from our state that would 
avail themselves of the advantages here to be gained, and an early applica- 
tion for a site on which to build, resulted finally in the acquisition of this de- 
lightful location on the shore washed by the waves of Michigan, the head of 
the great chain of American lakes. 

It is a fitting locality to serve as a headquarters for ourbeloved state that 
lies within the embrace of the two great rivers of the West, the Missouri 
and Mississippi, within that temperate zone that gives health and vigor to its 
people — and with a soil of great fertility, irrigated by nature, seed time and 
harvest never fail. Providence has spread its gifts with bountiful hand 
throughout its borders. 

In 1854 when it became my home, there was not a mile of railway with- 
in its limits, and the population numbered 326,000. Now, it is enveloped in 
a network of 10,000 miles, extending into all of its ninety-nine counties, 
affording railway facilities for its 2,000,000 inhabitants and its $474,000,000 
worth of annual products. This marks the progress of Iowa. 

Designed by Iowa Architects, Josselyn & Taylor of Cedar Rapids, under 
the supervision of the Executive Committee, Commissioners Mallory, Pack- 
ard and Seaman, this structure has been prepared in which to install a collect- 
ive exhibit of Iowa products, not for competition, but to show the wealth of 
the resources of our state 

Spacious apartments are provided, attractively decorated, in part by 
the skill and labors of the ladies of our state generously contributed, for 
the accommodation of Iowa visitors, where kindly attention will be cheer- 
fully bestowed to minister to their comfort and make their stay pleasant; a 



44 RfePORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

place to welcome friends, to greet the stranger, to write and to receive let- 
ters, to read the home papers, to gain information in general about the Ex- 
position: a place where weary ones can rest and be thankful that they are 
citizens of the Hawkey e State; in short, as complete a home as we can make 
it, and from its highest pinnacle floats our National Banner; 

"As it floated long before us. 
Be it ever floating o'er us. 

O'er our land from shore to shore; 
There are freemen yet to wave it. 
Millions who would die to save it. 

Wave it, save it evermore." 

In its constellation of states there will be no star that in patriotism shall 
shine brighter than Iowa. 

And now in behalf of the Iowa Columbian Commission, to you Governor 
Boies, as the chief Executive Offlcer of the State of Iowa, I present this 
structure, to be by you dedicated to the uses and purposes for which it is 
designed. 



DEDICATION BY HIS EXCELLENCY, HORACE BOIES, 
GOVERNOR OF IOWA. 

Mr President of the Iowa Columbian . Cojnmission : 

I am assured by those who have perfected the arrangements for this oc- 
casion that the duty assigned me is a purely formal one. 

Before discharging this, permit me in behalf of the people of our state 
to express to you and those associated with you their gratitude for the faith- 
ful and efficient manner in which you have discharged your duties as mem- 
bers of that Commission, and the pride we all feel in the work you have thus 
far accomplished. 

And now, Mr. President, as the representative of the citizens of Iowa, I 
accept from your hands this beautiful edifice and in their name dedicate it 
to the noble purposes for which it was constructed, hoping it will largely as- 
sist in bringing to the attention of the world the many advantages of the 
state whose munificent bounty has produced it. And to the President of the 
World's Columbian Exposition, for and in behalf of my people, I tender this 
building a contribution from their hands to the great work over which he has 
been called to preside, believing it worthy of those who present it, and hop- 
ing it will prove of substantial assistance in the accomplishment of that 
grand success which we earnestly pray may crown his efforts and make this 
the greatest and the best of all the World's Expositions. 



46 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 



THE BALLAD OF COLUMBUS. 

BY MAJ. S. H. M. BVERS. 
READ BY MRS. LUCIA GALE BARBER. 

Copyrighted). 

It was fourteen hundred and ninety-two. 

The close of the New Year's day, 
When the armies of Catholic Ferdinand, 
The flower of all the Spanish land. 

At the siege of Granada lay. 

Ten thousand foot and ten thousand horse 

And ten thousand men with bows 
Were on the left, and as many more 
Had stormed close up to the city's door, 

Where the Uarrow River flows. 

And the king held levee, for on that day 

Great news had come to court — 
How on the morrow the town would yield, 
And the flag of Spain, with the yellow field, 

Would float from the Moorish fort. 

There were princely nobles and high grandees 

That night in the royal tent; 
And the beautiful queen with the golden hair 
And shining armor and sword was there — 
On the king's right arm she leant. 

It was nine, and the old Alhambra bells 

Tolled out on the moonlit air; 
And over the battlements far there came 
The murmuring sound of Allah's name. 

And the Moorish troops at prayer. 

"HarkI" said the king, as he heard the sound, 

"Hark I hark I to yon bells refrain — 
Five hundred years it has called the Moor; 
This night, and 'twill call him nevermore — 

To-morrow 'iwill ring for Spain." 

Then si)ake a guest at the king's right liand : 

"To-morrow the end will be; 
Hast thou not said, when the war is done 
And the Christ flag floats o'er the Moslem one. 

Thou would'st keep thy promise to me? 

" rhou wouhlst give me shii)s, and wouldst gi\e nu- men 

Who would dare to follow me? 
H'-lj) thou this night with thy royal hand, 
And I'll make tliee king of a new-found laud 

,An(l king of a new-found sea. 



REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON CEREMONIES. 47 

"For the world is round, and a ship may sail 

Straight on with the setting Sun, 
Beyond Atlantis a thousand miles, 
Beyond the peaks of the golden isles, 

To the Ophir of Solomon. 

"So ril find new roads to the golden isles, 

To the gardens that bloom alway, 
To the treasure-quarries of Ispahan, 
The sunlit hills of the mighty Khan, 

And the wonders of far Cathay. 

"And gold I'll bring from the islands fair, 

And riches of palm and fir 
Thou shalt have, my kmg; and the lords of Spain 
Shall march with the Christ flag once again, 

And rescue the Sepulchre." 

But the nobles smiled and the pVelates sneered, 

With many a scornful fling; 
"Had not the wisest already said 
It was but the scheme of an empty head, 

And no fit thing for a king? 

"And were it true that the world is round, 

And not like an endless plain. 
Were our good king's vessels the seas to ride 
Adown the slope of the world's great side. 
How would they get up again? 

"And the land of the fabled antipodes 

Was a wonderful land to see, 
Where people stand with their heads on the ground. 
And their feet in the air, while the world spins round" — 

And they all laughed merrily. 

But the king laughed jiot, though he scarce believed 

The things that his ears had heard; 
And he thought full long of the promise fair. 
And he knew that the day and the hour were there. 

If a king were to keep his word. 

So he said, "For a while, for a little while, 

Let it bide, for the cost is great;" 
But the guest replied: "Nay, seven years 
I have waited on with my hopes and fears; 

And soon it will be too late." 

Then spake the queen, "Be it done for me. 

Here are jewels for woe or weal;" 
And she took the gems from her shining hair. 
And the priceless pearls she was wont to wear. 

And she said, ''For my own Castile." 



48 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

There were three ships sailing from Palos town. 

Ere the noon of a summer's day, 
And the people looked at the ships and said, 
'•God pity their souls, for they all are dead;" 
But the ships went down the bay. 

And an east wind blew and the convent bells 

Rang out in sweet accord, 
And the master stood on the deck and cried, 
"We sail in the name of the Crucified, 

With the flag of Christ our Lord." 

They were ten days out when a storm wind blew- 

Ten days from the coast of Spain — 
And the sailors shrived each other and said, 
"God help us now, or we all are dead I 
We shall never see land again." 

They were twelve days out when an ocean rock 

Burst forth in a sea of fire. 
As if each peak and each lava cliff 
Of the red-hot sides of Teneriffe, 

Were a sea-king's funeral pyre. 

And the sailors crossed themselves and said, 

"Alas, for the day we swore 
To follow a reckless adventurer — 
Though it be at last to the Sepulchre — 

In search of an unknown shore." 

And they spoke of the terror that lay between, 

Of the hurricanes born of hell, 
Of the sunless seas that forever roar, 
Where the moon had perished long years before, 
When an evil spirit fell. 

And ever the winds blew west, blew west. 

And the ships blew over the main. 
"They are cursed winds," the mariners said, 
-'That blow us forever ahead — ahead; 

They will never blow back to Spain." 

But the master cited the Holy Writ; 

And he told of a vision fair. 
How a shining angel would show the way 
To the Indus Isles and the sweet Cathay, 

And he "knew they were almost there." 

But a sea-calm came, and the ships stood still, 

And the sails drooped idle and low. 
And a seaweed covered the vasty deep 
As darkness covers a world in sleep, 

And thev feared for the rocks below. 



REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON CEREMONIES. 49 

It was twelve that night when a breeze sprang fresh, 

As from a land close by, 
And the sailors whispered each other and said, 
"God only knows what next is ahead — 

Or if to-morrow we die." 

It was two by the clock on the ship next morn, 

And breathless the sailors stand. 
With eyes strained into the starless night, 
When, lo! there's a cry of "A light, a light!" 

And a shout of '"The land, the landl" 

There were weeping eyes, there were pressing hands, 

Till the dawn of that blessed day; 
When the admiral, followed by all his train, 
W^ith the flag of Christ and the flag of Spain, 

Rode proudly up the bay. 

In robes of scarlet and princely gold, 

On the New World's land they kneel; 
In the name of Christ, whom all adore, 
They christened the island San Salvador, 

For the crown of their own Castile, 

And the simple islanders gazed in awe 

On the "gods from another sphere;" 
And they brought them gifts of the Yuca bread, 
And golden trinkets, and parrots red, 

And showed them the islands near. 

* 

They told of the lords of a golden house, 

Of the mountains of Cibao, 
The cavern where once the moon was born. 
The hills that waken the sun at morn, 

And the isles where the spices grow. 

From isle to island the ships flew on. 

Like white birds on the main, 
Till the master said, "With my flags unfurled, 
I have opened the gates of another world — 

I will carry the news to Spain." 

It was seven months since at Palos town, 

Ere the noon of that summer's day. 
The good ships sailed, with their flags unfurled. 
In search of another and far-off world — 

And again they are in the bay. 

Twelve months have passed, and the king again 

Holds levee with all his train, 
And Columbus sits at the king's right hand, 
And, whether on sea or upon the land. 

Is the greatest man in Spain. 



REPORT OF COMMITTEE OX CEREMONIES. 5I 

And the queen has honored him most of all — 

She has taken him by the hand: 
"Don Christopher thou shalt be called alway:" 
And a golden cross on his heart there lay, 

And over his breast a band. 

And ships she gave, and a thousand men, 

With nobles and knights in train; 
And again the convent bells they rung. 
And the praise of his name was on every tongue, 

And he sailed for the west again — 

To the hundred islands and far away 

In the heats of the torrid zone, 
To gardens as fair as Hesperides, 
To spice-grown forests, and scented seas 

Where no sails had ever blown. 

And up and down by the New W'orld's coast, 

And over the western main, 
With but the arms of his own true word, 
He lifted the flag of the blessed Lord 

And the flag of the land of Spain. 

And he gave them all to the king and queen, 

. And riches of things untold; 
And never a ship that crossed the sea 
But brought them tokens from fruit and tree, 
And gems from the land of gold. 

Three times he had sailed to his new-found world. 

Five times he had crossed the main, 
When, walking once by the sea, he heard. 
By secret letter or secret word. 

Of a murderous plot in Spain — 

How that envious persons about the court 

Had poisoned the mind of the king 
By many a letter of false report. 
By base suspicion of evil Sort, 

And words with a traitorous sting. 

AnC; the king, half eager to hear the worst. 

For he never had been a friend. 
Believed it all, and he rued the hour 
He gave to the master rank and power. 

And resolved it should have an end. 

So with cold pretence of the truth to hear. 

And with heart that was false as base, 
A ship was hurried across the main. 
With Bobadilla, false knight of Spain, 

To take the admiral's place. 



52 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

O that kings should ever unkingly be I 

O that men should ever forget! 
For that fatal hour the false knight came, 
To the king's disgrace and the great world's shame 

The star of Columbus set. 

They took the queen's cross from off his breast, 

And chains they gave him instead; 
And iron gyves on his wrists they put, 
Vile fetters framed for each hand and foot— 
" 'Twere better they left him dead." 

For he who was first of the new-found world. 

And bravest upon the main, 
Who had found the isles of the fabled gold. 
And the far-off lands that his faith foretold. 

Was dragged like a felon to Spain. 

But the whole world heard the clank of his chains. 

When he landed in Cadiz bay; 
And fearing the taunt and the curse and scoff. 
The false king hurried to take them off. 

At the pier where the old ship lay. 

But little it helped, or the king's false smile. 

As he sat in his robes of state; 
For wrong is wrong, if in hut or hall, 
And the right were as well not done at all. 

If done, alas! too Idte. 

And little it helped if, here and there. 

The mantle of favor stole 
Across his shoulders, to hide the stain 
Of a broken heart or a broken chain — 

They had burned too deep in his soul. 

So the years crept by, and the cold neglect 

Of kings that will come the while; 
Forever and ever 'tis still the same — 
Short-lived's the glory of him whose fame, 
Depends upon a prince's smile. 

And long he thought, could he see the queen, 

Could he speak with her face to face, 
She would know the truth and would be again 
What once she was, ere his hopes were slain; 
And he sighed in his lonely place. 

And on a day when he seemed forgot, 

And darker the fates, and grim, 
A letter came, 'twas the queen's command, 
"Come straight to court." in her own fair hand, 
And she would be true to him. 



REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON CEREMONIES. 53 

But alas for man, and alas for queen, 

And alas for hopes so sped! 
He had only come to the castle gate, 
When the warder said, "It is late — too late. 

For the queen, she is lying dead." 

And the king forgot what the fair, good queen 

With her dying lips had said; 
And he who had given a world to Spain 
Had never a roof for himself again. 

And he wished that he, too, were dead. 

Slow tolled the bells of old Seville town. 

At noon of a summer's day; 
For up in a chamber in yonder inn. 
Close by the street, with its noise and din, 

The heart of the New World lay. 

Perhaps the king, on his throne close by. 

No thought to the tolling gave; 
But over a world, far up and down. 
They heard the bells of Seville town, 

And they stood by an open grave. 

And the Seville bells, they are ringing still, 

Through the centuries far and dim; 
And though it is but the common lot 
Of men to die, and to be forgot, . • 

They will ring forever for him. 

ORATION BY JUDGE EDWARD P. SEEDS. 

As citizens of the Commonwealth of Iowa, we have gathered here upon 
the shores of the ever-throbbmg lake, whose waves kiss a landscape spread- 
ing away to the west in one long vista of grassy, cultivated beauty; here in 
this wonderful city of Chicago, — the most marvelous evolution of municipal 
growth, business energy and unconquerable faith known in history, for the 
purpose of dedicating this building to the services of the Columbian Expo- 
sition, in exhibiting in material form the growth of our noble state. The 
purpose, the place the time are filled with inspiration, and, let us hope, 
prophetic of splendid victory for good government and individual character. 
The States of our Union are here in no jealous rivalry. Each glories in the 
garnered results of all the others. They were born into the life of our Re- 
public at different times and sprang from variovs and dissimilar causes. 
They have not alike the same number of talents, but none, upon this occa- 
sion, brings her talents without usury, or tarnished with the dirt of burial. 
Each commonwealth pours into the lap of this wonderful city the richest 
productions of her farms, the surprising creations of her workshops, the 
varied product of her roaring furnaces and busy manufactories, the noblest 
and best results of her intellectual efforts: in fact all that is truest and best 
in her history. And this, that the citizenship of the world may see and real- 
ize that our people have been blest, materially and intellectually, and we 



54 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

hope spiritually, as no other people upon the earth; that other nations as 
they study this wide-spread and far-reaching expansion of life may take 
therefrom inspiration to utilize and adopt all that is truly good and wise in 
our growth. Each state, necessarily, from its geographical position, its cli- 
matic conditions, and other physical environments, together with its histori- 
cal developments, has an individuality peculiarly its own. Upon such occa- 
sions as these, when for months the state will stand forth in the full light of 
day, "to be seen and read of all men," that individuality becomes dynamic 
in its expression; it prompts the state to spread a wide canvass, and to paint 
her picture in grand relief; to lay the colors on with a heavy brush, yet with 
the touch of a skilled artist; to so arrange the background as to catch the 
light of history at every coigne of vantage. The artist who paints this pic- 
ture for Iowa must not only be a master in technique, an adept in coloring, 
and skilled with the brush, but beyond and above all, he must have the in- 
spiration of the poet, and the vision of the prophet in order that the grace 
and charm which cling to such a subject, like the perfume to the rose, may 
be caught and made to live. The speaker is aware that he is not the artist 
which such a work of art demands; but he trusts that he may gather into a 
general outline the prominent facts of Iowa's short and luminous history, 
and so present them that your loyal and loving invaginations may fill up the 
outline with beauty, and so be held in proud remembrance until the artist 
shall come to paint our picture in elegant and charming prose for the delight 
of the future. That such an artist will come admits not of a doubt. A great 
occasion demands and will produce its interpreter. 

Geographically Iowa is centrally located in relation to the territory of 
our nation, and is located in fruitful embrace by two of the mightiest rivers 
of the earth — the Mississippi and the Missouri, while upon the north and 
south it is bounded by the two powerful and growing states of Minnesotaand 
Missouri respectively. Within the area so circumscribed lies 55,000 square 
miles of the most productive, well watered, undulating and beautiful land 
that the sun enriches with its wealth of heat and light in all its yearly jour- 
ney. There is probably less waste land to the amount of arable land than 
in any equal area of soil in the wide world. Its position too, as to climatic 
conditions could not well be improved; in the winters the cold is of that 
bracing, invigorating character, which locks and conserves the productive 
elements of the soil, and at the same time makes vigorous and vitally active 
the powers of the human body; while the warmth of our summers brings 
into lavish activity all of the productive forces of our protean soil. Our 
springs and autumns are nature's poems; filled with the music of purling 
streams, the anthems of rustling leaves and soughing branches, the melody 
of the sweet-voiced meadow-lark; made beauteous with the jirofusion of 
])rairie flower -the butter-cup, the daisy, the violet and golden rod; and 
glory crowned with the yellow, russet, brown and red of autumnal fruitage. 
A beautiful land indeed! The seat of no fabled Hesperides, but a present 
and visible jiaradise full of unnumbered beauties. Historically our com- 
monwealth has but recently become a product of articulate Time. P\)r three 
centuries after the discovery of this continent our land slept in the bosom of 
the great unknown, with only an occasional whisper that there was a land 
"of pure delight" far beyond tlie towering heights of the Alleghenies. When 



56 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

the cruel and senseless edicts of kings and the fierce oppression of bigotry 
in the old world was driving the brave and true-hearted into the rugged 
wilderness of our Atlantic coast, the land now known as Iowa was the home 
of the buffalo and the Indian. The population upon our eastern shores had 
become quite numerous; the first stirrings of National life were being felt; 
the prophecies of a New Nation were being uttered, when in 1673, Joliet and 
Marquette, two French missionaries, floating upon the placid waters of the 
Mississippi, first gazed upon the flower-decked prairies of our Iowa. The 
white man was now looking upon a far-reaching picture of Nature's loveli- 
ness, and we may well believe that visions of future greatness, as to the oc- 
cupants of the land before him, began to take shape in his historical consci- 
ousness; a vision not unfolded in words, but handed down from generation 
to generation, with the potency of unuttered thought, until it burst into a 
reality in this century. The two missionaries must pass away, and a cen- 
tury sift its dust upon their tombs, ere that vision begins to assume form 
and fashion; a century of struggle and storm; a century in which freedom, 
emerging from the pit of slavery, grapples in deadly strife with monarchical 
pretension and aristocratic greed and triumphs. A century without which 
the history of Iowa might have been one of darkness and sorrow, instead of 
joy and gladness. During these years, slow going, the population upon the 
Atlantic coast increased greatly, and pushed, amid multitudinous difficul- 
ties, over the mountain wall, and obtained a footing upon the eastern edge 
of the Mississippi valley. Not until 1788 did any white man look again 
upon the soil of Iowa. Then it was that Julien Dubuque, a French Cana- 
dian, staked a claim upon the picturesque site of the present prosperous, 
wealthy and enlightened city named for himself. The vision of the French- 
men of a century before had begun to take form. Iowa was to be. Begin- 
nings are proverbially slow. The inertia of great masses is not easily over- 
come. The wider the room in which any given expansive force is to act, the 
less effective the force; so it was only when the energy, hope and practical 
business activity of the people in the eastern portion of our country became 
so confined as to need an outlet, that the population rolled through and over 
the magnificent states of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois and entered into the 
Promised Land. It was about the year 1833 that this onward moving tide of 
civilization first made permanent settlement upon the eastern borders of our 
state. A year or so on either side of that date is immaterial to the general 
fact. The places upon which they pitched their tents were pleasant to look 
upon, but there was nothiitg about them to suggest that in a tew short years 
those sites would be occupied by the energetic, progressive and handsome 
cities of Keokuk, Ft. Madison, Burlington, Davenport, Muscatine and Du- 
buque. Gathered at nightfall around their camp-fires, these pilgrims of the 
prairies, tired, lonely and no doubt homesick, their eyes may have been 
rested and their souls exalted, by gazing upon a scene more enchanting than 
any of the marvelous creations of a Michael Angelo; a scene to them of 
passing beauty simply, but in truth a scene fresh from the brush of the great 
Creator and carrying in it a prophecy of the future. At their feet moving in 
majestic grandeur were the blue waters of the Mississippi; its waves, faintly 
breaking on the grassy banks, seemed to the homeless pilgrims, to be chant- 
ing a recjuium over their happy past, and yet its music entered into their un- 



REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON CEREMONIES. 57 

Uttered musings with that gentle touch of nature which soothes and at the 
same time engenders courage. The wide, roUing, grass-covered prairies 
stretched in unbroken loveliness, except where broken by the rippling waters 
of the merry stream, far into the west; there the great luminary of day was 
just sinking from sight, bathing the earth and sky in one transcendent flood 
of golden light; just before it sinks behind the golden-tipped line of our 
western boundary, there might have been seen athwart its red disk the rush- 
ing, plunging shadow of the buffalo, and closely following the dark, savage 
silhouette of a red warrior, his form erect and defiant, his visage stern with 
wrath yet over it all the shadowed fear of final defeat; for one moment he 
stands in haughty defiance, and then the warrior and buffalo plunge into the 
Sun and are gone. As the myriad stars, in their silvery splendor, swing out 
their lights in the dark vault of heaven, the lonely pioneers on the margin 
of the river might have guessed the prophecy in the scene — the dawn had 
risen upon Iowa, and its ancient denizens must depart. 

Let us for a moment consider who these pioneers were, and what their 
character, as they stand upon our soil for the first time in 1833. This is an 
initial point in our history — in truth, here and with these men and women our 
history begins. Previous to this time Iowa is mentioned only in connection 
with other large areas of land; its existence had been but a whispered one; 
it had no civilization, it had no promise. But now we are in the presence of 
the genesis of a commonwealth — and what it shall be depends upon what 
those homeless wanderers were. They were to be the fathers and mothers 
of a people who now and here proudly and confidently challenge the admi- 
ration of the world. Is our challenge justified? Who were the pioneers of 
1833? They were the commonality from the states of New England, New 
York, Ohio and Indiana; men and women who thought that they could 
make more of life and its opportunity in the far west. They had descended 
from a yeoman stock that had upon innumerable battle fields in this and the 
old world defended the rights of man. Were they a people blessed with an 
abundance of material wealth? Far from it. They may have had the bare 
necessities of life, but that was all. But in their characters they had the 
wealth of the ages; their souls were filled with that indomitable courage 
which knows no moral fear; their minds were stored with that wholesome 
knowledge which teaches one to grasp at Nature's resources and transmute 
them into agencies for man's benefaction; they possessed a faith that sur- 
mounted the things of time and sense, and saw the completion of man's na- 
ture in the radiant beauty of a higher life. They were not educated in the 
learned institutions of the east; but they had studied deeply in the Unversity 
of Nature and had treasured up and made a part of themselves her lessons 
of manhood and womanhood. They knew the value of education though, 
and sacrificed much that those who came after them might drink deep and 
long at the fountains of knowledge. They never had rested in the lap of lux- 
ury, but they had learned well that lesson, first taught by the Almighty, that 
labor is honorable in all men; and that the sun-browned face and the cal- 
loused hand is the best diploma man can possess. In the presence of such 
evidences of graduation from God's University the dilettanteism of the 400, 
the sensualism of the court, and the aristocracy of slavery alike shrink away. 
Those women may not have graced the salons of the rich and cultured; their 

4 



58 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

forms may never have been robed with the silks and satins of the orient; 
their days were probably spent in the hard cares of household drudgery; 
but in nobility of soul, in sweetness of disposition, earnestness of character 
and true courage they never had superiors. Their kisses were inspirations, 
their smiles were benedictions, while their words of love and instruction 
wrought miracles in the human soul. Motherhood never found more lovely 
caskets than in those lonely, unknown, immortal women who watched by the 
river brink in 1833. From such women are born noble sons and lovely 
daughters; sons and daughters who rear monuments more durable than stone 
or brass to their memory as they build a commonwealth founded m courage, 
love and truth. Those men and women have gone to their reward, but the 
soil of Iowa is sanctified by the presence therein of their dust. May we hold 
them in sweet and lasting remembrance I 

From this time forward our history becomes more marked and import- 
ant. In 1846, after various efforts, Iowa took her place in the sisterhood of 
states. There she has taken an important place. In every effort for the 
amelioration of the condition of humanity she has been in the foremost 
ranks. She determinedly set her face like a flint against the crime of 
slavery; and when that crime had brought upon this Nation the mad passion 
of war, she sent to the front 75,000 of her sons to emphasize her protest 
against the wickedness of that system; to aid in maintaining the integrity of 
the Union; to uphold the nobility of manual labor. Into the varied charac- 
ter of our history, since we became a state, other than it is developed in our 
industrial, intellectual and moral growth, we can not enter to-day. Indus- 
trially, our progress has been phenomenal; and its direction and amount is 
the necessary outgrowth of our conditions and personal characteristics. It 
is no easy undertaking to present in a compact form, and yet vividly, the 
many factors which go to make up the industrial life of a people; to bring^ 
before your imagination the thousands and thousands of acres of grain, wav- 
ing in the summer's breeze; to present to you the equal or greater acreage of 
maize, which stands like great banks of swaying emerald, until by the 
alchemy of the Sun's rays it is transmuted into fields of gold; to lead before 
you the countless herds of meek-eyed kine, and recite to you the tales of 
their production of milk and butter — tales which sound like stories of the 
Arabian Knights, but are true as Holy Writ itself; to ask you to listen to the 
rolling thunder as it tells of the approach of an army of horses which equal 
in speed, beauty and power the far famed steeds of Araby the Blest; ta 
summon from a hundred thousand farms the innumerable concourse of Chi- 
cago jewels, and to hush their unmelodious voices in your presence; to take 
you into our myriad workshops, and into the darkness of our mines of coal 
and there show you our intelligent artisans turning tVe crude material into 
articles of use and beauty; to take you along our handsome streets, and 
broad highways and with conscious pride point you to our palatial stores, our 
humming factories, our noble public buildings, and tell you how they are all 
developed from the crude, inartistic buildings of 1846-in a word to hang be 
fore you a word-painting, even in faint outline, that would do justice to Iowa's 
present grandeur is for me impossible, I can only submit to you a column 
of figures— the driest of facts— the indices simply of the possible, for they 
can not, in truth, unfold to you the fact. Nor can I give you the figures for 



REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON CEREMONIES. 59 

a series of years, for it would be too voluminous, and make of this faint ef- 
fort of an oration a catalogue of names and figures, nistead of an inspiration, 
as it ought to be. I have chosen as years for comparison 1849-50 and the 
year 1891. In so doing I have chosen the earlier year somewhat arbitrarily,, 
and with no idea of picking out one of less relative prosperity than those 
immediately preceding it, but mainly because I have had access to the sta- 
tistics of that year and not to those preceding it. The time which has 
elapsed from 1850 to last year is indeed short, it is but a span, and yet what 
a marvelous growth is exhibited by this small array of figures! To under- 
stand how incomprehensible these figures are, you have but to ascertain the 
ratio of increase for any given number of years, say five, and apply that to 
the half century of our existence as a state, and the result will surprise you 
by its vastness. In 1850 our population was 192,124, or about one-sixth as 
many as now inhabit this one city; at the present time our population- is at 
least 2,000,000. This represents the unity of our present brain power. 
In 1849-50 our industrial condition stood about as follows: 

Wheat, bushels 1,530,581 

Oats, " 1,524,345 

Corn, " . 8,656,799 

Potatoes, " 282,368 

Butter, pounds 2,171,188- 

Cheese, " 209,840 

Horses 38,536 

Cows 45,704 

Swine 323,247 

Other cattle 91,000 

Sheep 149,960 

Value of live stock on farms ... $3,689,275 

At the first glance these figures may seem large, and to the average cit- 
izen, who has no occasion to hunt about in musty records or to burden his 
mind with figures, it may seem that any enlargement of them to any great 
extent will bean attempt to impose upon one's credulity. When we strike the 
million figure we have about reached the limit of average computations, and 
anything above it has the air of oriental exaggeration. However that may 
be, the following statement of production is substantially correct, and indi- 
cates what Iowa citizens accomplished along one channel of their activity in 
1891: 

Corn, bushels 335,031,598 

W'heat. " 27,586,000 

Oats " 115,810,800 

Rye " 2,051,400 

Barley " -_ 4,528,669 

Potatoes." 25,828,250 

Hay, tons.-- --- 5,582,800 

Butter, pounds i68,6qo,715 

Cheese, " 5,000,000- 

Horses — 1,095,30a 

Mules 42,739 

Sheep 452,000 

Hogs 5,Q2i,ica 

Alilch cows _-. 1,278,612 

Other cattle 2,680,247 



6o REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

These amounts, together with various smaller items, which belong to the 
part of our industry known as agricultural, aggregate in money value the 
enormous sum of 8474.097,710. Are you able to comprehend it? But this is 
not all there is of our industrial life. Take our coal. Nearly one-half of 
our state is underlaid with this heat producer. It is produced in twenty-six 
counties. During the year 1889 there were mined 4,061,704 tons, valued at 
§5,392,220; and there was distributed in wages among 9,198 employees 
$2,903,291. 

It must not be forgotten that in 1850 the production of coal was of little 
consequence; and at the same time our manufactories amounted to nothing. 
It is true that we are principally an agricultural state, but that does not pre- 
clude the possibility of our having a large capital in manufactories. The 
truth is that we have over $100,000,000 invested in those institutions, and 
there is hardly a town of three thousand inhabitants in our state, from which 
may not be seen daily the smoke from a factory. This accumulation of 
ever changing forms of wealth is carried from place to place, from farm to 
market by means of over 8,440 miles of railways, the total earnings of which 
in 1890 was $43,102,399; and the number of employees was 27,580. 

A fair index of the industrial standing of a people may readily be gained 
by consulting the bank accounts. Last year in the savings banks (and they 
usually represent the common laborer.) the deposits aggregated $20,821,495, 
while in the state banks the deposits were $12,960,211. It is hardly possible 
that any citizen of this proud Nation, whether his home be in Maine or 
Texas, or in our own loved state, can be other than greatly pleased by such 
a showing of the industrial forces of one of the commonwealths of our land. 
But if this was all that we had to bring to this exhibition, if we only had the 
material to call the world's attention to, I question if we would have much 
worthy a noble people's consideration. Thank God that our material is but 
the pedestal upon which is reared a character for true manhood and woman- 
hood unsurpassed, as I believe, in the whole world! And that character has 
for its inner motive the intellectual and moral life of our people. Our intel- 
lectual life is represented principally by two factors; the common school 
system, together with its cognate system of higher education, and the public 
press. In 1850 the number of schools were few indeed; the accommodations 
poor and the system of education crude and mechanical in the extreme. In 
1891 the statistics of the common schools were as follows: 

Children of school age 668,541 

Enrolled in public schools 503»755 

Number of teachers 26,769 

Number of school houses 13,129 

Value of school houses $13,184,914 

The total expenditure for school purposes is now over $6,000,000 annu- 
ally. We have over twenty institutions entirely given to higher education. 
The character of our instruction in these schools is of the highest. Our 
teachers are in the front ranks as educators, and are ready and anxious to 
adopt all improved methods whereby our children may obtain the requisite 
knowledge for life's work in the most scientific manner. That our educa- 
tional system is doing good work, and is entitled to our most earnest praise 
and acknowledgment is shown in the fact, that in 1880 and 1890 the census 



REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON CEREMONIES. 6l 

showed that our people had the least amount of illiteracy among them of any 
state in the Union, and of a consequence of any people on the earth. The 
greatest power to-day for all purposes is the Press. Find the general char- 
acter of that instrument of progress and you can at once tell the general 
character of the people. 

The press takes up the ideas, the thoughts, the aspirations of a people 
and spreads them broad cast. It makes possible the permanent good ac- 
complished by the schools, though, unfortunately, it may be the active means 
of turning the rational product of the school to bad ends. In our state 
in 1850 the press was of that crude make that characterized all the 
instruments of progress of that day. There were but a dozen or so of pa- 
pers published in our wide domain, and they were principally given to the 
spreading of local news. The telegraph and railroad had not at that time 
made it possible to bring daily to the editor's table the facts of the world, 
and hence he did not see or feel the necessity of writing leaders, which 
should present the good or bad principles behind the daily facts for the con- 
sideration of the people. Now that is all changed; not alone do the papers 
come to our homes laden with a multiplicity of fact, but there is with them 
the editorial, from which the newspaper takes a large part of its character. 
In 1890 there were published in our state 756 newspapers. Of these 47 were 
daily and 646 were weekly, the balance being tri-weekly, monthly and fort- 
nightly. Our daily press is exceptionally free from the vice of some of the 
metropolitan dailies, which find their greatest force in spreading, with great 
particularity, the latest social scandal, the brutal action of things, masquer- 
ading as men, in their efforts to eclipse the dogs in fighting, or in retailing 
fully the rascality of the previous day. Our dailies seem to appreciate 'the 
the fact that they enter pure homes, they are read by noble boys and lovely 
girls, and that they are responsible for their growing characters. The 
weekly press is unquestionably the bulwark of our homes and of our mor- 
als. With hardly an exception they are ably edited, carefully sifted that 
nothing impure enters their columns, and filled with the character of general 
literature which aids in moulding good lives. Our state is too new to have 
developed any great strength in the line of pure literature; though a num- 
ber of our citizens have become authors of very creditable works. In the 
line of art our state has produced some paintings and statuary, which con- 
clusively demonstrate that the artistic faculty is present with our people. 
But art in its highest form can not be produced while a people are given 
over principally to the accumulation of material wealth; and yet, that is 
necessarily our present condition. Not that we choose the latter in prefer- 
ence to the former, but because the conditions are such as to compel us to 
take the direction which we do. But our intellectual development, our 
moral growth are both in the direction which will, if not turned aside by the 
lack of faith or religious aspirations, ultimately lead to an artistic expres- 
sion. Our moral life is shown in our homes and our religious institutions. 
And I believe that the power of our state is found in this department of our 
life. Iowa is great and prosperous; Iowa has taken a foremost position in 
this Nation, not because she has a broad and fruitful soil, not because she 
has the material elements which enter into the activities of our modern life, 
not because she has splendid schools and wide-awake newspapers, but be- 



62 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

cause she has pure and God fearing homes, and the institutions in every 
hamlet and town and upon her wide prairies, which stand for a higher and 
a better power than is found in man alone. Iowa has never forgotten that 
there is a God. 

Thus imperfectly, but in truthful effort, have I endeavored to present to 
you in words, the political, material, intellectual and moral history of one of 
the foremost Commonwealths of this Nation; a Commonwealth of which we 
are all proud to be citizens. In a more substantial, in a more concrete man- 
ner will the evidences of these great elements of our prosperity be presented 
to the admiring gaze of the peoples of the earth in the months which are to 
follow at this Exposition. No true citizen of Iowa can feel insensible to the 
splendid opportunity thus afforded his state, and duty and pleasure alike, 
should move him to do all in his power to so present the evidences of our 
marvelous growth, as to leave a lasting impression for good upon every in- 
dividual who attends this Fair, and to advance to a higher plane the already 
enviable reputation which we possess as a people. But, my fellow-citizens, 
we will fail, and sadly fail of seizing the supreme opportunity of this occa- 
sion, if we are simply satisfied with a magnificent display of our farm prod-- 
ucts, of our herds and flocks, of the workmanship of our shops and manu- 
factorie?, of our mines and railroads, of our school system, and the various 
evidences of our intellectual productiveness. This must constitute the basis, 
but it ought not to be the glory and truth of the impression which is to be the 
permanent impression made by our state. Who now puts his knowledge- 
seeking interrogation, as to Greece or Rome in this form: "What did 
Greece do, or what did Rome do?" Who cares for the simple fact, .solely^, 
that Greece conquered at Salamis, or that three hundred patriots died at 
Thermopylae in defense of their country? Such facts have been repeated 
many times since, in their essence. Why waste time reading of the victories 
of Cassar,or of the stern,and oft-times barbarous ruleof theCitybythe Tiber? 
Who cares whether those ancient people had few or many cattle, good roads 
or bad ones, one lyceum or a dozen, homes of luxury or of poverty? Not 
that all these things are not of interest and importance to the historian or 
the sociologist, but they are of little importance to the world at large. 
But our interrogation becomes instinct with life, it is of importance to all 
men when put in this fashion: "What was the Greek, or what was the Ro- 
7nanf' "I am a Roman citizen," meant much, not of herds, and houses and 
schools, but as to character. That character stood for the supremacy of 
law, justice and order; and that character is Rome's gift to the world. 
Rome's influence on earth to-day is through the power of that gift. The 
Roman citizen, the man, the woman, were the authors of that gift. To be a 
Greek meant, not to be identified with great battles, with goat-raising, and 
with money-getting, but to be a lover of the beautiful— whether inform, 
thought, or deed; and it is this character of the Greek, not of Greece, which 
has saved that Nation from being buried beneath the waters of oblivion. 
Out of the things which are called material, out of the acts which make his- 
tory, is evolved that which characterizes a people and the individual; and 
that character is the crowning gift of the people to posterity, in a few- 
months all this wonderful aggregation of wealth will have been dissipated 
to the four (juarters of the globe. The multitudes of the world's citizens 



REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON CEREMONIES. 63 

will have returned to their respective homes with generalized impressions of 
this Exposition. No brain is large enough, no memory is strong enough, no 
imagination is vivid enough to take into itself, call up and illumine the myr- 
iad facts which will be here presented. Only general impressions, which the 
individual is forming in his mind as he passes about among the exhibits, can 
become permanent and of future importance to him. What is to be the 
general impression that Iowa is to make as its permanent addition to the 
stock of the World's good? Shall it not be that her men are honest, intelli- 
gent and noble; her women lovely, true and queenly? Each of our citzens 
while here, whatever be your avocation in life, should endeavor to impress 
upon all with whom you come in contact that Iowa has none but gentlemen 
and ladies, none but loyal and intelligent persons in all her broad domain, 
none but men and women of broad culture, high thought and noble aspira- 
tion. You should remember constantly that here you are the walking, living 
epitome of all our history. Iowa has made you what you are; show the 
world that her production is almost an ideal one. 

And, in conclusion, let us hope that when the world has given its final 
verdict upon this wonderful Exposition, when it has formed its supreme im- 
pression of the peoples represented here; that that verdict, and that impres- 
sion as to Iowa will be, her citizenship is the true flower of righteous self- 
government, and then may we feel that our history is justified by her su- 
preme production — a citizen. 

BENEDICTION. 

The Blessing of God. the Father, the Son and the Holy Ghost, be upon you and remain 
with you always. Amen. 



THE FORMAL OPENING CEREMONIES, MAY ist, 1893. 

The next public ceremony at the Iowa State Building was May ist, 
1893. the opening day of the great Exposition. The attendance was larger on 
that day than for many weeks following. Not only was Iowa among the few 
states and nations that were prepared to open their buildings to visitors on 
the first day of the Exposition, but she was also able to show to the many 
thousands that visited her headquarters on that day and entered her neat 
and comfortable home, listened to the exercises in the assembly room and 
heard the pleasing concerts of her great band, the installation of her exhib- 
its complete and wonderfully attractive, the wonderful designs and decora- 
tions in the pavilion and the superb exhibition of her natural products. 
People went away singing their praises of Iowa and telling all to visit 
"Iowa's Home" at the Exposition and they would be made welcome. 

This occasion brought Iowa to the front and was the key note that gave 
her State Building and Exhibit the prominent place maintained throughout 
the entire period of the Exposition. 

The exercises were held in the Assembly Room according to the follow- 
ing program. 



64 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

PROGRAM OF EXERCISES AT 1:30 P. M. 

ASSEMBLY ROOM, IOWA STATE BUILDING. 

Overture, "William Tell," - - - Iowa State Band 

Invocation, . . . . Rev. Charles Ashton 

Introductory Address, - - - President James O. Crosby 

Music, "American Airs," - - - Iowa State Band 

Address, - _ . . Hon. W. M. McFarland 

Musical Benediction, '- - - Iowa State Band 

INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS BY THE PRESIDENT. 

Fellow Citizens : 

The world with eager anticipation has awaited the arrival of this open- 
ing day of the World's Columbian Exposition. 

International exhibitions were originally designed as competitive dis- 
plays of products, for the encouragement of arts and manufactures and the 
promotion of commerce. Gradually they have enlarged their scope, and 
education and the liberal arts have been coming to the front, until the 
world's progress in the sciences, arts and industries that benefit mankind 
can be seen in them as in a mirror, and they are powerful influences in the 
advancement of civilization. 

This Iowa State Building, on the 22d day of October, A. D., 1892, by the 
Iowa Columbian Commission, was presented to Gov. Boies as the Chief Ex- 
ecutive Officer of the State of Iowa, by whom it was dedicated ''to the noble 
purposes for which it was constructed." 

Since that time it has been suitably furnished and decorated to minister 
to the comfort, convenience and pleasure of the citizens of our state, and 
there has been installed herein an exhibit of its bountiful resources now 
ready for the inspection of all people. 

On this day, in this magic White City, all nations are assembled by their 
representatives, presenting the exhibits which they believe will best evi- 
dence their advancement in the world's march of progress. 

And now to you Mr. McFarland, as Secretary of the State of Iowa, and 
member of its Executive Council, in behalf of the fowa Columbian Commis- 
sion, I present this building, with its furnishings, its decorations and its col- 
lective exhibit of art and handiwork and the product of her soil and mines, 
that you may officially, in the name of the state we dearly love to call our 
home, "Sweet Home," authoritatively declare the same to be open as a head- 
quarters to our citizens, and o])en to the inspection of all the world. 

The Governor, Hon. Horace Boies, not being able to be present, the 
State was represented by Hon. W. M. McFarland, Secretary of State, who 
delivered the following address: 
Mr. President, Members of the Iowa Board of Commissioners, Ladies and 

Gentlemen : 

In receiving this beautiful building and its magnificent exhibits, at the 
hands of your President, for the purpose of formally throwing it open to the 
inspection of the people of the world, I do so fully realizing the importance 



REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON CEREMONIES. 65 

of the act as affecting the great state of Iowa. It is by this building and its 
exhibits that we are to be judged, So far as the world is concerned, we are 
now about to unveil the evidences of our material resources; of our material 
growth and prosperity. More than this: We are now about to present the 
evidence by which our civilization will be estimated, and measured by the 
people of the world. Thanks to the intelligence, energy, and untiring labor 
of our Iowa Board of Commissioners, the evidence we are about to submit will 
not dishonor Iowa. I need not enlarge upon what you see before you. Iowa 
will be justly proud of her building and its exhibits. We have here a great 
object lesson. An object lesson that will impress upon the minds of the 
people of this country and all nations, that, beyond the Mississippi river 
exists a commonwealth rich in all the elements of material greatness, that 
that commonwealth is the home of two and one-half millions of happy, 
prosperous people, rich in the sentiments, attainments and culture that 
constitute the highest civilization of the race. 

But exhibits at best are but partial. Samples necessarily illustrate but 
a few important facts. To represent the full measure of Iowa's greatness 
by these exhibits here, would be paralleled by an attempt to illustrate a 
great piece of masonry by a sample stone. The Commissioners have col- 
lected here sample products of Iowa farms, unexcelled in this or any other 
Nation; but this does not tell you that Iowa has thirty-five million acres of 
land, as rich in soil as was ever fertilized by God's sunlight and rain, and 
that eight million acres of that land is virgin soil untouched by the hand of 
husbandry. 

It does not tell you that in 1892, Iowa farms gave to the wealth of the 
world over four hundred million dollars in value. It does not tell you in ex- 
press language at least, that the Iowa farmer is annually adding to his store 
of gains; annually adding to the pleasures and comforts of his home; annu- 
ally surrounding that home by all the higher tokens of civilized life. Neither 
does it tell you that seventy-five million dollars of the surplus deposits in the 
nine hundred Iowa banks are there as a guarantee that the homes of the 
Iowa farmer are not to be destitute. 

The Commission has also collected here samples of the Educational 
work of our public schools; but these do not tell you that the ninety-nine 
counties of Iowa are decorated by fourteen thousand school buildings, in 
which twenty-two thousand teachers are presiding over nearly six hundred 
thousand children. And this does not include the vast army of pupils un- 
der instruction at our Universities. Colleges. Academies, Normal, Parochial 
and other private schools. 

Neither do these exhibits tell you that Iowa stands first among the 
Commonwealths and Nations of the world in point of average intelligence, 
our per cent of illiteracy being but a little more than one per cent, of our en- 
tire population! Neither do you learn from these exhibits that any five pu- 
pils of school age anywhere in the State, who maybe inconveniently located 
as to schools, by application properly made, may have a school building 
erected and a teacher furnished for their education. And yet our school 
fund is in excess of the demands of this most munificent system of our 
State Government, which expends more than seven million dollars annu- 
ally upon our public schools. 



66 REPORT OF lOM'A COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

Our State does not pretend to compete with the older states in bulk of 
manufactured goods, and yet, we have millions of dollars profitably invested 
in the various industries other than husbandry, which employs in the aggre- 
gate over one hundred and thirty thousand laborers at an annual average 
wage in excess of that paid in this or any other country. Our mines in i8q2 
yielded an output valued at over ten million dollars, the valuation being 
based upon one dollar and forty cents per ton at the mine,over eight millions 
of this amount being paid direct to labor. Our water power is vastly supe- 
rior to that of many of our great manufacturing states, and our fuel is not 
only easy of access and cheap, but almost inexhaustible, while the raw ma- 
terial for the mill, the loom, the shop, and canning establishment is abund- 
ant in every county, thus offering conditions to the manufacturer that will 
inevitably make of Iowa a busy manufacturing center at no distant date. 

Our transportation facilities are represented by a little less than nine 
thousand miles of railroad, safely ballasted and admirably equipped to meet 
the highest demands of that kind of transportation. 1 his enormous mileage 
is so dispersed over the State as to form a complete net-work of lines 
touching every town and village that makes any pretense of being a market. 
The management of this vast system is under intelligent and honest control, 
giving a rate of transportation that in the main is fair and just, and that en- 
ables every industry within the borders of the Stale to successfully compete 
with like industries elsewhere. This has inaugurated a spirit of good feel- 
ing and good understanding between the people and the transportation com- 
panies that now promises to be lasting and mutually beneficial to all 
interests. 

it is proper to say here, that thirty thousand of the best paid laborers in 
our State are in the employ of these railroad lines. 

The great Mississippi river on our East border, and the Missouri on the 
West, add greatly to our transportation facilities and open a cheap road- 
way to the Atlantic ocean, to the value of which each year adds unmistak- 
able evidence, and which roadway is accessible to every section of our state. 

Iowa is located between the fortieth and the forty-fourth degrees of 
north latitude and will profitably produce all of the products common to the 
temperate zone. It is the native home of all the valuable tame grasses, such 
as blue grass, timothy, and the various clovers, which are universally pro- 
duced with great profit both as hay and pasture. We have the natural soil 
and climate for that great cereal, Indian C!orn, which gives a yield unex- 
celled elsewhere, and responds to intelligent husbandry with wonderfully 
gratifying profits. The same is substantially true of oats, rye. barley, and 
in the North, wheat and flax, the latter being enormously profitable, but, I 
need not go into further details. Our dairy interest employs more cows 
than that of any state in the Union, save New York; but in the production 
of cattle in general, we excelled New York by one million head in 1892, and 
was excelled by only one state, Texas, in point of numbers, but not in value, 
while we excelled all other states in both number produced and value of 
product. We excelled in 1892. the combined cattle product of Illinois and 
Indiana as to both numbers and value. We also the same year eciualed in 
numbers and value, the combined |)roduct of Ohio, Missouri and North Da- 
kota; also the combined product of Wisconsin, Mumesota. Michigan, New 



REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON CEREMONIES. 67 

Mexico and South Dakota; also nearly equaled the combined product of 
Kansas and Nebraska. 

During the same year we excelled all other states in the production of 
horses save Illinois, which excelled us but by a few thousand. We excelled 
the combined product of Ohio and New York; also Missouri and Minnesota; 
also Nebraska and North and South Dakota; also nearly equaled the com- 
bined product of Wisconsin, Michigan and Kentucky. 

We raised more swine in 1892, than any state in the Union, our nearest 
rival, Illinois, falling behind fifteen million head, while we exceeded the 
combined product of New York, Ohio. Indiana, Michigan and Minnesota by 
three million head. 

The same year we produced more Indian Corn than any state in the 
Union. Ninety-seven million bushels more than Indiana; twenty million 
more than Illinois; over forty million more than either Kansas, Nebraska, or 
Missouri; and an amount equal to the combined product of Wisconsin, Min- 
nesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania and New York. 

In the production of oats we are able to make as favorable a showing 
as in corn. Comparing with the oats producing states, in 1892, we find that 
we produced twenty million bushels more than Illinois, sixty-six millions 
more than Indiana, forty-one millions more than Kansas, fifty-two millions 
more than Nebraska, seventy-one millions more than Missouri, fifty-two 
millions more than Minnesota, forty-five millions more than Wisconsin, 
sixty-eight millions more than Michigan, and two millions more than the 
combined yield of New York, Ohio and Pennsylvania. 

In the production of barley, rye, wheat, and flax, we can make a com- 
parative showing, that will almost equal the foregoing, while our hay crop is 
comparatively as good as any crop we produce. With the exception of a 
very few kinds adapted to the latitudes south of us, our whole line of vege- 
table products is unexcelled by any state in the Union. 

The comparisons above made, are with states the most closely rivaling 
us in the products under consideration, many of which greatly exceed us in 
extent of territory and number of population. Figures are generally dry 
and uninspiring, but to an lowan these figures are not only full of interest, 
but charged with eloquence, demonstrating as they do, that our thirty-five 
milHon acres of land are unexcelled, for the general purposes of agriculture, 
by any other equal body of land in the world. 

The vital statistics of 1892 give us second place as to health, and, we 
have less criminals per capita than any other state. 

Our winter climate, we must confess is a little rigorous, but being dry 
and invigorating, is for that reason more favorable to support the animal 
life at a minimum expenditure of vitalizing food than the damper but milder 
climate of latitudes south, while our springs, summers and autumns, are un- 
rivaled for pleasant temperature and healthfulness. 

We live also within the zone of greatest human activity. Removed to 
any considerable distance either north or south, life becomes less active and 
vigorous and human powers, mental and physical, suffer degeneration. 

In short,. Iowa loved and honored by its citizens, i.s a commonwe£4th in 
which the sturdier virtues of manhood are developed and in which enter- 
prise and honest toil meet a full measure of reward. It is not a haven for 



68 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

the sluggard, and our broad prairies are not congenial homes for the crimi- 
nal classes. 

Our people are earnestly attached to republican institutions and are 
loyal supporters of law, and we guarantee to the honest and industrious citi- 
zen, who seeks a home with us, the rights and blessings of a republican form 
of government, in its purest and simplest form, and unparalleled returns for 
thrift, enterprise and toil. Only upon this basis, do we invite citizenship. 
Upon this basis, we know no nation, no race, no color, no condition, believ- 
ing as we do in the eternal fatherhood of God, and its corollary the univer- 
sal brotherhood of man. 

With it all, we must not forget that less than fifty years ago Iowa that 
now occupies such a proud position in the galaxy of states, was carved from 
a practically unknown country. We can easily imagine that the gentle poet 
may have stood on the banks of the Mississippi river at that time, and, with 
his ear bent to catch the faint rumbling of the oncoming tide of immigration, 
was inspired to write: 

'•I hear the tread of pioneers of Nations yet to be, 

The first low plash of waves that soon shall roll a human sea." 

We have heard the tread of pioneers; the first low plash of waves, and 
we have seen it roll a human sea of immigration till the very miracle of 
transformation has been wrought before our eyes. During this transforma- 
tion period, we have been a practical, busy people. Five hundred thousand 
homes have been carved from the wild prairies and nearly fifteen hundred 
cities and towns have been built of the raw material of the wilderness. 
Very little time has been spared for aught save empire building, and yet, 
we have built up an Iowa literature of which we may well be proud, and art 
and music, with their softening charms, have spread a halo over our home 
life and character that brings out into overshadowing distinctness, the 
gentler and more refined attributes of the world's best civilization. Much 
of this has already found expression in some of the highest works of art, 
many of which are to be seen in our collection here to-day. And who that 
have heard the thrilling strains from our State Band can doubt that music 
has found a permanent lodgment in our midst. 

And now, for the Board of Commissioners, permit me to say that this 
beautiful structure by the lake was built as a haven for Iowa people visiting 
this, the greatest of International Expositions. Here is your Chicago home. 
Here you will find your home literature. Here you will meet a hearty wel- 
come from the Board. Here also you will meet your Iowa friends. This is 
to be the social and intellectual center of Iowa in Chicago, for the next six 
months. It is yours, come and possess it. 

And now, Mr. President and members of this Commission, in the name 
of the people of Iowa, whom by your courtesy I temporarily represent to-day, 
permit me to thank you for the zeal, enterprise and labor which you have so 
wisely expended in the interests of our beloved state. I know that every 
Iowa citizen will be proud of this, the completed product of your toil and 
diligence, and will be grateful for your distinguished services. Laboring as 
you have under the embarrassment of an inadequate appropriation, with 
consummate skill and loyal patriotism you have marshaled here every farth- 
ing of that appropriation into substantial form, endowing it with greater elo- 



REPORT OF EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 6q 

quence than the tongue of oratory, where during the next six months it will 
tell to the people of all nations the simple story of Iowa's greatness. In 
honoring Iowa you have honored our common country, reflected credit upon 
the American name and added new luster to the stars and stripes, the hon- 
ored and revered emblem of the World's greatest Republic. 

And now, gentlemen, thanking you for the distinguished privilege I 
have enjoyed at your hands to-day, at your request and in the name of the 
people of the State of Iowa, I declare this building and its exhibits formally 
opened as Iowa's contribution to the International Exposition of 1893. 



RECEPTION IX HONOR OF ^(ISS CLARA BARTON. 

About the middle of July, word was received from Mr. B. F. Tillinghast 
of Davenport, saying that Miss Clara Barton, President of the American 
Red Cross Association, would soon visit the Exposition and had expressed 
a desire to meet some of the Iowa people; Iowa had done so much and so 
willingly to relieve the suffering of the famine stricken people of Russia. 
We begged Mr. Tillinghast, in behalf of the Iowa Columbian Commission 
and the members of the Iowa Board of Lady Managers, then present, to ex- 
tend to Miss Barton a most cordial invitation to visit Iowa's headquarters at 
the Exposition 

\\'hen Miss Barton arrived, an informal reception was given in her 
honor. She was accompanied by Mr. Tillinghast. Dr. and Mrs Joseph 
Gardner, of Bedford, Indiana, and Dr. Hubbell, General Field xAgent of 
the Red Cross Association. 

President Crosby extended greetings in the following words: 
Ladies and Ge7itlemen : 

We are to-day favored by the presence of one whom the people of Iowa 
delight to honor, and who is honored wherever active sympathy is manifested 
for multitudes of human beings suffering from fire, plague, famine, flood or 
earthquake; and many are they who regard her with feelings of love and 
abiding gratitude. 

I now introduce to you Mr. B. F. Tillinghast, who will tell you why Miss 
Clara Barton, President of the Iowa Red Cross Association, is so worthily 
loved and honored. 

Mr. Tillinghast. 
Mr. Presidetit, Ladies and Gentlemen : 

Out on the prairies of Iowa, almost under the shadow of our magnificent 
capitol building, there is now being erected a soldiers monument. This 
monument was designed by an Iowa woman, Mrs Harriet N. Ketcham, who 
was awarded the prize after a severe competitive contest with the world's 
artists. On the floor above this is a piece of statuary, the handiwork of this 
noble woman, and Iowa is proud of the name of M rs. Ketcham and what 
she has done to perpetuate the memory of the brave deeds of Iowa soldiers. 

To-day we have with us another woman, perhaps not an Iowa woman. 



70 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

but a woman who has attended Iowa soldiers on the field of battle; a woman 
who worked for the Russian famine sufferers, who was at Jacksonville during 
the fever, at Charleston during the earthquake, and at Johnstown during the 
recent flood. There are other Iowa women, a few of whom I will mention: 
Mrs. A. W. Swalm of Oskaloosa, Miss Alice French of Davenport, Mrs. E. 
S. Schaeffer, wife of the President of the Iowa State University, Mrs. Gov- 
ernor Larrabee, Mrs. Matt Parrott of Waterloo, Mrs. F. N. Chase of Cedar 
Falls, Mrs. John F. Buncombe of Fort Dodge, Miss Jessie Boies, Mrs. Ella 
H. Durley of Des Moines, Mrs. Ketcham of Mt. Pleasant, and others, who 
were associated with Miss Barton in the splendid Iowa gift which went to 
Russia. 

■'Hundreds of thousands of our fellow beings are famishing in portions 
of the Russian Empire." 

These were the first words of a proclamation issued by Gov. Boies to 
the people of Iowa, December 22d, 1891. The work of organization was 
then officially begun and the relief movement continued until April, 1892. 

May 2d, the steamship Tynehead— length 278 feet, beam 39 feet— sailed 
from New York to Riga, bearing Iowa's gift of grain to the starving peas- 
ants. The vessel's charter was $12,651.62, and this amount was paid by 
Miss Clara Barton, President of the American National Red Cross Society, 
for the city of Washington, whose people claimed the privilege of transport- 
ing Iowa's cargo to Russia. The Tynehead's cargo aggregated 6,830,652. 
pounds, or more than 224 carloads, itemized in the manifest as follows: 

2 boxes hospital stores. 

I box canned goods. 

10 bags wheat. 

9 bags grain. 

J box drugs. 

95,656 bushels corn in bulk. 

1 barrel bacon. 
731 sacks flour. 

2 bags meal. 

I barrel grain. 

400 sacks meal 

21,201 bushels corn in bags. 

In addition to the ship's cargo more than $5,000, received too late to be 
converted into grain was remitted to Miss Clara Barton from lovsa, and by 
her cabled to her representatives in Russia. 

The Tynehead arrived at Riga, May 27th, Dr. J. B. Hubbell, General 
Field Agent of the American Red Cross, had preceded the ship more 
than a month, and all arrangements had been made for the prompt 
distribution of the grain. The reception given the Iowa ship was royal and 
Capt. Carr was the recipient of a rich silver tea service. An eye witness, 
an American, writes: "Every facility was offered by every official and per- 
son to help the unloading." Two hundred of the common peasants of Riga 
were in waiting for the Tynehead's arrival, a full day, and insisted upon 
bearing the bags of grain to the cars without pay; twelve women sewed 
the rents in the sacks While the Tynehead lay at her dock the American 



72 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

flag was displayed from the ships and from the custom house. The Ameri- 
can above quoted says: "In the shop windows are displayed title pages of 
sheet music bearing the American flag in colors, 'Hail Columbia,' 'Yankee 
Doodle,' and 'The Star Spangled Banner.' Children carried the American 
flag in the streets. I saw a boy carrying the flag in the streets on one side 
of which was the stars and stripes and on the other side the Russian National 
colors " 

The Russian government anticipated the coming of the Iowa ship and 
had in waiting 310 freight cars, which were given the right of way over all 
imperial trains, both passenger and express. As fast as the cars were loaded 
they were sealed, weighed, made up into trains and forwarded to consignees. 
The assignment of cars, was made after conference with Dr. Hubbell, by 
the committee of the British and American church of St. Petersburg A 
complete list is on file and it shows that the 310 cars of grain were consigned 
to 75 persons of the highest character at quite as many centers of distribu- 
tion in 16 different provinces. 

The General Field Agent of the Red Cross, Dr. Hubbell, who is a native 
of Iowa, personally visited many of the famine districts, and but recently 
returned to his duties at Washington. He holds the gratifying and conclu- 
sive evidence that every bushel of corn and every dollar in money served 
its intended purpose, and that the generosity shown on this side of the ocean 
in gathering and transporting to the seaboard, Iowa's cargo, was more than 
equaled in Russia by the gratitude of its recipients. 

Dr. Joseph Gardner, of Bedford, Indiana, has just presented to the 
Red Cross eight hundred acres of choice land in Indiana, which is to become 
the home of that organization. With him are Mrs. Gardner, and Dr. J. B. 
Hubbell, General Field Agent of the Red Cross, who received and distri- 
buted Iowa's food stuff in Russia. I have great pleasure in presenting each 
and all of them. 

Miss Miller, presenting to Miss Barton a bouquet of La France roses,said: 

In behalf of the ladies of Iowa, I wish to say that we are pleased with 
the opportunity of presenting these to you in token of our appreciation of 
your HfQ efforts, and to show you how dearly they love to honor you. 

Miss Barton: 

I do not know that this calls for remarks from me. If so, I fear I shall 
greatly fail in making them. It is only just to myself and those present who 
have accompanied me, to say we are here without any thought of having a 
reception like this. We are not only unexpectedly recognized but pleased 
by this meeting. Last night we left Bedford, Indiana, by night train, 
simply because we knew that our friend, your friend and worker, Mr. Til- 
linghast, was here. I had not seen him since he turned over that cargo of 
grain from Iowa into my hands to send to Russia. Dr. Hubbell who distrib- 
uted the grain in Russia, had not seen him at all. It was aso proper for 
Dr. Hubbell, Dr. Gardner and myself, whose guests we are, to come to see 
Mr. Tillinghast and the friends who ])articii)ated in that grand work, and 
personally return our thanks and recognition. We had no thought that 
Iowa was going to oi)en her doors. We exjjected perhaps we might 



REPORT OF COMMITTEE OX CEREMONIES. 73 

meet them under this roof, but we had no thought that the state of Iowa 
would greet us yith her beautiful music, open her ears and doors to us. Our 
hearts are full of love and gratitude for the grand work that you as a state 
have always done in deeds of humanity. It is not many years since Iowa 
was one of the first to recognize and aid in the work the Red Cross has 
opened to the world. This brings to my mind a little incident which it may 
not be out of the way to relate here. 

A\'hen we first stood on the fields of Johnstown — with homes swept 
away, trees carried down the river, mud, suffering humanity everywhere 
about us, almost the first thing, and it was difficult to reach us by dispatch, 
express, and certainly by letter, almost the first thing that came to me was 
from the lumbermen of Davenport who said that if the Red Cross— Miss Bar- 
ton— is there, she is without shelter and needs lumber. I do not now remem- 
ber how many car loads of lumber there were,but lumber came— the first lum- 
ber at all events, and so early was it that out of the lumber were made the 
first buildings, which received the Governor of Pennsylvania when he came 
to make his first visit. He was sheltered by the lumber sent from Iowa by 
Iowa lumbermen. 

Iowa is known to be one of the first states in the Union to recognize the 
suffering and do good in whatever capacity she is able. In this last work 
that called us together, this great relief of Russia, I did my best to dispose 
of the corn, this unparalleled gift. There is nothing on record like it. And 
the person into whose hands it was placed and whom I pledged to your state 
would see that it was properly delivered to Russia, is here and is the suit- 
able person to take it up where I left it. I received it from Mr. Tillinghast 
at the port of New York,and Dr. Hubbell received it abroad for distribution. 

I trust you will bear with me for the poor remarks that I have made, for 
they were so unexpected that it has almost taken the words from me. 

Dr. Hubbell: 

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen : — This is taking one by surprise. 
Referring to the gift from Iowa that was sent to the Russian people, I will 
say that with great reluctance the charge of that gift to take to Russia was 
accepted, for the reason that at that time we knew Russia so much poorer 
than we do now, it was doubtful how they might receive our gifts. We knew 
they went with the right spirit, but we did not know that they might be re- 
ceived with the same spirit. But the Russian.people in receiving it, received 
it in such a beautiful way that instead of being a difficult task, it was most 
delightful, most pleasant in its memories and in the way received that it will 
be remembered not only by our people, but by the Russian people, and it 
has cemented the friendship of Russia and the Russian people and the peo- 
ple of America, and I believe that friendship can never be broken. It was 
the general expression among the Russian people that they wanted to see 
America, and all the traveling elements of Russia expressed their determi- 
nation to visit the World's Exposition, and if it is within their power they 
will be here. This wish was also expressed by Count Tolstoi, with whom I 
was personally acquainted, that he wished to come and live with the American 
farmers and see how they live, and compare them with the peasants who are 
the farmers of Russia. The good done by the gifts from Iowa I cannot ex- 



74 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

press. It not only relieved the suffering and hunger, but those actively en- 
gaged in the work said it came just at the right time — when it was most 
needed. Came just as if the Lord had sent it, at just the time it was needed 
most. 

President Crosby: 

Ladies and Gentlemen : — All hearts go out to those who feel for suffer- 
ing humanity, who come forward to aid in its relief, and we are doubly 
blessed to-day by the presence of those who have put forth such exertions, 
and who have made such a magnificent gift in behalf of suffering; I present 
to you Dr. Gardner, who has made such a valued gift to the Red Cross, and 
I take pleasure in introducing him. 

Dr. Gardner: 

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen : — I must confess to being em- 
barrassed. You might not think it, but I am bashful and I feel so much 
embarrassed that I hardly know how to commence to address you.- I will 
not say much — I will promise to be brief. In putting me forward as one of 
the benefactors, I think you have taken the intent for the act. For years I 
have been in tolerably close touch with the workings of the Red Cross. My 
wife, before I married her, was one of Miss Barton's lieutenants in the Mis- 
sissippi river overflow, in the Mount Vernon cyclone and later she was 
called to her aid in the Johnstown trouble. I saw the merits of organized 
relief under the superintendence of Miss Barton, under the American Na- 
tional Red Cross, and it seemed to me that if Providence ever blessed me 
to be in a position where I could be of benefit, I would do so. In looking 
over the field I did not see anything that would do a great deal of good with 
so little as was promised under the auspices of Miss Barton. Then I took 
steps to ascertain if the gift I was to make would be acceptable, and I took 
an early date to present my views of the matter to Miss Barton, and she was 
so kind as to say that she would take charge of the only neutral ground, so 
far as we knew, in the United States. We now have in Indiana such a piece 
of ground. Nature has dealt very liberally with that piece of ground, prim- 
eval forests stand there, cultivated lands are also there, hills and fertile river 
bottoms. Miss Barton has just paid a visit there, and will return there from 
Chicago, and we will wait to say at a later date what noble results for the re- 
lief of suffering humanity shall come out of that piece of neutral ground. 

Introductions followed, light refreshments were served, after which Miss 
Barton and the distinguished guests accompanying her, were shown through 
the building, where they greatly admired the display, the decorations and 
the wonderful exhibitions of corn and other Iowa grains. 

The Assembly room was assigned to the non-Partisan W. C. T. U. of 
Iowa for the 27th day of June, "Amendment Day," at which time it was filled 
to its utmost capacity. President Crosby made a .short address of welcome^ 
and addresses were made by Mrs. J. Ellen Foster, Mrs. Burrington, of 
Maine, and Dr. E. R. Hutchins. The Iowa State Band furnished the music. 

Two meetings were also held in the Assembly room by the students and 
alumni of Cornell College, at which many sparkling brief speeches were 
made, intersp<^rscd with vocal and instrumental music by the students. 

At a meeting of the Iowa Columbian Commission, July 19th, Commis- 



REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON CEREMONIES. 75 

sioner Stivers stated that Hon. Lafayette Young, President of the Iowa 
Press Association, had called a meeting of the Iowa editors to take place 
August 3d, 1893, and moved that the freedom of the Iowa Building and the 
hospitalities of the same be extended to the Iowa editors, and that the serv- 
ices of the Iowa State Band be tendered them on that day. The motion was 
adopted and a committee of three gentlemen and three ladies wg.s appointed 
by the President as preparation and reception committee, with authority to 
prepare program and provide refreshments. President Crosby named .the 
following persons as members of the committee: Commissioner J, W. Jar- 
nagin, chairman; Commissoners Ashton and Stivers, and Mrs. Buncombe, 
Mrs, Stivers and Mrs. Young. 

PROGRAM. 

IOWA PRESS ASSOCIATION. 

The editors arrived at Mount Vernon station (near the Iowa State Build- 
ing) via Intramural Railway, at 11 o'clock a. m., and were received by the 
Reception Committee and the Iowa State Band. 

After reaching the Assembly room, the following program took place : 
Music, - - - By the Iowa State Band 

Address of Welcome, - by Commissioner J. W. Jarnagin, 

Chairman Reception Committee 
Response, - - - by Hon. Lafayette Young, 

Pres. Press Association 
Music, - - - - by the Iowa State Band 

Whistling Solo, - - by Miss Floy Brundage, Des Moines, Iowa 

Short Addresses, - - - by Editors present 

At 12:30 p, m., the officers of the Intramural Railway tendered a free 
trip to the Iowa State Band and the members of the Press Association from 
Mount Vernon station to the North Loop, from North Loop back the entire 
trip to the South Loop, then back to the Administration Building where the 
editors disembarked and paid their respects to the United States Commis - 
sioners in session at the Administration Building. 

From three to five o'clock p. m., a reception was given by the Iowa Col- 
umbian Commission and the Iowa Board of Lady Managers to the members 
of the Press Association and members of the United States Board of Lady 
Managers, in the parlors of the Iowa State Building. 

In the latter part of September, the evening before the departure of the 
West Point Cadets, who had been in camp at the Exposition for several 
weeks, the Iowa Columbian Commission, assisted by the Iowa young people 
who were in the city at that time, opened the Iowa Building to receive and 
entertain them. This reception was given as a mark of respect to the young 
soldiers of the United States. 

IOWA STATE DAYS. 

From the opening of the Exposition the Iowa Columbian Commission 
had given much careful thought to the matter of celebrating the day or days 
that might be assigned to Iowa by the Director General and Board of Man- 
agement of the Exposition, at which time Iowa would be given the opportu- 



76 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

nity in a special manner and in her own way to advertise and bring her in- 
terests and industries prominently before the world. 

It was the unanimous opinion of the officers and members of the Com- 
mission that such a demonstration should be made at such time as would at- 
tract the attention of the illustrious representatives of all the foreign nations 
and provinces, and the thousands of visitors from our sister states and terri- 
tories to Iowa, and that the Committee on Ceremonies appointed by this 
Commission should be authorized and empowered to make the necessary 
arrangements, and that a sum sufficient to defray the necessary expenses of 
such a celebration should be set aside from the funds in the hands of the 
Commission. 

The twenty-first day of September had been agreed upon by the Com- 
mission as "Iowa Day," and when your committee conferred with Colonel 
E. C. Culp, secretary of Committee on Ceremonies for the Exposition, 
we made application for that day, also September twentieth, and the two 
days September twentieth and twenty-first were formally assigned to us and 
set apart as "Iowa Days." 

These state and national days were planned from the beginning of the 
Exposition by the Board of Management, and they proved to be very at- 
tractive features. 

Your committee, in studying plans and making arrangements for Iowa's 
celebration, did not forget that Iowa had taken a prominent part in the Ex- 
position from the first and realized that much would be expected of her on 
this occasion. We now have the satisfaction of knowing that the vast con- 
course of people present on that occasion were not disappointed. 

The occasion had been well advertised by the Iowa press and we had 
secured from all railway lines running through the state a rate of one fare 
for the round trip, and in some instances even a lower rate. The attendance 
from Iowa was estimated at from forty to sixty thousand. Twenty-five 
thousand people wore the Iowa badge. 

It would be impossible to give details of Iowa's celebration without 
making this report much too lengthy, so we simply embody as a part of this 
report a few of the preliminary notices and an outline, as indicated by the 
programs for the various features, including the parades, civil and military, 
the public exercises in the Iowa Building and in Festival Hall, addresses, 
illuminations, fire-works and receptions. 

Ten thousand programs of each day's exercises were printed and dis- 
tributed. Twenty-five thousand Iowa pins and badges were given away 
and were worn and kept as souvenirs of the occasion. In addition to these, 
your committee published and distributed an edition of five thousand copies 
of a souvenir program of Iowa State Days, a little pamphlet bound in neat 
covers and containing thirty-two pages. In addition to the title page was 
an outline program for each day and a number of views representing dif- 
ferent sections of the Iowa State exhibit. Quite a number of these, together 
with the souvenir of the October dedication, have been sent by mail to par- 
ties in many of the foreign countries at the re(|uest of the connnissioners 
representing those nations at the Ex]K)sition. 

Referring to pending arrangements for the celebration of Iowa Days at 
tlu^ World's Fair, the Iowa Columbian Conmiission mad(; the following an- 



REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON CEREMONIES. 'J'J 

nouncement: The necessary expenses for transportation of the Governor, 
his staff, and the executive council, based upon one fare for round trip — 
including sleeping car fare — will be paid by the Iowa Commission. Head- 
quarters for the Governor and his party were provided in Chicago and they 
were entertained during their stay in the city as guests of the Commission. 

PROGRAM— IOWA STATE DAYS. 

SEPTEMBER 20, 1893. 

At 10 o'clock a. m., the Committee on Ceremonies met the Governor 
and his party at their hotel and escorted them to the 57th Street entrance to 
Jackson Park, where they were met by the Iowa Columbian Commission, 
Iowa State Band, military escort, speakers, Iowa Board of Lady Managers, 
prominent Iowa citizens, invited guests and ladies, and paraded south past 
the Woman's Building and Horticultural Building, thence east to Wooded 
Island, north to Illinois State Building, east to British Building on Lake 
Front, and north on Esplanade to Iowa State Building. There was an ova- 
tion to Iowa by the immense crowds along the entire route of the procession. 

After reaching the Iowa Building, the cadets from Iowa State Agricul- 
tural College, under command of General J. Rush Lincoln, gave an exhibi- 
tion drill, which was followed by spear drill by a brigade of young ladies 
from the same college. 

At 1 130 p. m., the C. L. Root Drill Corps, under command of C. L. 
Root, of Clinton, gave a fancy drill on the Esplanade in front of the Iowa 
State Building. 

At 2 p. m., a grand concert was given by the Iowa State Band. 

The following letter of invitation had been sent out in numbers equal- 
ling the capacity of the Iowa State Building to accommodate: 

"The Iowa Columbian Commission requests the pleasure of your com- 
pany at a reception to be given in honor of His Excellency, Governor Horace 
Boies, and Staff, Members of the Executive Council of Iowa, Director Gen- 
eral Davis and Board of Management of the Exposition, U. S. and Foreign 
Commissioners, National Board of Lady Managers, and the Commissioners 
and Lady Managers of the States and Territories on Wednesday afternoon, 
September 20, 1893, from two to five o'clock, at the Iowa State Building, 
Jackson Park. James O. Crosby, President." 

F. N. Chase, Secretary." 

Each invitation was accompanied by a card as follows: 

"Iowa's Reception to Gov. Horace Boies and others. Present this card 
at the door," 

During the three hours designated for the reception, the house was 
filled with happy guests, representative of all nations, who came to pay 
their respects to Iowa's Governor and chief officials and to the others in 
whose honor the reception was given. Light refreshments were served, 
and at intervals the Iowa State Band discoursed its choicest music. 

The day's program closed with a magnificent display of fire works pre- 
pared especially for this Iowa occasion, and among the beautiful set pieces 
was one representing the Iowa State Capitol and another showing a fine 
large portrait of Governor Boies. 



78 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

SEPTEMBER 21, 1893. 

At 10:30 a. m., the Committee on Ceremonies conducted the Governor 
and his party to the Cottage Grove entrance to Midway Plaisance, where 
they were met by the Iowa Commission, the Iowa State Band, Agricultural 
College Band, cadets and spear brigade, officers of the day and invited 
guests and ladies, and a grand procession formed and paraded east through 
Midway to Transportation Building, thence south to Administration Build- 
ing, east past south end of Liberal Arts Building to lake front, thence north 
on Esplanade past the building of the United States Government to the 
Iowa State Building where the military escort, under command of Col. C. 
L. Root, gave an exhibition drill, followed by Gatling gun drill and drill by 
battalion of Agricultural College Cadets, under command of Gen. J. Rush 
Lincoln. 

At 2 p. m , the Governor and staff, military escort, Iowa Commission 
and invited guests, headed by the Iowa State Band, marched to Festival 
Hall, where the following program took place: 

Overture, "Semiramidi" Rossini, - - - Iowa State Band 

Organ Solo, ----- Prof. Frederick Self 

Introduction, - - Hon. James O. Crosby, Pres. Iowa Col. Com 

Selection, - - - - - - - Male Quartet 

Invocation, - - - - - - Rev. J, H. Palmer 

Solo, selected, ----- Miss Genevieve Shaffer 

Address, - - - Hon. Horace Boies, Governor of Iowa 

Address, Hon. W. I. Buchanan, Chief Dept. of Agriculture — Representing 

Board of Management of the Exposition. 
Selection, Fantasia on "My Old Kentucky Home" — l.'alby. Iowa State Band 
Oration, - - - Hon. W. M. McFarland, Secretary of State 

Solo, selected, ----- Miss Marie Chambers 

Selection, "American Patrol" — Meacham, - - Iowa State Band 

Reading, a. "Blessing the Cornfields" — from Longfellow's "Hiawatha." 

b. "A Dream of Woman"— Olive Schreiner. — Mrs. Lucia Gale Barber 
Solo, "When the Heart is Young" — Buck, - Miss Jennie Madge Sugg 
America. (Audience requested to join), - - Iowa State Band 



INTRODUCTION-BY PRES. JAMES O. CROSBY. 

In Jackson Park we stand to-day in the presence of the largest repre- 
sentation of the peoples of the earth, and of its resources and the products 
of human industry and invention, that has ever been gathered together. It 
is wonderful in magnitude and excellence, and the co-operation of the whole 
world was needed to produce it. Much labor and study are recjuired to 
comprehend it, and it will pass into history as the Exposition beyond which 
no city, state or nation will ever attemi)t to go. 

It has been a distinctive feature, to arrange with the joint Committee 
on Ceremonies, for special days to be set apart to each nation, province and 
state, to be called their own, and to-day is Iowa 8 (fay, and thousands of our 
citizens have come to make it memorable. Among all the assembled thous- 



REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON CEREMONIES. 79 

ands there can not be one who is not proud to call our noble state his home. 

In behalf of the Iowa Columbian Commission, representing the state of 
Iowa, I bid you a cordial, hearty welcome. 

To-day the World's Columbian Exposition is ours, and we have the free- 
dom of the White City. 

Let us realize the wealth of this opportunity, for when it is passed it 
will never return. 

All states and nations join with us in our jubilee, and we extend to them 
our kindly greetings, and so we are drawn into closer fellowship with all 
mankind. 

The extent of the influence of this Exposition in advancing the progress 
of the world's civilization is beyond our estimation; yet, we may rest assured 
that it will be a powerful influence in hastening the time when "Nation shall 
not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more, for 
He hath made of one blood all nations for to dwell on the face of the earth." 

ADDRESS BY GOVERNOR HORACE BOIES. 

Mr. President, Ladies and GeJti/emeii : 

I should fail to express the wishes of the people of my state if I did not 
at this time, and in this public way, extend to the Iowa Columbian Commis- 
sion, and its faithful employes, the gratitude we all feel for. the manner in 
which they have discharged the laborious duties their positions impose. 

In behalf of the same people it is a pleasure to me to publicly express 
the obligations they are under to the National Commission for its generous 
treatment of Iowa interests, and for the uniform justice and courtesy of its 
members, individually and collectively, in all their dealings with the rep- 
resentatives of our state. 

I should be false to my own feelings, and to those of my people as well, 
if I should strive to conceal the pride we feel in the exhibit here presented 
by our youthful commonwealth, and the proud position it has gained for us 
in the estimation of those who are permitted to view this, the greatest of the 
world's expositions. 

I am justified in speaking of Iowa as a youthful state, for it is scarcely 
more than a quarter of a century since the era of rapid development began 
which has crowded her so far towards the front when compared with sister 
states. 

It was not until 1867 that the first trunk line of railway to cross the state 
reached its western boundary, spanning as it did at that time an almost un- 
broken wilderness of raw prairie for more than half its length of 355 miles. 
Now every one of its ninety-nine counties is penetrated by one or more of 
these great highways that stretch across her plains in every direction, until 
their total legth exceeds 8,500 miles, employing in their operation an army 
of more than 30,000 men, and moving annually from place to place within 
her borders 12,000,000 tons of freight. 

She has in round numbers 35.000,000 acres of land, of which 95 per cent 
is susceptible of the highest degree of cultivation. 

Although her annual rainfall is less than that of most of the eastern 
states, it is so distributed that during the spring and summer months it is 




GOV. HORACE BOIES. 



REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON CEREMONIES. 8l 

greater than theirs, assuring thus far in her history never failing and abund- 
ant crops. 

The sixteenth in number of the states admitted to the Union, Iowa already 
leads her sisters, both old and young, in the total value of her grain produc- 
tions and her live stock, two of the most important of all the staples produced 
on the American continent. 

For many years she has held her place at the head of the column of 
states in the production of that greatest of staples of the great north w^est — 
Indian corn — of which, in a single season, she has harvestd more than three 
hundred and thirty millions of bushels. In all other products of the farm 
grown in this latitude in any part of our country her soil has always been 
most liberal in its returns for the labor of the husbandman. 

In 1892 she was second to Illinois only in the number and value of her 
horses; to New York only in the number and value of her milch cows; to 
Texas only in the number and value of other cattle, and the first of all the 
states in the number and value of her swine, and also in the total value of 
all live stock upon her farms. 

The fame of her dairy products is already as wide as the markets of 
the world. In the year ending September 30, i8q2, we shipped to eastern 
and foreign markets almost seventy-two million pounds of butter and con- 
sumed at home, as estimated by our dairy commissioner, one hundred mil- 
lions more. 

A few counties in the southern and southwestern parts of the state have 
already become famous as a fruit bearing section, producing as they do ap- 
ples of the best quality in great abundance as well as large quantities of 
other useful fruit. There is, I believe, no part of the state in which suffici- 
ent for the wants of our people cannot be produced, but with the exception 
of the southern and southwestern counties it cannot be said to be a fruit 
bearing state. 

Nor is it in the products of her farms alone that Iowa is rich. 

She has within her boundaries not less than ten thousand square miles 
of most valuable coal lands, besides large areas which produce lead, zinc, 
iron and other valuable minerals. 

She has now in operation nearly five hundred coal mines that give con- 
stant employment to an aveaage of twelve thousand men, and produce an 
annual output of more than three million tons, of the value of five million 
dollars. 

In nearly all her cities manufacturing enterprises of many kinds are per- 
manently established and these are being largely mcreased as the fact of her 
boundless supply of cheap fuel for motive power becomes more generally 
understood. 

It is not, however, to her agricultural or mineral wealth, boundless as it 
is, that lowans point with greatest pride when speaking of their state, for it 
is not in these alone that she ranks so high. 

Gleaned as our population has been from every state in the Union and 
almost every country of the globe, she has a less per cent of illiterate per- 
sons than any of her sister commonwealths. More than one-fourth of all her 
inhabitants are enrolled as pupils in her common schools, in which an army 



82 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

of 27,000 devoted teachers are employed, and 87,500,000 are annually ex- 
pended by her people, in their support. 

She has too, a state university, an agricultural college, a normal school. 
a school for the deaf and dumb and a school for the blind — all supported at 
public expense, and all ranking high among institutions of their class in any 
part of the world. All over the state are sectarian colleges of almost every 
denomination, and non-sectarian schools of a high order so that every want 
of those who are in pursuit of an advanced education is easily supplied in 
her own schools. 

Outside of as well as in her school buildings her state institutions have 
been constructed upon a lavish, if not an extravagant scale. 

She has three insane asylums, costing an average of nearly a million 
dollars each; two penitentiaries, two reform schools, a school for the feeble 
minded, a home for the adult blind, a soldiers' home and an orphans' home, 
all supported at public expense. 

Her annual expenditure of money for the support of all her public in- 
stitutions is in round numbers $2,000,000, or about two-thirds of the entire 
revenues of the state. 

There are few, if any, of the religious denominations known to the west- 
ern hemisphere that are not represented among her church-going people, 
and all of the principal sects are abundantly supplied with church edifices 
and liberally supported by her citizens. 

Her climate, though cold in winter and warm in summer, varying on 
rare occasions from 30 degrees below zero in the coldest of Avinter days to 
nearly 100 above in the hottest of summer days, is largely tempered by the 
fact that her atmosphere as a general rule is comparatively free from mois- 
ture which adds so much to discomfort on chilly days in much warmer lati- 
tudes. 

Many of our friends, in the east, especially, have formed most exagger- 
ated opinions of the dangers we are in from death dealing storms. In the 
whole history of the state three only have been known that are worthy of note. 
These have often been spoken of as cyclones. This is a misnomer, for cy- 
clones usually cover large areas of the earth's surface, both in length and 
breadth, the recent one on the Atlantic coast reaching, it is said, three thous- 
and miles in length and covering a space on land and sea from three to five 
hundred miles in width. 

The three storms from which Iowa has suffered were tornadoes that ap- 
peared in the form of funnel-shaped clouds with the larger portion upward 
and reaching almost to a point were they touched the earth. Their destruct- 
ive force was exerted by a rotary or whirling motion that never. I believe, 
covered a space to exceed half a mile in width (usually much less) and but 
a short distance in length. Their tracks, devastated as they were, were mere 
dots on our great prairies. These storms were not as destructive to life or 
property as the aggregate casualties of ordinary thunder storms that sweep 
over most of our states in the same number of years. 

It must be remembered, too, that Iowa is no more subject to such storms 
than many of the other states, and but little, if any, more so than the most of 
the country east of the Rocky mountains. Those who fear our storms so 
much should remember that the one cyclone that swept the Atlantic coast a 



REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON CEREMONIES. 83 

few weeks since caused more destruction to life and property than all the 
storms known to Iowa since its discovery. 

For the information of those who are strangers to our state, and whom I 
have the honor to address, I have tried to portray her advantages and dis- 
advantages with equal truthfulness and without prejudice because of its be- 
ing my own home. 

I want now to speak of Iowa as she appears to her own people and call 
attention to her^present advantages as they see them. 

There are still within the state thousands upon thousands of acres of 
land, richer than the valleys of the Nile and fresh as it came from the hands 
of the creator, for it has never felt the plowshear's touch or ministered to the 
wants of the children of men. 

Down deep beneath the surface of her great plains and far out under the 
bluffs of her winding streams are stores of nature's wealth that no man has 
fathomed; that no time can exhaust. 

In her cities and towns are numberless opportunities for the profitable 
employment of millions upon millions of capital in various kinds of manu- 
facturing enterprises, and in their constantly widening fields of trade. 

Everywhere, on every hand, along her crowded railways, in the fields 
of her great farms, in the lengthening drifts of her mines, in the hum of her 
busy shops, in her varied forms of undeveloped natural wealth is a never 
satiated want for the toilers of the world, for men like those whose brawny 
arms and steady nerves have made her what she is, and enabled her each 
year from field and mine and shop to pour into the great streams of com- 
merce that flow across her plains the tribute of her own productions and 
help to swell the mighty torrent of trade that has built the city in which we 
meet, a city that for its years has not now and never had a peer in any age. 

From the abundance of her resources such as they represent we have 
necessarily brought to this Mecca of the world's best treasures but limited 
specimens of the products of our state, and yet in the glare of this babel of 
priceless and indescribable things we are proud of our exhibit and proud 
of the men and the women whose deft hands and untiring zeal have made 
it so conspicuous a feature in such a marvelous show. 

For twenty-six years, more than half her existence as an independent 
commonwealth, Iowa has been my home, and long before I knew her well. 
I have seen most of her great enterprises grow from infantile proportions 
to their present proud positions. 

From a few short pieces of railway at different points on the eastern 
border I have witnessed her present magnificent system of more than eight 
thousand miles of road grow to completion and its operation improved until 
its present state of usefulness has been attained, and along the lines I have 
seen cities and towns by hundreds, by thousands, by more than this, spring 
like magic from these limited years; and out upon her trackless prairies, as 
I knew them first, I have seen fields of waving grain and pastures filled 
with grazing herds usurp the places of the wild flowers and timid game of 
these great meadows, planted by the hand of the Omnipotent and reserved 
for the use of man in this "the best of ages." 

With all her magnificent resources for the accumulation of wealth, with 
social, educational and religious advantages that should satisfy the most ex- 



84 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

acting, with her busy, bustling throng of 2,000,000 of human beings, Iowa is 
not yet half peopled. To the good and the brave of every land her arms 
are open, and with all her heart she bids them come, 

ADDRESS-CHIEF W. 1. BUCHANAN. 

Governor Boies and Meinbers of the Commission : 

I have been requested by the Director General to extend to you. Gov- 
ernor Boies, and through you to the people of your state, the thanks and 
congratulations of the Exposition for the splendid work they have accom- 
plished and the prominent part taken by them in this magnificent Exposi- 
tion. This duty is the more gratifying because I can do so, not only as an 
official of the Exposition, but as an Iowa man, The compliment paid the 
people of Iowa by the officers of the Exposition in thus attesting their enter- 
prise, zeal, public spirit and skill, is most sincere and just. No state has 
been more loyal to the Exposition from its inception than Iowa, none more 
ready to grasp the opportunities of showing the progress made by its people, 
and as all of you can testify who have followed the work of the State Com- 
mission, from our beautiful and unique State Building through the different 
great department buildings, none more successful in doing so, and none that 
contributes daily to the hosts of visitors in this enchanted city more of her 
people than the state of Iowa, It is, for these reasons, especially gratifying to 
me to extend the compliments of the officers of the Exposition to yourself 
personally, and as the chief executive of the people who have from the first 
taken so much interest in their state's success and the greater success of 
this enormous undertaking. No state had a more intelligent idea of the 
herculean work Chicago undertook, in agreeing to build this gigantic 
wonderland, than did Iowa; and by reason of her close commercial ties with 
this metropolis of the greater west, certainly no state had more interest in 
seeing the Exposition such a glorious success as would immortalize the 
west, than the state of Iowa. For these reasons every Iowa man and woman 
is to-day glad that their wishes are being realized. And why not, as good 
citizens, be proud of what the great west has accomplished? Picture the 
energy, intellect, labor and sacrifice it has taken since that September day 
one hundred years ago last Monday on which Washington laid the corner 
stone of our national capitol, to evolve, out of the unending and almost un- 
known wilderness west of the city of Washington, the millions of homes; 
establish in what was then a wilderness the granary of the world; build 
mighty cities; establish the greatest universities in our country; cement 
friendships and commercial interests in one common bond with lace work of 
railroads and telegraph wires, and, as a climax, on which the white lime 
lights of the future historian will be forever thrown, build this magnificent 
White City, and, as an unanswerable conclusion, support it with an attend- 
ance of over one million a week during a time of one of the greatest finan- 
cial troubles the country has ever known. In making the history of our 
country's development during this marvelous century, Iowa has stood well 
to the front, and it is but natural that we, as citzens of the state, should re- 
joice over our own and the Exposition's success. 

I am glad of this opportunity to express my own thanks to yourself and 




W. I. BUCHANAN, 
CHIEF OF THE AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENT. 



86 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

to the State Commission for the splendid support you have given me in 
making a success of that part of the Exposition work that has fallen to my 
hands. The members of your State Commission have been faithful, have 
worked diligently, and are entitled to the thanks of the people of our state 
for what they have done to uphold Iowa's position in the greatest Exposi- 
tion ever organized. 

We can congratulate the Commission upon the success of Iowa's Day, 
and we can rest assured that our state will long be remembered by the people 
of Chicago for the confidence expressed by them in the final success of this 
work and the assistance given them at all times, and we sincerely hope that 
the participation of our good state in this Exposition may bean added bond 
of friendship betw'een our people and the citizens of this great metropolis 
and our sister state Illinois. 

At the close of the exercises at Festival Hall, the procession re-formed 
and marched to the plaza on west front of the Administration Building, 
where the great Columbian Liberty and Peace Bell was located. The Gov- 
ernor and people were received at the bell by President Thomas W. Palmer 
of the World's Columbian Commission, where the liberty bell was rung in 
honor of the admission of Iowa into the Union. The ceremonies were 
opened by the low^a State Band playing "America." The bell was then 
rung by Governor Boies, three quick strokes to call attention, followed by 
thirteen strokes given slowly— representing the thirteen original states — 
this being the regular celebration ring for a liberty event of the bell. 

Speeches were then made by President Thomas W. Palmer, of the 
World's Columbian Commission, and by Hon. Horace Boies, Governor of 
low^a. 

Following the speeches the low^a State Band played -'The Star Spangled 
Banner," each line being emphasized by a stroke of the bell. 

As an appropriate closing for Iowa's Celebration Days, an open recep- 
tion with refreshments and musical program at the Iowa State Building 
from 7:30 to 10:00 o'clock p. m. was tendered by the Iowa Columbian Com- 
mission to all Iowa visitors and their friends. 

At the close of these celebration days, it was the universal expression 
that no state had surpassed Iowa in her celebration, the program having 
been a complete success from beginning to end. 

The duties of your committee in devising plans and perfecting the ar- 
rangements for so great an occasion as the proper and appropriate celebra- 
tion of Iowa Days at the Exposition, in a manner that would be satisfactory 
to the Commission, and also be such a representation as would honor the 
name of the great state our Commission represented, were many; and the 
difficulties that had to be met in arranging the many details were numerous 
and hard to overcome. 

The attendance of so many thousands of the intelligent citizenship of 
Iowa was a marked feature of the celebration. This was a great satisfac- 
tion to your committee, and I have no doubt was equally well pleasing to 
all the members of this Commission- and the impression made upon the 
mass of visitors representing all the nations of the world, was such that Iowa 
and her celebration will be long and favorably remembered. 



REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON CEREMONIES. 8/ 

CHICAGO DAY. 

The only other public occoasion that we desire to mention in which Iowa 
took a prominent part, is the great demonstration made on October 9th, 
"Chicago Day," which called together a greater number of people than were 
ever before assembled in this nation. 

In the procession which marched on that day and in the impressive ex- 
ercises, Iowa was assigned a prominent place. At the request of the Gen- 
eral Committee having the program in charge, Iowa appeared in the parade 
with designs representing her as a "Corn State." This was an honor to 
Iowa and it proved that by her exhibit at the Exposition she made promi- 
nent her principal industry and won the position as the chief corn growing 
state of the Nation. 



Report of the Committee on Music. 

BY F. N. CHASE. 

The Music Committee beg to submit the following report: 

The importance of having the musical talent of Iowa represented at 
the Exposition led to the discussion of plans by the Commission by which 
music might be used to attract attention to Iowa and her exhibit, and if the 
necessary funds could be spared, to procure the best, and make it a part of 
the State Exhibit. 

At a meeting of the Commission held January 12, 1893, Commissioner Stiv- 
ers, who had been previously appointed to make investigation in regard to 
securing music for Iowa at the Exposition, offered a resolution which was 
adopted, requesting the President to appoint a committee of three members 
of the Commission as Music Committee with power to act, and especially to 
confer with the Executive Council of the State and ask their aid and co-oper- 
ation. The following members were appointed as such committee: Henry 
Stivers, S. B. Packard and F. N. Chase, Various plans for presenting vocal 
and instrumental music were submitted to the committee. Some of these con- 
templated organizing a large chorus, bringing to the Exposition Iowa's best 
artists; others contemplated erecting and furnishing a large music hall, and 
bringing the best talent from all the counties in the State to the Fair and 
giving concerts at intervals during the entire period of the Exposition. But 
this would have made it necessary to employ a musical director to visit the 
different counties to perfect organization and for general preparation, and 
would require a vast outlay of money. Your committee could not entertain 
any of these propositions; they were not feasible on account of their great 
expense. 

Band concerts daily at the Iowa State Building during the entire period 
of the Exposition by the best artists that Iowa could furnish, was the ambi- 
tion of this committee, and we believed that to be the sentiment of the entire 
Commission. Proposals were received from a number of Iowa's best bands. 
After giving the matter careful consideration, it was determined to secure 
the Iowa State Band, then under the leadership of Band-master Frederick 
Phinney. 

The legislature had recognized this band, giving it its name, and to some 
extent had placed it under the direction of the Executive Council. 

Your committee had an interview with Mr. Phinney and heard from him 
the condition of the band and obtained from him an estimate of the cost of 
suitable preparation and maintenance of such a band. Band-master Phin- 
ney's faith in the accomplishment of so magnificent a project as the main- 
taining of a band of fifty pieces, equal in ability and excellence to any in the 
United States, at the Iowa headquarters during the Exposition, was un- 
bounded. We felt we must secure this band, if possible. We then had a 
conference with the State Executive Council and submitted our plans to 



REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON MUSIC. 89 

them, and finally secured from them the promise of aid to the extent of 
S2,ooo per month and $500 for transportation on the following conditions, to- 
wit: The Iowa State Band to consist of not less than fifty pieces should 
be secured and maintained during the whole period of the Exposition; it 
should play two concerts daily at the Iowa State Building, and it should at 
all times be under the direction of the Iowa Columbian Commission; the 
above must be paid in monthly installments through the Iowa Commission 
as follows: S^oo for transportation and $2,000 at the end of each month, 
commencing May ist, 1893; payments to cease if for any reason the Iowa 
Commission failed to maintain said band, and they should leave the Expo- 
sition. These terms were accepted by your committee, subject to the ap- 
proval of this Commission, 

Negotiations were then completed with Band-master Phinney, he agree- 
ing to fully equip a band of fifty members and have in the band a represent- 
ative from as many counties in Iowa as possible, to be ready at the opening 
of the Exposition, and to assume the responsibility of earning a large per 
cent of the cost of maintaining the band during the Exposition, with the un- 
derstanding that the Iowa Commission should supplement the earnings of 
the band and the amount appropriated by the Executive Council when nec- 
essary. The total expense of maintaining the band, the equipment, instru- 
mentation, transportation, and paying the salaries of the men were esti- 
mated at $5,000 per month, or a total of $30,000. 

Band-master Phinney visited a number of counties for the purpose of 
securing additional members for the band; quite a number of good musi- 
cians were selected, a few counties made donations to aid in equipping the 
band. The Iowa Commission also gave financial aid, but great credit is due 
to Band-master Phinney ior it "was through his untiring and persistent efforts 
that the difficult task of reorganizing and equipment was accomplished. 

The band commenced its services on May ist, the opening day of the 
Exposition, and from that time on it was one of the leading attractions at 
the Iowa State Building. Their excellent music, and their general appear- 
ance and deportment attracted the attention of all the states and foreign 
nations as well as the Board of Management of the Exposition. 

Iowa was the only state that had its own band to give daily concerts at 
their state building, and the Iowa State Band was the only one that was en- 
gaged and gave concerts daily during the whole period from the opening 
day until the close of the Exposition. Their excellence soon became known, 
and their services were often in demand for state occasions by the leading 
states and nations represented at the Exposition, and later their services 
were often requested by the Board of Management to take part in public 
parades on special occasions, and during the months of September and Oc- 
tober they were employed by the United States Commission and the Board 
of Management at a liberal salary to play regularly for them at the princi- 
pal band-stands in front of the Administration Building, and in the Agricul 
tural and Manufactures Buildings. They also built for the special use of 
the Iowa State Band a pavilion on the north front of the Art Palace in which 
they gave conrerts evenings until the close of the Exposition. 



90 laiPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

The following is a complete roster of the band as furnished by Band- 
master Phinney: 

MEMBERSHIP OF IOWA STATE BAND 



WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION, 1893. 

1. Band-Master and Manager — Frederick Phinney. Des Moines, la. 

2. Oboe, ist— Leo Morley, New York, 

3. Oboe, 2d — L. H. Woolworth, Ottumwa, Iowa. 

4. Flute, I St — Dewey Heywood, Chicago 

5. Flute, 2d— George Davis, Newton, Iowa. 

6. Piccolo— L. H. Davis, Des Moines, Iowa. 

7. Kd Clarinet, ist — Joseph S. Ulch, Solon, Iowa. 

8. Ed Clarinet, 2d — L. A. Matthews, Sioux City, Iowa. 

9. B/? Clarinet, Solo — A. C. Davis, Des IVIoines, Iowa. 

10. Bd Clarinet, Solo — Arthur S. Phinney, Des Moines, Iowa. 

11. Bd Clarinet, Solo — F. Nelson, Burlington, Iowa. 

12. Bd Clarinet, ist — S. T. Carter, Sioux City, Iowa. 

13. Bd Clarinet, ist — Rufus Phinney, Lynn, Massachusetts. 

14. Bd Clarinet, ist— J. W. Doyle, Salem, Massachusetts. 

15. Bd Clarinet. 2d — F. Wittich, Keokuk, Iowa. 

16. Bd Clarinet, 2d— A. Cox, Des Moines, Iowa. 

17. Bd Clarinet, 2d— C. Newerf, W^interset, Iowa. 

18. Bd Clarinet, 2d — H. Scoukup, Decorah, Iowa. 

19. Bd Clarinet, 3d and 4th— Geo. Beebe, Ackley, Iowa. 

20. Bd Clarinet, 3d and 4th— I. P. Cox, Scranton, Iowa, 

21. Bd Clarinet, 3d and 4th — J. R. Parker, Parkersburg, Iowa. 

22. Soprano Saxiphone — J. E. Agnew, Creston, Iowa. 

23. Alto Saxiphone — F. E. Redhead, Des Moines, Iowa. 

24. Tenor Saxiphone — F. Nixon, Chicago. 

25. Bass Saxiphone — J. R. Scott, Sheldon, Iowa. 

26. Alto Clarinet— Chas. D. Bushby, Brooklyn, Iowa, 

27. Bass Clarinet — Geo, Redhead, Des Moines, Iowa. 

28. Bassoon, ist — L. rl. Jones, New York. 

29. liassoon, 2d— J. Baldwin, Sioux City. Iowa, 

30. Cornet, Solo — W. Merrill, Boston, Massachusetts. 

31. Cornet, Solo — V. W, Kenney, Pella, Iowa, 

32. Cornet, ist— C. Johnson, Des Moines, Iowa. 

33. Cornet, ist — Horace Shadel, Oskaloosa, Iowa. 

34. Cornet, 2d— F, Jones, Breeda, Iowa. 

35. Flugle Horn, ist— T, B. Boyer, Keokuk. Iowa. 

36. Flugle Horn, 2d -C. Keelcr, Mason City. Iowa. 

37. Trumpet, ist -Scott Heywood, Chicago. 

38. Trumpet, 2d —V, Russell, Adel, Iowa. 

39. Trombone, Solo — H. Carlson, Des Moines, Iowa. 

40. Trombone, ist A. Hiltwein, Chicago. 

41. Trombone, 2d — D, Piatt, Sanborn, Iowa. 

42. Trombon(\ Bass F. E. Mills, Peoria, Illinois. 



REPORT OF COM.MITTEE ON MUSIC. 9I 

43. French Horn, ist — H. Rohrs, Council Bluffs, Iowa. 

44. French Horn, 2d — A. Johnson. Des Moines, Iowa. 

45. French Horn, 3d — \V L. Burchard, Des Moines, Iowa. 

46. French Horn, 4th — O. L. Waldenville, Rockwell City, Iowa. 

47. Euphonium, ist— F. C. Kendall. Grinnell, Iowa. 

48. Euphonium 2d— C. Hardy, Manchester, X. H. 

49. Baritone — Winslow Phinney, Lynn, Mass. 

50. Y.b Bass — Geo Rohrs, Council Hluffs, Iowa. 

51. E^ Bass, C. Sucher, Ogden, Iowa. 



B3(^ Bass— J. Mundhauk, Toledo, Iowa. 



53. BB^ Heli-on Bass-F. Whalen, Washington, D. C. 

54. Helicon Bass— L. F.Andrews, Mashalltovvn, Iowa. 

55. Snare Drum— J. L Obertop, Des Moines, Iowa. 

56. Snare Drum — P. Boesch, Burlington, Iowa. 

57. Bass Drum — Wm, Launsbery, Des Moines Iowa. 

58. Tympani — C. Prater, Des Moines, Iowa. 

59. Librarian — C. W. Dalby, Council, Bluffs, Iowa. 

60. Asst. Librarian and Saxhorn — C. Eadie, Manson, Iowa. 

61. Master of Effects -C. W. Phinney. 

62. Custodian -F. S. Phinney. 

A few of the above-named members only remained with the band a 
short time. 

In addition to the daily concerts at the Iowa State Building, we men- 
tion some of the more important engagements of the Iowa State Band at the 
World's Exposition: 

Dedication of the Xew York State Building. 

Dedication of the Massachusetts State Building. 

Dedication of the N^ew Hampshire State Building. 

Dedication of the Maine State Building. 

Dedication of the Connecticut State Building. 

Dedication of the Pennsylvania State Building. 

Dedication of the Maryland State Building. 

Dedication of the Virginia State Building. 

Dedication of the West Virginia State Building. 

Dedication of the Louisiana State Building. 

Dedication of the Ohio State Building. 

Dedication of the Indiana State Building. 

Dedication of the Kentucky State Building. 

Dedication of the Texas State Building. 

Dedication of the California State Building. 

FOREIGN COUNTRIES. 

Dedication of the French Building and Exhibits 
Dedication of the Denmark Building and Exhibits. 
Dedication of the Russia Building and Exhibits. 
Dedication of the Hayti iiuilding and Exhibits. 
Dedication of the Guatamala Building and Exhibits. 
Dedication of the Costa Rica Building and Exhibits. 
Dedication of the Venezuela Building and Exhibits. 
Dedication of the Cevlon Court 



92 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

Among the other engagements was the celebration of the Krupp Gun 
Exhibit and reception at the Naval Battle Ship. 

The New York State Commissioners were enthusiastic in praise of 
Iowa's great band and engaged them on several state occasions after the ded- 
ication of their state building. Their Executive Commissioner, Col. Mc- 
Naughton, was a warm friend of Band-Master Phinney, and the members of 
his band, and he was planning an engagement for them when taken with a 
serious illness which caused his death after a few days of intense suffering, 
during which he expressed a desire that Iowa's band should play at his 
funeral, which they did, and rendered two appropriate selections which 
added greatly to the solemnity of the occasion. 

These engagements were all arranged so as not to interfere with their 
contract with the state of Iowa, and was the means of bringing in a revenue 
which made it possible for the Commission to carry out the arrangement 
and maintain the band until the close of the Exposition. From the follow- 
ing statement it will be seen that Professor Phinney's effort to secure en- 
gagements was quite successful and compensation liberal, amounting to more 
than one-half the entire cost of maintenance of the band at the Exposition. 

The Iowa Commission received from the Executive Council and 

paid over to the band in monthly installments S12.5CO 

From Board of Management of the World's Columbian Exposition 13,200 

From special engagements (approximate) 4,000 

From Iowa Columbian Commission -- 4,000 

Total- --- . 833,700 

The amount given by tVe Iowa Commission was paid in installments as 
needed, and it was used in part for new uniforms and for the better equip- 
ment of the band not provided for in Mr. Phinney's previous estimate of 
the cost of maintenance. The band was thus enabled to return to Iowa at 
the close of the Exposition free from debt, and with great honor for them- 
selves and credit to our state. 

The Board of Management a'lowed the band free admission to the 
grounds at all times. Their services were solicited often for special par- 
ades and when it did not interfere with other engagements the request was 
granted by the Iowa Columbian Commission, and given free of charge to 
lead some of the most noted processions and parades that were given during 
the Exposition. 

Among them was a banquet given in honor of Princess Eulalia Infanta 
Spain, the parade in honor of the "King of Kings" of India, the Congress 
of all Nations, the grand parade of premium live stock, of the world. At 
the opening of the celebrated Ferris Wheel, the Iowa State Band was in- 
vited to play, and made the first trip that was made by the Ferris Wheel on 
that opening day. 

They played the celebrated '"Sacred Concert" for the benefit of the cold 
storage fire heroes. The Commission also tendered the services of the Iowa 
Band to the city of Chicago at the funeral of Mayor Harrison, where they 
were accorded the position of honor in heading that memorable military 
and civic funeral procession. At the close of the Exposition the Iowa Band 
was chosen from all the bands to j)lay a week's engagement for the World's 
Chrysanthemum Exposition given under the auspices of Mrs Potter Palmer, 



REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON MUSIC. 93 

President of the Woman's Board of United States Commissioners, and 
Harlow N. Higinbotham, President of the Board of Management of the Ex- 
position. They were then engaged for thirteen weeks at the Mid-winter 
Exposition at San Francisco In fact, their reputation became not only 
national, but world wide. They have since played many engagements and 
made tours to the principal cities and towns from the Atlantic to the Pacific, 
and everywhere they have carried the splendid banner presented them by 
the Iowa Columbian Commission, bearing the name of "Iowa" and 'Towa 
State Band" to all parts of our country, and your committee believe that no 
part of Iowa's splendid exhibit has done more to advertise and honor the 
name of our grand and glorious commonwealth than the Iowa State Band, 
and its record at the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago in 1893. 

After the meeting of the Commission in October, 1894, a gold medal was 
presented to Band Master Phinney, as shown by the annexed letter which 
accompanied the medal when delivered. 
"Prof. Frederick Phinney, Des Moines, Iowa: 

Dear Sir: At the 24th session of the Iowa Columbian Commission held 
at Des Moines on the 13th day of December, A. D.. 1893, Vice-President 
Duncombe offered the following resolution, which was unanimously adopted: 
Resolved that a gold medal of the value of at least S50 be furnished 
to Prof. Phinney of the Iowa State Band, in consideration of the high appre- 
ciation of this Commission of his services rendered in behalf of the state of 
Iowa during the World's Columbian Exposition, and that the thanks of this 
Commission be tendered to him and to the members of the Iowa State Band 
for their diligent, faithful and artistic performances; and that the secretary 
of this Commission prepare a design and inscription for said medal and 
that he be authorized to procure and deliver the same on behalf of this Com- 
mission.' 

At the regular session of the Commission convened at Des Moines on 
the 3d day of October. A. D., 1894, the Secretary reported that he had pro- 
cured the medal and it was ready for delivery. Whereupon Commissioner 
Seaman moved, 'That the Secretary deliver the medal to Prof. Phinney, ac- 
companied by a written testimonial to be signed by the President and Sec- 
retary of this Commission,' which motion was unanimously carried. 

Pursuant to the foregoing resolutions, the accompanying medal is pre- 
sented to you by the Iowa Columbian Commission for the State of Iowa, in 
whose behalf you labored so earnestly and successfully in organizing the 
Iowa Stale Band and bringing it to such a high degree of excellence, that 
for the entire duration of the World's Columbian Exposition it was a leading 
attraction at the Iowa Home, drawing forth the admiration of our citizens 
and the vast concourse of representatives from all the nations of the earth; 
and joined with the exhibit of the products of her soil and wealth of 
resources you contributed to the sto-e of pleasant memories the World has 
of Iowa. 

Accept this testimonial with the thanks of this Commission, between 
whose members and yourself most pleasant relations have existed, and con- 
vey to the members of your Band the thanks of this Commission and its high 
appreciation of their artistic and faithful services. 

•Tn testimony whereof we hereunto subscribe our names and affix the 
official seal of the Commission at Des Moines, the 8th day of October, A. 
D., 1894. James O. Crosby, 

F. N. Chase, Secretary. President." 




STEPHEN B. PACKARD. 



Report of the Department of Live Stock. 

BY S. B. PACKARD. 

I have the honor to report the resu ts achieved by the Iowa Live Stock 
Exhibit at the Exposition. The proceedings of this department were re- 
ported to the Commission from the time the work was assigned to me and 
have been recorded in the minutes of the Commission's meetings. That 
work was one of preparation and may therefore be omitted in this report, 
which will deal only with the record of the exhibit at Chicago. The exhibit 
of breeding cattle and horses began August 21st and c'osed September 9, 
i8q3. The Exposition ru'es provided classes for Short Horn, Aberdeen An- 
gus, Galloways, Devons, Jerseys, Holstein-Friesians, Ayrshires, Guernseys, 
Sussex, Red Polled. Polled Durham, Dutch Belt and Brown Swiss. Iowa 
exhibited one herd each of Herefords, Aberdeen Angus, Galloways, Red 
Polleci and Jerseys. The Holstein and Short Horn breeds were notably ab- 
sent, though the most prominent breeds of catt'e of the state. No consider- 
ation should have kept these breeds from participating, but it is believed 
that the inadequate amount of money in the hands of the Commission with 
which to encourage a reflective and creditable Iowa exhibit will account for 
their absence. 

The entries of cattle in full w^ere as follows: 

HEREFORDS. 
Geo. S. Redhead, Des Moines: 

Bull 3 years old or over. Captain Grove 412 19. 

Cow 3 years old or over, Sunol 44663. . ■ • 

Heifer 2 years old or under 3, Cherry Duchess 49178. 

Heifer i year old and under 2, Wall Flower 54355. 

Heifer under i year, Dora 53368. 

ABERDEEN-AXGUS. 
W. A. Mc Henry, Denison. 

Bull 3 years old or over, Prince of the Realm 8250; bred by J. J. Rodg- 
ers, Abingdon, 111. 

Bull 2 years old and under 3, Keillor McHenry 13225; bred by exhibitor. 

Bull I year old and under 2, Jeans Abactor 2d, 15403; bred by exhibitor. 

Bull under i year old, Abactor's Barbary 17481; bred by exhibitor. 

Cow 3 years old or over, fVogress of Turlington 71 16; bred by J. W. 
Harvey, Turlington, Neb. 

Heifer 2 years old and under 3, Xell Gwynne 3d 17497; bred by Leslie 
& Burwell, Cottage Grove, Wis. 

Heifer 2 years old and under 3, Blackbird McHenry 2d 13744; bred by 
exhibitor. 

Heifer i year old and under 2, Queen McHenry 2d 15407; bred by ex- 
hibitor. 

Heifer under i year. Blackbird McHenry 3d 17479; bred by exhibitor. 

Heifer under i year, Blackbird McHenry 4th 17480; bred by exhibitor. 



96 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

GALLOWAY. 

Wm. McTurk & Sons, Crystal, Tama County, Iowa. 

Bull 3 years old and ov^er, Hunter 2d of Dyke's Creek. 
Bull 2 years old and under 3, Marco of Wolf Creek. 
Bull 2 years old and under 3, Sir Charles of Wolf Creek. 
Bull under i year, Sulwood 10344, of Wolf Creek. 
Cow 3 years old or over, Alice of Cornwall. 
Cow 3 years old or over, Auricula ist. 
Heifer 2 years old or under 3, Maria of Wolf Creek. 
Heifer i year old and under 2, Flora of Wolf Creek. 
Heifer i year old and under 2, Queen of Wolf Creek. 
Heifer under i year old, Matilda of Wolf Creek 10342. 
Heifer under i year old, June Bug of Wolf Creek 10343. 

JERSEY. 

Richardson Bros , Davenport, Iowa. 

Bull 3 years old or over, Chromo 261 13. 

Cow 4 years old or over, Comanca 1938 1. 

Cow 4 years old or over, Alexa 64929. 

Cow 4 years old or over, Lorita 33750. 

Heifer 2 years old and under 3, Campania 88475. 

Heifer 2 years old and under 3, Elturia 80701. 

D. J. Heinsheimer, Glenwood, Iowa. 

Cow 4 years old and over, Hugo Countess 68394. 

RED POLLED. 

J. H. GiLFiLLAN, Maquoketa, Iowa. 

Bull 3 years and over, Davyson i8th. 

Bull 3 years and over, Iowa Davyson 14th 2760. 

Bull 2 years and under 3, Iowa Davyson 20th 2773. 

Bull I year and under 2, Iowa Davyson 22d 3151. 

Bull I year and under 2, Columbus 30492. 

Bull under i year, Iowa Davyson 23d. 

Bull under i year, Iowa Davyson 25th. 

Cow 4 years and over, Priscilla. 

Cow 4 years and over, Eulalie 2(1. 

Cow 3 years and under 4, Eulalie 3d 7086. 

Cow 3 years and under 4, Iowa Davy gth. 

Heifer 2 years and under 3, Iowa Davy 12th 7193. 

Heifer 2 years and under 3, Iowa Davy 13th 7194- 

Heifer i year and under 2, Iowa Davy 14th 7195. 

Heifer i year and under 2, Iowa Davy 15th 7936. 

Heifer under i year, Munnis. 

Heifer under i year, Gladys. 



'^St^:-. 




^ 

^s^ 



HUGO COUNTESS 6839^. 




NORA. 



98 RI:P0RT OF IOWA COLU.MBIAN COMMISSION 

The herd of Aberdeen-Angus, Calloj^-ay and Red Polled were shown 
for herd prizes and sweepstakes, and most successfully, as will appear here- 
inafter. 

FAT SrOCK-POLLED-AXGUS. 

STEERS. 

\V. J. XlLES, Wyoming. 

Two years and under 3, Earl of Sunny Slope. 

One year old, Knight of Sunny Slope. 

Calf, Prince of Sunny Slope. 

A brief description of the breeds of cattle comprised in the Iowa Con- 
tingent may interest some, at least those less familiar than with the 
Short Horns, which are found in such perfection in this state. 

The Hereford, Aberdeen-Angus and Galloways are classed in this 
country as beef breeds, though in England where the Herefords have been 
bred to milk strains they have been found superior in the dairy. This breed 
originated in Herefordshire, England, and in adjoining counties, where they 
are principally bred. They are red with a white face, breast, abdomen, and 
mane usually white, wnth white on the legs, and white switch to the tail. 
They are very docile cattle, early maturing, excel in grazing and are easily 
fattened. Their herd book dates from 1845. 

The Aberdeen-Angus are black without horns, and belong to Aberdeen- 
shire and Forfarshire, Scotland, those shires being the chief centers. They 
mature rapidly, are easily fattened and growing greatly in favor in this 
country. The first herd book dates from 1862. 

The Galloways are also natives of Scotland, as their name implies, from 
the southwestern portion, Galloway and Dumfrieshire. They are hornless 
and have a long soft coat of black hair. They are a very old established 
breed, were improved in the last century, as claimed by the society, without 
a cross with other breeds, are good feeders, kill well, and their meat classes 
with the Aberdeen and West Highland cattle on the Smithfield market as 
"Prime Scots," realizing the highest current price. 

RED POLLED. 

The Red Polled cattle come from the counties of Norfolk and Suffolk 
England. Formerly there were two varieties, known as the Norfolk Polled 
and Suffolk Polled, but they have been amalgamated since 1846, and are now 
known simply as Red Polled. The herd book was first issued in 1S74. 
These cattle lay on flesh rapidly even on indifferent pasture. Their average 
weight at maturity is something less than the breeds mentioned before, but 
they are esteemed as choice cattle both for beef and milk. 

JERSEYS. 

The Jerseys are distinctively a dairy breed, standing unquestioned at 
the head of all dairy breeds, yielding a quality of milk so rich that no other 
compares with it. Their specialty is butter, ])ut their record in cheese at 
the Exposition was a great sur|)riseto the general public; but this branch of 



REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON LIVE STOCK. 99 

the subject will be treated in another place in this report. These cattle have 
been bred pure for five centuries and are sowell known that a description is 
unnecessary. The Jersey Island, twelve miles long and six broad, com- 
monly exports 2,000 cattle annually. It has more cattle to the square mile 
than any other place. On this island wherever there is a green spot a Jersey 
cow may be seen tethered. Now for the record of our exhibit. 

HEREFORD HERD. 

The competitors of the Iowa herd were as follows: 

One herd from Ohio, composed largely of recent and carefully selected 
importations; one each from 'Missouri, Kansas and Minnesota, two each from 
Indiana, Nebraska and Canada, and three from Illinois. Many of the herds 
showed two animals of the same age in each class. The total reached uo 
head. Unquestionably there was no stronger ring of cattle exhibited than 
the Herefords. Mr. Redhead of Des Moines, exhibiied the Iowa white 
faces, and obtained above an average rating. His Captain Grove in the 
aged bull c'ass, w^as placed 7th in a class of 13. 

Sunol, aged cow, was i6th in a class of 18. 

The 2-year-old heifer Cherry Duchess was 7th in a class of 16. 

The yearling heifer Wall Flower was 9th in a class of 21. 

The heifer calf Dora was iith in a class of 16. None of this herd was 
shown for sw^eepstakes. The Aberdeen-Angus ring was about half as large 
as the Hereford, and was equally choice. 

ABERDEEN-ANGUS HERD. 

Mr. McHenry, of Denison, exhibited the Iowa Polled Angus herd. His 
competitors were a herd each from Canada. Missouri and New York, and 
three herds from Illinois. The winnings of the Iowa herd w^ere in part as 
follows: Four prizes in the grand sweepstakes beef breeds, consisting of a 
first, two seconds and a third; also three prizes in class sweepstakes, consist- 
ing of a first, second and third. The winnings in all classes number four 
first prizes, ten second prizes, four third prizes and three fourth prizes, 
w^hich will be found in detail in the list of awards in another part of this 
report. Mr. McHenry was not content with the championship on his 2-year- 
old cow, but purchased, at a long price, the cow Abbess of Turlington in the 
aged class, which was awarded grand sweepstakes as the best cow in the 
world, beef breeds, to which he already stood second wnth his Progress of 
Turlington. Mr. McHenry exhibited his cattle in rare fettle and fully de- 
served the honors he won. 

GALLOWAYS. 

The Galloway herd shown from this state by Messrs. \Vm. McTurk cS: 
Sons, Crystal, Tama county, met a Canadian herd, aLo one each from Indi- 
ana, Minnesota and Illinois, and took several prizes as appears in the table 
of lowawinners. 



REPORT OF COMAJITTEE ON LIVE STOCK. lOI 

RED POLLED. 

A battle royal was fought between a herd from Missouri, one from Ne- 
braska, one from Ohio, and our Mr. Gilfillan's herd from Maquoketa, Iowa. 
These four herds were reputed as the four crack herds in the four states 
named, and Iowa could have been well contented with a "drawn" fight, since 
the reputation of the contesting herds stood so high. Iowa distanced all 
others, however, as the eleven first cash prizes, three seconds, three thirds, 
and four fourth prizes awarded Mr. Gilfillan, amply demonstrate. The 
reader is invited to examine the lists of awards elsewhere in- this report for 
the details of the phenomenal winning of this herd. Too much credit can- 
not be given this enterprismg breeder for the thorough manner in which he 
fitted his cattle for the ring. 

JERSEYS. 

The Iowa Jerseys were sent to Chicago to enter in the dairy contest 
proper, and their exhibition in the ring was incidental rather than the main 
purpose, to show the kind and quality of cows that were making such fa- 
mous records in the butter and cheese tests that had already taken place 
during the summer months, having been led into the ring more to satisfy the 
desires of cattle men than as competitive exhibits. These cattle were taken 
to Chicago the winter previous, to acclimate and test them for the dairy 
contest, and were never fitted for ring contests. Mr Heinsheimer's, of Glen- 
wood, cow Hugo Countess took fourth in the aged cattle class, and Richard- 
son Bros , of Davenport, were fifth in the two-year-old heifer class, and 
same in the aged bull class 

FAT STOCK SHOW. 

The exhibition of fat stock began October ]6, and continued until the 
28th. The small number of entries prepared the public mind for the lim- 
ited number of animals displayed in each branch of the show, but the ex- 
hibit was on the whole a good one, as the animals exhibited showed to what 
a high standard the art of feeding stock has reached. Next in importance 
to knowing how to breed good ones is to know how to feed them for a fat 
stock ring. 

Mr. Niles of Wyoming with his herd of doddies rounded out and com- 
pleted the splendid success of Iowa in the cattle exhibit. Mr. Niles' Earl 
of Sunny Slope easily landed the first in his class of two-year-olds; the 
Knight ot Sunny Slope took first in the yearling ring; and Prince of Sunny 
Slope won first in the calf ring, and then in sweepstakes for all ages easily 
beat the Shorthorn, Hereford, Galloway, and I'evon calves, and stood as the 
best fat calf in the world. 

In closing this review of the Columbian Cattle Exhibit I submit that our 
breeders made a grand step when they undertook an exhibit of their herds* 
that the honors won have been proportionately greater than any other state, 
for it must not be forgotten that the breeds which have won these honors 
have done so without the aid of the Shorthorns, the leading breed to be 



I02 REPCMIT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN CO.MMIS-ilON" 

found everywhere across the state, in such perfection. In the last state 
census, 1885, the pure bred Shorthorns were returned as numbering 28,336, 
the Kerefords 2,802, the Jerseys 1,264, the Black Polled, which is supposed 
to mean the Aberdeen-Angus and Galloways together 394, the Red Polled 
63 head. From this small beginning, Iowa at the Columbian Exposition has 
the grand sweepstakes, Aberdeen-Angus cow ot two years old, over all beef 
breeds in the world; while in the Red Polled herd there is also a grand sweep- 
stakes two-year-old winner over all general purpose breeds, and in both herds 
several winners of firsts overall others of theirbreeds respectively in the world. 
Ancient Britton, the best Columbian Hereford bull, and second only to the 
young Abbotsburn for the championship of beef breed bulls of all ages com- 
peting, has been added to the Iowa World's Fair Hereford herd, by Mr. 
Redhead. And as stated in another place Mr. McHenry added to his herd 
the champion cow of the world's beef breeds, Abbess of Turlington, Aber- 
deen-Angus. X'erily the cattle industry is pushing on. 

The total number of cattle entered for exhibition was officially stated at 
1,205; the number of exhibitors and number of cattle entered from each 
state was said to be as follows: 

State. ^■o. Ex Cattle State. 

Canada _-. 29 234 Iowa _ 

Illinois 17 172 Kansas --. 

Minnesota lo 152 Nebraska 

Ohio 6 99 Kentucky- 

Missouri -_- -. 7 83 Michigan ... 2 

Indiana 7 78 Maine _. _. 

New York : 9 67 North Dakota 

Pennsylvania 3 59 Massachusetts 

The total amount of cash premiums, general and special, exclusive of 
medals and cups won by Iowa cattle at the Exposition, was $2,362, in the 
breeding and fat stock rings. 

HORSES. 

The Exposition established classes for the following breeds of horses: 
Standard trotters; Thoroughbred, French Coach; Oldenburg Holstein, 
Hanoverian and Trakehnen to compete together, commonly called in this 
country German Coach; Cleveland Bay, Percheron, Clydesdale, Shire. 
French Draft, Belgian, Suffolk Punch, Hackney. Morgan. Arab, Americo- 
Arab, French Trotters, Saddle Horses, Shetland Ponies, Jacks, Jennets, and 
Mules. The Iowa Horse Exhibit was comprised in the following entries: 

GERMAN COACH. 

fivi-:-vi:ak-()lij stallions. 

Greeley Horse Imp. Co., A. B. Holbert, agent, Greeley —Moltkc 

Holbert & Lewis, Greeley— Musikant. 

E. Knott \' Co., Waverly— Young Reyenhold. 

X'erbantl of Holstein Marshes, Ger., A. B. Holbert. agt, ( ireeley- Amandus. 



No. Ex 


Cattle 


- 5 


54 


3 


42 


4 


40 


2 


33 


-7 


17 


I 


13 


I 


10 


I 


I 



104 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

FOUR-YEAR-OLD STALLIONS. 

A. B. Holbert, Greeley — Mikado and Figaro. 
E. Knott & Co, Waverly — Diocletian and Erzfiend. 

Verband of Holstein Marshes, Ger., A. B. Holbert, agent, Greeley— Kaiser 
Frederick. 

THREE-YEAR-OLD STALLIONS. 

A. B. Holbert, Greeley— Affect and Von Moltke. 

E. Knott & Co., Waverly— Totalisator and Sperber. 

Verband of Holstein Marshes, Ger., A. B. Holbert. agent, Greeley — Weiss- 
fuss. 

TWO-YEAR-OLD STALLIONS. 

Verband of Holstein Marshes, Ger., A, B. Holbert, agent, Greeley — Bodo 

and Blondel. 
E. Knott & Co., Waverly — Minister and Uanillo. 

ONE-YEAR-OLD STALLIONS. 

E. Knott & Co., Waverly— Goldsucker and Rothbart. 

MARES. 

THREE YEARS AND UNDER. 

Verband of Holstein Marshes, Ger., A. B. Holbert, agent, Greeley— Lillie 
and Dora. 

SUFFOLK PUNXH. 

STALLIONS FIVE YEARS OR OVER. 

Peter Hopley & Co., Lewis — Blazer and Connaught. 

B. Ramsay, Hancock — Nonpareil. 

ONE YEAR OLD AND UNDER TWO. 

Peter Hopley & Co., Lewis — General Bragg and Golden Bow. 

UNDER ONE YEAR 

Peter Hopley, Lewis — Prince of May. 
B. Ramsay, Hancock- Cupbearer. 

STALLION AND THREE OF HIS COLTS, UND) R ONE YEAR OLD, EITHER SEX. 

P'eter Hopley & Co., Lewis — Connaught. General Bragg, Maud Riverside,. 

and Gcjlden Bow. 
B. Ramsay, Hancock — Nonpareil. Beauty. Cujibearer, and Alice 

.MARE, FIVE YEARS OR OVER. 

Peter Hopley & Co , Lewis — Daffodil and Chorus. 
B. Ramsay, Hancock — Saxstead Sal. 

.\LARE, FOUR YEARS AND UNDER FIVE. 

B. Ramsay, Hancock — Jessie and .Mirth. 



, REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON LIVE STOCK. 10$ 

MARE, TWO YEARS AND UNDER THREE. 

Peter Hopley & Co., Lewis — Maud Riverside. 

MARE, ONE YEAR AND UNDER TWO. 

B. Ramsay, Hancock — Beauty. 

MARE, UNDER ONE YEAR. 

Peter Hopley & Co., Lewis — Dora and Cora 
B. Ramsay, Hancock — Alice. 

SWEEPSTAKE STALLIONS, ANY AGE. 

Peter Hopley & Co., Lewis — Blazor and Connaught. 
B. Ramsay, Hancock — Nonpareil. 

BELGIAN. 

STALLION, FIVE YEARS AND OVER. 

Van Valsom Bros., A. B.Holbert, Agt , Greeley — Hercules and Bismark 2d. 

STALLION, FOUR YEARS AND UNDER FIVE. 

Van Valsom Bros., A. B. Holbert, Agt., Greeley — Vingtmars and Fox. 
A. B. Holbert, Greeley — Eiffel and Glorieux. 
Petersburg Horse Breeding Co , Greeley — Robert H. 

STALLION, THREE YEARS AND UNDER FOUR. 

Van Valsom Bros., A. B. Holbert, Agt., Greeley— Richelieu. 
A. B. Holbert, Greeley— Bidel. 

STALLION, TWO AND UNDER THREE. 

Van Valsom Bros., A. B. Holbert, Agt., Greeley — Royal Corbias. 
A. B. Holbert, Greeley — Fox. 

STALLION, ONE YEAR AND UNDER TWO. 

Van Valsom Bros., A. B. Holbert, Agt., Greeley — Florentine. 

MARE, FIVE YEARS OR OVER. 

A. B. Holbert, Greeley — Jeannette. 

MARE, TWO AND UNDER THREE. 

Lefebure & Sons, Fairfax — Rosette and Cocotte. 

MARE, UNDER ONE YEAR. 

A. B. Holbert, Greeley — Antoinette. 

8 



I06 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

CLYDESDALE. 

L. B. Goodrich. State Center. 

Stallion five years or over, MacClaskie 6542. 

Stallion three and under four, MacNaught 7174. 

Stallion two and under three, McCloskie 6820. 

Stallion one year and under two, MacRadnor 6927, and Radnor Brown 

6928. 
Stallion under one year, MacCraskie. 

Mare five years and over, Lizzie Findlay, Queen of Scots 6801. 
Mare two and under three, Lady Mcjess. 
Mare one and under two, Ambrose 6924. 
Mare under one year. Fidelas, Lilly Radnor. 

HACKNEY. 

L. B. Goodrich, State Center. 
Five years or over, Dorrington. 

PERCHEROX. 

E. F. Kleinmeyer, Wilton Junction. 

Stallion two years and under three. Prince Model 14364. 

Stallion under one year. Model. 

Mare one year and under two. Princess of Wilton 17744. 

FRENXH DRAFT. 

E. F. Kleinmeyer, Wilton Junction. 

Stallion five years or over. Colored Gentleman 1168, Iowa King 8646. 
Staliion one year and under two, Perche Duke 8747, Wilton King 8646. 
Mare five years or over, Marie. 

Mare one year and under two. Pride of Pleasant Hill 865i,C2ueen of 
Pleasant Hill 8646. 

SHIRES. 

A. B. HoLBERT, Greeley. 

Stallion three years and under four. Echo Chief. 

CLEVELAND BAY. 

A. B, HoLBKRT, Cireeley. 

Stallion three vears and under four. Almoner. 



REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON LIVE STOCK. lOJ 

SHETLAND PONIES. 

J. Murray Hoag, Maquoketa. 

Stallion four years or over, Howard B and Good Boy. 

Stallion three years and under four, Jed and January. 

Stallion two and under three, Knapsack. 

Mare four years or over, Cora and Dora. 

Mare three and under four, Jessie and Julia B. 

Mare two and under three, Knickerbocker Lass and Kena. 

Sweepstakes Stallion, any age, Sparkle and Moir Jr. 

Mare any age. Belle and Dot. 

Double team. Sparkle and Joker; Good Boy and Felix. 

Tandem team, Howard B, Eureka, Jay and Colorado. 

Team three abreast, Good Boy, Garibaldi and Felix. 

STANDARD TROTTERS. 

John Jacobs, Langworthy. 

Mares five years and over, Kitty Creek Bird and Langworthy Lady. 

COACH HORSES. 

The Iowa horse exhibit was substantially as the foregoing entries indi- 
cate. The exhibition of horses at the Exposition commenced August 21st 
and closed September gth. The Oldenburg, Holstein and other German 
breeds of coachers were to the front in the Iowa string, A. B. Holbert, of 
Greeley, leading, with E. Knott & Co., Waverly, as second in the number 
shown. The ring was a strong one, with two good stables present from Illi- 
nois and one from Indiana, and consignments from the Oldenburg Agricul- 
tural and other German societies. The judging was done by two. gentlemen 
from Germany with a Wisconsin gentleman as consulting judge. The 
awards in the aged stallion class brought the first, fourth and sixth prizes to 
Iowa. In the four-year-old stallion class, the judges sent the first, second, 
third and seventh to Iowa, Waverly taking its turn, with Greeley for the 
first. In the three-year-old stallion class the second and third came to Iowa. 
Waverly again standing above Greeley, the judges taking the first for the 
Oldenburger's Society. In the two-year-old stallion class, Iowa took the first 
and third for Greeley, and the fifth and sixth for Waverly. In the yearling 
class for stallions, the first and second went to Waverly, no other Iowa year- 
lings having been entered. Two Iowa German coach mares were entered; 
these were in the three-year-old class and took the second and third prizes 
for the Greeley string. In sweepstakes best stallion, any age, the first, sixth 
and seventh awarded to Greeley, the second and fourth to Waverly, seemed 
to literally scoop the Illinois, Indiana and the other stables, and laid these 
great trophies about equally at the feet of the enterprising competitors from 
Greeley and Waverly. Sweepstakes mares, any age, Greeley was third and 
fifth. 

It will be noted that Iowa won three of the six prizes awarded in the 
aged stallion class for German coachers and four of the six prizes in the 



I08 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

four-year old class of stallions. In the sweepstakes stallion, any age, sixteen 
of the best stood as the representatives of the stallions exhibited, Iowa win- 
ning the medal and first on Moltke and having five horses in the first seven 
places. There were special prizes given to the German breeds of horses by 
the German Government, which were awarded publicly in the pavilion by 
Dr. Richter, the Imperial German Commissioner, an event attracting great 
attention at the time. In a neat speech, after having been introduced by 
Chief Buchanan, Dr. Richter said that the exhibit of horses of German 
breeding was in keeping with the prominent place held by his country in all 
departments of the Exposition, that he had nine prizes to award for the ex- 
cellence of the collection of horses, a first each to the Holstein, the Hanova- 
rian, and the Oldenburg collections; second to the breeders of the champion 
stallion Moltke; to the best and second best Hanovarian mares; to the 
breeders of Lerche, the best Holstein mare, and to the President of the Ver- 
band of Holstein Marshes, as breeder of Blondell. Thus the Greeley string 
had a first for the Verband of Holstein Marshes collection, and an award for 
the championship of Moltke; also an award to the breeders of Blondeland 
Lerche. Special prizes were also given by the Oldenburg Stud Book Society 
to the best stallion and mare, gold medal, and second best silver medal. E. 
Knott & Co. took first on Sperber, and second on Diocletian. The Verband 
of Holstein Marshes gave special prizes to the Holstein horses on exhibit in 
classes and sweepstakes, all of which were won by the Iowa string from 
Greeley. 

Quite a deal of rivalry developed among the Germ?n Coach horse ex- 
hibitors. The Oldenburg, Holstein, Hanovarian and Trakenhen horses have 
considerable resemblance in style and action, and yet, in size and stoutness, 
and it may be said in use, are somewhat dissimilar. In the old country the 
first named is generally regarded as the correct heavy Coach Horse and has 
great utility as a draft horse. The Holsteins are a similar type to the Old- 
enburgs, not so large as a rule, standing between the Hanovarian and Old- 
enburgs, the three having less thoroughbred blood than the East Prussian 
horse known as Trakehnen. The Trakehnen is the lightest type of the four 
breeds, a saddler and carriage horse, having good bottom and is a favorite 
for its beautiful carriage. It is the horse of the German cavalry and artil- 
lery, which likely accounts for the flourishing condition of the horse breed- 
ing industry in that province, together with the fact that the Imperial Stud 
is located at Trakehnen. Tlie East Prussian horse record is known as the 
"Book of Pedigrees of Fine Half-Thoroughbreds." The Greeley string of 
German Coachers were Holsteins and the Waverly string were Oldenburgs; 
thus it will be seen that the honors were so evenly divided that the owners 
of either breed have reason to support their claims for the general excel- 
lence of their especial breeds. With a Hanovarian mare as sweepstakes, 
that breed is not without strong backing for the supporters of that favorite 
branch of the German coach horse family. There was an interesting strug- 
gle over the blue ribton in the three-year-old stallion class between two 
Oldenburgs. While the judges gave the first to the Oldenburg Society's 
horse "Athling," the bystanders and best German Coach Horse judges of 
this country present there, justly claimed the blue ribbon for Messrs. E. 
Knott t^ Co 's grandly made horse Sperber, which for some unknown reason 



REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON LIVE STOCK. IO9 

was placed second. In this controversy the crowd placed the Iowa horse 
first, and the record should set the facts right, so that history may place the 
horses as they merited. 

The horses entered in the name of Verband of Holstein Marshes were 
fitted by Mr. Holbert at his breeding stud at Greeley and all were purchased 
by him to be delivered at the close of the Exposition. The horses were all 
returned to Iowa with his string after the Exposition closed. Mr. Holbert's 
colors were everywhere greeted with admiration when his horses were pa- 
raded in public. 

DRAFT HORSES. 

In point of number, the prizes won by the Iowa draft horses, the Suffolk 
Punch horses led. The string of the Silvertailed Chestnuts brought into 
the ring by Messrs. Peter Hopley & Co , of Lewis, and B. Ramsay, of Han- 
cock, marked a new epoch in horse breeding in this country. As an agri- 
cultural and draft horse these easy keeping and fairly strong boned and well 
muscled horses are bound to have a place among American draft horses. 
They should not be forgotten by the farmers when looking for hard workers 
and easy keepers on the farm. A good stable of Suffolk Punches was ex- 
hibited from New York and two from Ontario, but the Iowa Suffolks were 
with hardly an exception, decorated with the ribbons of winners as they 
were led back to their barns after the judging, as shown in detail elsewhere. 
They were the largest winners from Iowa, Mr. Hopley alone winning 
Si, GIG cash, besides cups and medals. 

THE CLYDESDALE. 

The battle was fierce in the extreme in the aged stallion class between 
the sixteen best Clydesdale stallions in the world. McGregor was again on 
his native heath in the blood of the "Macs." MacQueen, American Horse 
Show winner; Rosewood, a son of McFarlane; MacClaskie, winner of the 
Toronto stallion show; and Macara, winner of the Royal, were placed by 
the judge in the order named. This is another instance where the judge 
and the crowd differed, for in the opinion of most horsemen, themselves 
acute judges, MacClaskie was entitled to the blue ribbon, or at least his col- 
ors should have been lowered to none other than MacQueen. Other prizes 
were taken by the young ones, and considering the company the Marshall 
county string was in, the record was excellent. Old Scotland and the rest 
of the Clydesdale world was canvassed, and the best horses obtained at ex- 
travagantly long prices to meet those descendants of the great sires. Prince 
of Wales, Darnley and McGregor, in honor of Auld Lang Syne. 

BELGIANS. 

An Indiana exhibitor alone joined issue with the Iowa contingent of 
Belgians, with the result that all the first prizes came to Iowa, and Indiana 
drew a second premium in the three-year-old stallion class, but the rest of the 
prizes went deservedly to the following Iowa gentlemen: 



110 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

Van Valsom Bros, and A. B. Holbert, of Greeley, and Lefebure & Son^ 
of Fairfax, all taking their proportion as shown in another part of this re- 
port. The string of Belgians from Iowa was an attractive adjunct to the 
horse exhibit, and merited as it received, the heartiest approval of the pavil- 
ion visitors at the Exposition. 

FRENCH DRAFT. 

The Iowa string of French Draft horses was exhibited by Mr. E. F, 
Kleinmeyer, of Wilton Junction, who showed stallions only in aged and 
yearling classes. Two exhibitors besides the invincible Oak Lawn stud of M. 
W. Dunham, of Illinois, and one Canada stable, made it a stout fight for Mr. 
Kleinmeyer's horses. The draft horses of Oak Lawn are known as Perche- 
rons, but being of French breed are eligible to entry in the French Draft Stud 
Book. The Oak Lawn horses were too numerous for the Percheron classes 
alone, being limited to two of same age, so to the dismay of the other French 
Draft Horse exhibitors, a number of the Oak Lawn Percherons were at the 
last moment recorded in the P>ench Draft Stud Book, apparently for the 
express purpose of competing in the French Draft classes. 

In the two stallion classes in which Iowa stood, this maneuver of Oak 
Lawn beat Iowa out of the first prizes, but the Wilton Junction string easily 
beat off the other stables, and stood second in both classes. In all other 
classes where competing, Mr. Kleinmeyer's horses were placed, and in the 
yearling mare class, with Pride of Pleasant Hill, he easily won the first over 
the Oak Lawn filly, which was certainly "glory enough for one day." 

In the Percheron class it will be observed that the Wilton Junction 
stable exhibited a two-year-old and colt in the stallion classes, and one year- 
ling in the mare class. Two of these were fourth, and the other was placed. 

SHIRES AND CLEVELAND BAYS. 

Mr. Holbert showed a stallion in the Shire and one in the Cleveland 
Bay class, both being placed by the judge, one second, and the other fifth. 

STANDARD TROTTERS. 

Two standard trotters entered by John Jacobs, of Langworthy, Iowa, in 
the aged mare class, were placed by the judges as follows: Kitty Creek 
Bird third, and Langworthy Lady sixth; Kitty Creek Bird, shown as single 
driver in sweepstakes, any age, to harness, won second premium, and the 
two together in double harness, third premium. The ring was a good one. 

SHETLAND PONIES. 

The exhibit of Shetland Ponies from Macjuoketa was a strong feature 
of the Iowa Exhibit. There were thre<- stables from Wisconsin and two 
each from New York and Michigan, which made a very attractive exhibit, 
and gave Mr. Hoag healthy competition. The ponies were shown in stallion 
and mare classes according to age, and in sweepstakes as usual; tiien in 



REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON LIVE STOCK. Ill 

harness, single and double teams; team four abreast, and team of eight, 
with four abreast; in tandem, and under the saddle. In all the teams, and 
under the saddle, geldings were allowed to compete. The display will long 
be remembered, especially by the children, as one of the most fascinating of 
the Exhibition. The aged stallion and mare classes, as well as in the sweep- 
stakes and team of eight, the Iowa ponies brought home the blue ribbon. 
Indeed, I believe that about every entry of Mr. Hoag's was placed for some 
of the prizes offered in each class, and the number of prizes won must have 
been sufficient to decorate the ponies in blue, red and white. 

The Maquoketa stable of Shetlands, at all events, is easily at the head 
of all similar breeding studs in the country. 

Were this review of the Iowa Horse Exhibit not already too lengthy, an 
interesting comparison of winners from Iowa to those from other parts of 
the world could be made, and would demonstrate that nearly every Iowa 
horse exhibited won prizes in class, and many in sweepstakes, showing the 
great superiority of the Iowa breeding horses over those met and van- 
quished during the great contest. The reader is invited to look once at the 
table of winners for the mathematical side of this report, for the verification 
of this statement. 

SWINE. 

The swine exhibit from Iowa maintained the high standing of the 
breeding stock of the state. While the numbers shown were but an atom 
compared with the number annually exhibited at our state fair, yet the 
showing was representative of the two breeds participating, Poland-China 
and Duroc Jersey. The entries of the Poland-China were as follows: 

Messrs. Taft & Co., Humboldt, 
6 Hogs, 8 Pigs. 

Peter Mouw, Orange City, 

Yearling boar. Grand Chief 20177, 2 year old sow, Miss Jumbo 57696, 
Jno. K. 57678, yearling sows. Perfect Lady 66860, Esther 66862. 

A. J. Lytle, Oskaloosa, 

Yearling boar, Tecumseh 20499, 18 months. 

W. G. Marshall, Iowa City, 

Yearling boar. Free Trade Chip 19225, 

John Johnston & Sons, Humboldt, 
Aged boar, Oxford Duke. 

Stone & Stone, Le Claire, 

6 months, under 12, Rival Wilkes. 

M. Dunn, Van Meter, 
Fancy Golddust. 

J. F. Bonner, Morning Sun, 
Miss Allerton 55342. 

T. R. Wilson, Morning Sun, 
Renick Rose 68140. 



112 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

DUROC JERSEYS. 

Wm. Roberts & Son, Paton, 
II Hogs, II Pigs. 

J. H. Lathrop, Oxford Junction, 

4 Sows, seven months old, Minnie 812, Winnie 802, Iowa Queen 3d. 
806, and Iowa Queen 4;h 808. 

There were forty-five exhibitors of Poland-China swine, of which num- 
ber Iowa furnished nine, Nebraska thirteen, Illinois five, Ohio five, Mis- 
souri five, Kansas three, Indiana three and Minnesota one. 

The aged boar class opened the fight with twenty candidates for honors, 
representing every type of the Poland-China, the fine and chubby sort, the 
medium, and lastly the heavy boned style with length and scale, the sort the 
trade demands in this state. Messrs. Johnston & Sons of Humboldt were to 
the front with Oxford Duke, the Iowa Champion of last year; Messrs. Taft 
& Son of the same town had a good one in Black Wilkes. Ohio was there 
also with two good ones, and they caught the judge's eye for first and sec- 
ond, and Oxford Duke brought the third honor to Iowa. The yearling boar 
class was no less a battle royal, since eighteen of the best that the 
eight states mentioned above had to show, were in competition. Mr. 
Lytle's L. Tecumseh, the Iowa and Nebraska yearling boar champion of 
last year, rightly claimed first honors, while Mr. Marshall of Iowa City with 
Free Trade Chip (second to L. Tecumseh at Des Moines) asserted his right 
to be thereabouts when Mr. Lytle's should receive the blue ribbon. In- 
diana appeared, however, with one having the style and type suited to Ohio 
and Indiana taste, and as the judge was from Indiana, and had more 
authority in distributing ribbons than the crowd standing for Iowa's cham- 
pion, the end came with Indiana taking first, and Iowa second and third, 
with the Oskaloosa and Iowa City yearlings. Messrs. Stone & Stone, of Le 
Clair, Peter Mouw and T. R. Wilson, of Morning Sun, also had yearlings 
in this ring. 

AGED SOWS. * 

The ring was strong, and Iowa had good ones. Peter Mouw's was 
fourth with Miss Jumbo. Taft & Son's showed Rosalind. M. Dunn showed 
Fancy Golddust. J. F. Bonner showed Miss Allerton, and they were all 
toward the best end of the string. 

YEARLING SOWS. 

The yearling sow ring was one of the best of the Poland China Exhibit. 
It had no exciting incidents outside of the sending of the blue ribbon, as 
with the other yearling ring, to Indiana, which award was generally criti- 
cised. Iowa was in the ring, but not among the first six placed. 

The boar and sow pig rings over six months were interesting displays, 
especially the latter. Among the competitors was Mr. Wilson's Renick 
Rose, the only Iowa representative. 



REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON LIVE STOCK. II3 

In the aged herd ring, Iowa stood with only one herd, Mr. Peter 
Mouw's. It was awarded fifth place. 

DUROC JERSEYS. 

The show of the red hogs had two exhibitors from Iowa, Messrs. Wm. 
Roberts & Son, of Paton, and J. H. Lathrop, of Oxford Junction. The for- 
mer had the largest exhibit made of either breed of hogs, twenty-two includ- 
ing the pigs. Illinois exhibited ihree herds, Ohio two, Nebraska two, and 
Wisconsin one. Mr. Lathrop's pigs were seven months old, too young to 
win in the over six months class, but won as the get of one sire, bred by ex- 
hibitor, of any age. It was about a drawn fight between the Duroc Jersey 
exhibitors from Illinois, Ohio, Nebraska and Wisconsin, Iowa taking with 
the Roberts herd, one first with Alice, one second with Jack R., one third 
with Columbian, three fourths with Lugura B., Motor Jr. and Charity. The 
same proportion of prizes was won in the herd classes, the details of which 
will be found in another place. 

POULTRY. 

The Iowa Exhibit of Poultry was very small in numbers, but choice in 
quality. The consignments of this Exhibit were as follows: 

G. W. Stout, Rose Hill, 

6 birds 
John Wilson, What Cheer, 

9 birds, White-faced, Black Spanish 8 to i8 months old. 
G. H. Strohmeier, Independence, 

I bird, Indian Game Cock. 
W. H*. Garland. Aurora, 

5 birds, B. G. Polish Breed. 

The entries from all quarters at the Columbian Poultry Show numbered 
between five and six thousand birds, and upwards of four thousand were on 
exhibition. Canada was present with about one-third of the entire exhibit. 

. Iowa brought home a first premium on breeding pen, also first on cock- 
erel, and third on pullet, on Mr. Wilson's white-faced Black Spanish birds. 
Mr. Strohmeier's Indian Game Cock won second prize. Mr. Garland took 
second on his breeding pen of B G. Polish breed consisting of one cockerel, 
and four pullets. 

AWARDS TO IOWA STOCK. 

The following list comprises the awards made to exhibitors of Cattle, 
amount of the premiums paid to the sameby the Exposition company, names 
of the animals winning, also the special premiums that were given by cer- 
tain herd book societies, and the prizes paid by this Commission to the own- 
ers of cows competing in the dairy test. 



114 



REPORT OF IOWA COLUxMBIAN COMMISSION 



BREEDING CATTLE. 

ABERDEEN-ANGUS— CLASS THREE. 

Exhibitor— W. A. McHenry, Denison, Iowa. 



Animal. 



Prince of the Realm 

Keiller McHenry 

Jeans Abactor 2d' 

Abactor's Barbara ist 

Progress . 

Nell Gwynne 3d 

Black Bird McHenry 2d --. 

Minnie McHenry 5th . 

Black Bird McHenry 3d 

Herd 

Young Herd, bred by exhibitor. _. 

Four animals, get of one sire 

4 animals, either sex, get of i sire.. 
Two animals, produce of one cow. 



Age. 



Aged 

2 years 

1 year 

calf 

Aged - 

2 years 

2 years 

I year 

Heifer c'lf 



Prem. 



4th. 
2d . 
1st 

4th. 

2d - 
ISt. 

2d 

ISt - 

4th- 
2d - 
2d . 
2d - 
4 th- 
3d- 



15 00 
35 00 
so 00 
15 00 
35 00 
50 00 
30 oc 
40 00 
20 00 
75 00 
75 CO 
75 00 
25 00 
20 00 



SWEEPSTAKES. 



Jeans Abactor 

Progress 

Nell Gwynne sd 




SWEEPSTAKES BY AGES— BEEF BREEDS. 



Nell Gwynne 3d -| 2 years _-. ist Medal and $25.00 

Progress of Turlington I Aged . 1 2d — 1 

Jeans Abactor 2d ; i year 2d — 

Minnie McHenry 5th ! i year | 3d __- 

Total awards to W. A. McHenry -. - --- $585 00 



Special awards by Aberdeen-Angus Society $791 00 



Grand total $1,376 00 

RED POLES — CLASS XI. 

Exhibitor — J. H. Gilfillan. Maquoketa, Iowa. 



Animal. 


Age. 


Premi- 
um. 


Amount. 


Iowa Davyson 14th 2769 

Iowa Davyson 20th 2773 _ . 


Aged ---- 

2 years 

I year 

1 year 

calf 

calf 

Aged-- — 

Aged 

3years.-- 

2 years . - 

2 years 

I year 

I year 

calf 

calf 


2d .- 
ISt --- 
ISt .-- 
.4th.- 
ISt--- 
5th.-- 

3d 
5th.- 

ISt--- 
ISt --. 

3d - 

ISt --- 

3d-.. 
2d --- 
4th-.. 


$ 25 00 

35 00 
35 00 
10 00 
25 00 

highly commended 

15 00 
highly commended 

35 00 

35 CO 

I s oo 


Columbus 30494 

Iowa Davyson 22d 3151 

Iowa Davyson 23d 

Iowa Davyson 25th 

Eulalie 2( 5453 

Priscilla .-. 

Eulalie 3d 7086 

Iowa Davy i8th 7194 


Iowa Davy 12th 7193 


Iowa Davy 14th 7195 . 

Iowa Davy 15th 7936 

Munnis--- 

Gladys 


25 00 
15 00 
20 00 
10 00 



REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON LIVE STOCK. 



115 



HERD PREMIUMS. 



Aged, five animals 

Aged, five animals 

Young, 5 animals, bred by exhibit'r 

Get of one sire, four animals 

Get of one sire, four animals 

Produce of one cow, two animals -- 
Produce of one cow, two animals- - 



ISt --- 

4th--- 

ISt --- 
ISt-.. 

4th--- 

I St - - - 

2d --- 



80 00 
25 00 
75 00 
75 00 
20 00 
40 00 
30 00 



SWEEPSTAKES. 



Iowa Davy 13th 

Total awards to J H. Gilfillan 



2 years. - 



ISt .. -- $ 25 00 and medal 

$ 670 00 



GALLOWAYS— CLASS IV. 

Exhibitor— Wm. McTurk & Son, Crystal, Iowa. 



Hunter 2d, Dykes Creek. -. 

Columbus of Wolf Creek - 


5 years 


5th.. 

/Ith 


highly commended 
$ 15 00 
20 00 


Sulwood of Wolf Creek ._. 


calf l3d-- 


YOUNG herd. 


Columbus, Matilda 

June Bug, Sulwood 


4th-- 
4th-- 


25 00 
25 00 



The Galloway Herd Book Society duplicated above premiums. 



FAT STOCK, 



ABERDEEN ANGUS STEERS. 

Exhibitor — W, S. Niles, Wyoming, Iowa. 



Earl of Sunny Slope-. 
Knight of Sunny Slope. 
Prince of Sunny Slope . 



2 years j 1st .-_! 35 00 

I year 1 ist ---| 35 00 

calf 1 ISt -- j 35 00 



herd sweepstakes. 



Above named steers 




1 1 T^t 


50 00 




sweepstakes. 


Prince of Sunny Slope --- 


ist --- 50 00 


GRAND 


sweepstakes, all BREEDS. 


Prince of Sunny Slope . . 


1 1st 


50 00 

S255 00 




! 



Il6 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

DAIRY cows. 

WHEREAS, This Commission at the meeting held September i, 1892, 
adopted the following resolution: 

RESOLVED, That the Iowa Columbian Commission, to aid the breed- 
ers of dairy cattle in their efforts to further the dairy interest of Iowa at the 
World's Exposition, will pay the sum of three hundred dollars, pro rata, to 
the resident owner of Iowa dairy cattle that may be accepted by the De- 
partment of Agriculture at the World's Columbian Exposition for any of 
the tests in the dairy school, provided that no more than one hundred dol- 
lars shall be paid for each cow accepted, and in addition that this Com- 
mission will pay the further sum of three hundred dollars to the resident 
owner of Iowa cows that are members of herds winning the medals or 
awards in the aforementioned dairy tests, provided that no more than one 
hundred and fifty dollars shall be given to the owner for each cow, and 

WHEREAS. The number of cows accepted from Iowa exceeded the 
number expected to participate at the time of the adoption of above resolu- 
tion, therefore, 

BE IT RESOLVED, That the limit of the amount of money author- 
ized in that resolution be increased to thirteen hundred dollars to pay the 
owners of the cows accepted in the dairy tests, as follows: 

Messrs. Richardson Bros , Davenport, for cows Lorita, Campania and 
Elturia, $300. 

Messrs. Dan'l Sheehan & Son Osage, for cows Nora and Belle Price, 
$200. 

D. J. Heinsheimer, Glenwood, for cow Hugo Countess, $100. 

William Miller, Storm Lake, for cow Imported Bashful 2d., $100. 

John M Sterr, New Hampton, on cow Christata, $50. (Cow accepted 
but disqualified through sickness after two weeks.) 

RESOLVED, That the owners of the following named cows belonging 
to the Jersey herds which won all the tests, be entitled to receive as follows: 

D. J. Heinsheimer, cow Hugo Countess, $150. 

Richardson Bros., cows Campania and Elturia, $300. 

BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED, That Daniel Sheehan & Son, Osage, 
the owners of Short Horn cow Nora, be awarded $100; that cow having stood 
first in the Short Horn Herd in the dairy tests, making a record in the 
cheese and ninety day butter tests beyond any Short Horn cow on exhibi- 
tion. 

BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED. That the thanks of this Com- 
mission are extended to the owners who so generously permitted the use of 
their cows to compete in that great dairy test of the world, the result of 
which has brought great credit to the state and vast benefit to the dairy in- 
terests ol this commonwealth. Adopted December 14th, 1893. 

Awards made to Iowa exhibitors of horses and ponies by the Expo- 
sition, showing amount of premiums won, and names of animals winning. 
Ivxhibitors to whom awards were made: 



REPORT OF COMMUTEE ON LIVE STOCK. 

HORSES. 



17 



SUFFOLK PUNCH. CLASS 31. 

Exhibitor— Peter Hopley, Lewis, Iowa. 



AnimaL 



Blazor.- 

Connaught 

General Bragg 

Golden Row 

Prince of May -__ -_. 
Connaught with three 

Bragg 

Daffodil 

Maud of Riverside __ 

Dora .. 

Total amount 




SIOIO GO 



sweepstakes. 



Stallion I Blazor -_- 

Mare __. --. I Bragg 



M edal 
Medal 



SPECIAL PREMIUMS. 

AWARDED BY AMERICAN SUFFOLK HORSE ASSOCIATION. 

Best Three Suffolk Colts— General Bragg, Golden Bow and Maud of 
Riverside. 

Best Suffolk Mare with two of her colts — Smart and colts, Golden Bow 
and Maud of Riverside. 

Best Suffolk Stallion and two mares— Stallion Blazor and Mares Bragg 
•and Smart. 

SUFFOLK PUNCH--CLASS XXXI. 

Exhibitor — Robert Ramsay, Hancock, Iowa. 



Nonpareil 

Cupbearer.. 

Nonpareil with three colts 

Saxstead Sal. ._ 

Bessie 

Mirth -- 

Beauty __ 

Alice 

Saxstead Sal with two colts- 

Total awards to Robert Ramsay 



Aged -. 
Foal -- 



Aged--. 
4 years.. 
4 years.. 
I year -. 
Foal -- 



2d . 

2d 

2d . 

4th 

1st 

2d . 

1st. 

1st 

2d- 



70 GO 

35 00 

I GO GO 
25 GO 

IIO 00 
70 GO 

no 00 
60 00 

100 GO 



$680 GO 



GERMAN COACH,-CLASS 24. ' 

STALLIONS, 5 YEARS AND OVER. 

Greeley Horse Improvement Company, A. B. Holbert, Agent. 

Moltke. 13 (70), 5 years, ist; $150. 
Verband of Holstein Marshes, Germany, A. B. Holbert, Agent. 

Amandas, 689 (571), 5 years, 4th; $25. 



120 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

Holbert & Lewis, Greeley, Iowa. 

Musikant, 563 (1228), 5 vears, 6th; Commended. 
E.Knott & Co., Waverly, Iowa. 

Diocletian. 117, 4 years, ist.; $150. 
Verband of Holstein Marshes, Germany, A. B. Holbert, Agent. 

Kaiser Frederick, 496, 4 years, 2nd.; $100. 
A. B. Holbert, Greeley, Iowa. 

Mikado, 4 years, 3d; 350. 
A. B. Holbert, Greeley. 

Figaro, 655 (578), 4 years,. 6th; Commended. 
E. Knott & Co.. Waverly 

Sperber, 61, 3 years, 2d; $100. 
Verband of Holstein Marshes, Germany, A. B. Ho bert, Agent. 

Weissfuss, 677 (6oi), 3 years, 3d; $50. Bodo, 683 (588), 2 years, ist; $150. 
Blondel, 685 (587), 2 years, 3d; $50. 
E. Knott & Co., Waverly, Iowa. 

Danilo, 156, 2 years, 5th; Highly Commended, Minister, 160, 2 years, 
6th; Commended. Rothbart, 158, i year, ist; $150. Goldsucker, 
157, I year, 2d; $100. 

MARES. 

Verband of Holstein Marshes, Germany, A. B HolbeJt, Agent. 
Lillie, 679 (787), 3 years, 2d; $100. 

Verband of Holstein Marshes, A. B. Holbert, Agent. 
Dora, 681 (4140), 3 years, 3d; $50. 

SWEEPSTAKES STALLION, ANY AGE. 

Greeley Horse Improvement Co , A. B. Holbert, Agent. 

Moltke, 13 (70), ist; Medal. 
E. Knott & Co., Waverly, Iowa. 

Diocletian, 117, 2d. Sperber, 161, 4th. 
A. B. Holbert, Greeley, Iowa. 

Kaiser Frederick, 495, 6th. 
A. B. Holbert, Greeley, Iowa 

Bodo. 683 (588), 7th. 

SWEEPSTAKES MARE, ANY AGE. 

Verband of Holstein Marshes, Germany, A. B. Holbert, Agent. 

Lerche, 675 (786), Any age, 3d. Lillie, 679 (787), Any age, 5th. 

HORSES, BELGIANS, -CLASS 30. 

Van Valsom Bros , A. B. Holbert, Agent. 

Bismark II. 529. 5 years, ist; $110. Hercules, 5 years, 2d; $70. 



REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON LIVE STOCK. 121 

Petersburg Horse Co., A, B. Holbert, agent — Robert II 1858, 4 years, 
ist;$iio. 

Van Valsom Bros., A. B. Holbert, agent — Fox Vol. II 4 years, 2d; $70. 

A. B. Holbert, Greeley — Glorieux 1802, 4 years, 3d; $35. 

Van Valsom Bros., A. B. Holbert, agent — Vingt Mars, 4 years, 4th; $25. 

A. B. Holbert, Greeley — Eiffel Vol. 2, 4 years, 5th; highly commended. 

A. B. Holbert, Greeley — Bidel 3668, 3 years, ist; $110. 

Van Valsom Bros., A. B. Holbert, agent— Richelieu 340, 3 years, 3d; $35. 

A. B. Holbert, Greeley — Fox 120, 2 years, ist; $110. 

Van Valsom Bros., A. B. Holbert, agent — Royal Carbias 228, 2 years, 
2d; S70. 

MARES. 

A. B. Holbert, Greeley— Jeanette 4380, 5 years, ist; $110. 
Lefebure & Son, Fairfax — Cocotte 2 years, ist; $110. Rosette 2 years, 
2d ; S90. 

A. B. Holbert, Greeley — Antoinette 99, under i year, ist; s6o. 



SWEEPSTAKES. 

MARE, ANY AGE. 

A. B. Holbert, Greeley — Jeanette 4380, ist; medal, 
Lefebure & Son. Fairfax — Cocotte 2d; Rosette 3d. 
A. B. Holbert, Greeley — Antoinette 99, 4th. 

STALLION, ANY AGE. 

A. B. Holbert, Greeley— Bidel 3668, ist; medal. 

Petersburg Horse Co., A. B. Holbert, agent— Robert II 1858, 2d. 

Van Valsom Bros., A. B. Holbert, agent — Bismark 529, 3d. 

A. B. Holbert, Greeley — Glorieux 1802, 4th. 

Van Valsom Bros., A. B. Holbert, agent — Hercules, 5th. 

SHIRES — Class xxviii, 
A. B. Holbert, Greeley — Echo Chief 13026, 3 years, 2d; $100. 

SWEEPSTAKES. 

SHIRE STALLION, ANY AGE. 

A. B. Holbert, Greeley— Echo Chief -13026, 4th. 

CLEVELAND BAY— Class xxv. 

A. B Holbert, Greeley Almoner 1012, 3years, 5tli; highly conmiended. 
9 



122 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

SPECIAL PREMIUMS. 

GERMAN COACH— Class xxiv. 

Special prizes given by theVerbandof the Holstein Marshes, Germany, 
to horses recorded in Holstein Stud Book. 

STALLION, FOUR YEARS OLD AND OVER. 

Verband Holstein Marshes, Germany, A. B. Holbert, agent — Kaiser 
Frederick 496, 4 years, ist; s6o. Amandus 689 (571) 4 years, 2d; S40. 

A. B. Holbert, Greeley— Figaro 655 (578) 4 years, 3d; $25. Mikado 635 
(579) 4 years, 4th; $10. 

Verband Holstein Marshes, Germany, A. B. Holbert, agent — Diplomat 
691 (577) 4 years, 5th; highly commended. 

STALLION, THREE YEARS OLD AND UNDER FOUR. 

Verband Holstein Marshes, Germany, A. B. Holbert, agent — Weissfuss 
677 (601), 3 years, ist; S6o. 

A. B. Holbert, Greeley— \'on Moltke 669 (600) 3 years, 2d; $40. Affect 
659' 583). 3 years, 3d; S25. 

Verband Holstein Marshes, Germany, A. B. Holbert, agent — Antone 3 
years, 4th; Sio. 

STALLION, T^VO YEARS OLD AND UNDER THREE. 

\^erband Holstein Marshes, Germany, A. B. Holbert, agent — Bodo 683 
(588) 2 years, ist; s6o. Blondel 685 (587), 2 years, 2d; S40. 

MARE, THREE YEARS OLD OR OVER. 

Verband of Holstein Marshes, Germany, A. B. Holbert, agent — Lerche 
675 (786), 3 years, ist; S6o. Lillie 679 (787), 3 years, 2d; $40. 
A. B. Holbert, Greeley — Dora 681 (4140), 3 years, 3d; S25. 

SWEEPSTAKES — MARE, ANY AGE — RECORDED IN H(^LST);IN STUD BOOK. 

Verband of Holstein Marshes, Germany, A. B. Holbert, Agent— Lerche 
1st; statue, 

STALLION, ANY AGE — RECORDED IN HOLSTEIN STUD BOOK. 

Verband of Holstein Marshes, Germajiy, A. B. Holbert. Agent -Kaiser 
Frederick 496, ist; statue. 

GERMAN COACH— Class xxiv. 

Gold and silver medal by the Oldenburg Coach Horse Association for 
best Oldenburg stallion two years old or over, registered in the Oldenburg 
Book. 

E. Knott & Co., W'averly— Spcrbcr 161, ist; gold medal. Diocletian 
1 17, 2(1; silver medal. 



REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON LIVE STOCK. I23 

Special complimentary and honorary prizes given by the German Gov- 
ernment and awarded by Herr Richter, the Imperial German Commissioner 
to the Columbian Exposition. 

Greeley Horse Improvement Company, A. B. Holbert, Agent — Moltke 
13 (7o)> 5 years, ist; diploma. 

YOUNG STALLION. 

Verband of Holstein Marshes, A. B. Holbert, Agent— Blondel 685 (587), 
2 years, ist; diploma. 

BEST HOLSTEIN COACH MARE. 

Verband of Holstein :\Iarshes, A. B. Holbert, Agent— Lerche 675 (786) 
ist; diploma. Collection of stallions and mares, ist; diploma. 

FRENXH DRAFT— Class xxix. 

E. F. Kleinmeyer, Wilton Junction, Iowa— Iowa King, aged, 2d; Sioo. 
Wilton King, i year, 2d; $70. Colored Gentleman and three colts un- 
der 4 years, 2d; Sioo. Marie, aged, 4th; S25. Pride of Pleasant Hill, i 
year, ist; S150. Marie, with two colts, 2d; Sioo. 

sweepstakes. t 

Iowa King, any age, 3d. Marie, any age, 4th. Collection, two stallions 
and three mares — Perch Duke, Iowa King, Queen of Pleasant Hill, Pride 
of Pleasant Hill and Princess of Wilton 3d. 

PERCHERON. 



Princess of Wilton, i year, 4th; S25. Model, foal, 4th; S25. Prince 
Model, 2 years; commended. Total awards toE. F. Kleinmeyer, S595. 

special PREMIUMS BY FRENCH DRAFT HORSE ASSOCIATION. 
FOR BEST STALLION, ANY AGE. 

Iowa King, 3d; Colored Gentleman. 5th; Perch Duke, 7th. 

CLYDESDALE— Class xxvii. 

L. B. Goodrich, State Center, Iowa — MacClaskie, aged, 3d; $50. MacCas- 
kie. 2 years; commended. McCroskie, foal; commended. MacClaskie 
and three colts, highly commended. Lizzie Finley, aged; commended. 
Lilly Radnor, foal, 3d; S30. 

SPECIAL PREMIUMS AWARDED BY AMERICAN CLYDESDALE ASSOCIATION. 

MacXaught, stallion, 3 years, 3d; S75. Lilly Radnor, mare under i year 
2d; Sioo. Fidelas, mare under i year, 4th; S40. 
Total awards to L. B. Goodrich, S295. 



124 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

SHETLAND PONIES— Class xxxviii. 

J. Murray Hoag, Maquoketa^ — Howard B, aged, ist; Sioo. Jed 832, 3 years, 
2d; $65. Knapsack 1343, 2 years, 2d;S65. Cora 19, aged, ist; $100. Dot 
29, aged, 2d; S65. Julia B 844, 3 years, 3d S35. Jesse 874, 3 years, 4th; 
S20. Kena 1344, 2 years, 3d; S35. Knickerbocker Lass 1345, 2 years, 
4th; S20. Total, S505. 

sweepstakes. 

Cora, mare any age, ist; medal. Team of 8, 4 abreast, ist; medal. 

special premiums awarded to J. MURRAY HOAG BY AMERICAN SHET- 
LAND PONY CLUB. 

Silver cup awarded for best show of Shetland Ponies consisting of one 
tallion and four Mares. 

First premium, for best pair ponies in harness, Jay 835, and Colorado 
843. and 

First premium to Bella 17. best single pony in harness. 
The two awards last named were at October classes. 

STANDARD BRED TROTTERS— Class xxi. 

John Jacobs, Langworthy — Kittie Creek Bird, aged, 3d; S75. Langworthy 
Lady, 6th; commended. 

SWEEPSTAKES. 

Single driver, Kittie Creek Bird, 2d; diploma. Team to harness, Kittie 
Creek Bird and Langworthy, 3d; diploma. 

AWARDS TO SWINE. 

POLAND-CHINA— Class lvi. 

A. J. Lytle, Oskaloosa -L's Tecumseh 2049(;, i V^ar, 2d; $40 

SWEEPSTAKES. 

L's Tecumseh, 2d. 
Wm. G. Marshall, Iowa City — Free Trade Chip (A) 19225, i year, 3d; S30. 
J(jhn Johnston & Sons, Humbohlt— Oxford Duke (O) 27663, aged, 3d; S30 

DUROC JERSEY -Class lviii. 

J. H. Latiiroj), Oxford Junction -Four swine, get of one boar, ]:)red by ex- 
hibitor, 4th; S55. Winnie 812, Winnie 8o2, Iowa Oueen 3(1 806, Iowa 
Queen 4th 808. 

Total awards to J. H. Lathroj), S55. 



REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON LIVE STOCK. 1 25 

Wm. Roberts & Son, Paton — Motor, aged, 6th; commended. Charity, 2 
years, 4th; S20. Lugura B, 2 years, 4th; S20. Columbian Duke, i year, 
3d; $30. Motor Jr, over 6 months, 4th; S20. AHce R, under 6 months, 
•ist;S40. Jack R, under 6 months, 2d; $35. Zeek, under 6 months, 
highly commended. Boar and three sows over i year. Motor, Sugura 
B, Miss Christopher and Charity, 4th; $30. Boar and three sows bred 
by exhibitor. Motor, Sugura B, Charity and Miss Christopher, 4th; $40. 
Boar and three sows under i year, bred by exhibitor, Jack R, Penrose, 
Roberts Pride, Alice R, 2d; $40. Four pigs under 6 months, product 
of same sow, same pigs as above, 2d; $75. Total, $350. 
Official awards were not made on the poultry show but the score of each 
exhibit was given the exhibitor. 

The official sheet of awards to Iowa gives the following to live stock: 

Number of first premiums 41 

Number of second premiums 37 

Number of third premiums 22 

Number of fourth premiums 25 

Number of special premiums 5 

Number of medals for sweepstakes 15 

Number of diplomas 3 

Number of cash prizes 125 

DAIRY TEST. 

The Dairy Test, sometimes called the Dairy School of the Exposition, 
became one of the most interestmg features. It was established mainly to 
test the merits of the dairy breeds of cattle of the world, and incidentally to 
illustrate and educate the people interested in this leading industry as to 
the proper methods of handling milk and cream, and the value of machin- 
ery and appliances in the economic production of butter and cheese. 

The breed tests were four in number, the first one commencing May 
nth and continuing fifteen days, known as the cheese test, in which all com- 
mercial products— cheese, whey, gain or loss in weight of the cow — were 
considered in making the award. 

The second test began May 31st, continuing till August 28th, and was 
known as the ninety-day butter test. In this test all commercial products — 
butter, butter milk, skimmed milk, increase or decrease in weight, and the 
cost of color, if used — were considered in m.aking the award. 

Breed Test No. 3, from August 2gth to September 27th, was known as 
the thirty-day butter test. In this test no product except butter was consid- 
ered in making the award. 

Breed Test No. 4, from September 28th to October 27th, for young 
herds, heifers to be under three years old on September i, 1893, "^^^ on the 
same plan and under the same rules as Test No 2. This was known as the 
heifer test 

Tests Nos. I and 2 were conducted under uniform methods of handling 
the milk and the cream and the manufacture of the cheese and butter. In 
Test No. 3 the committee of each breed was allowed to decide the method 



[26 



REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 



of handling the milk and cream and the manner in which the same should 
be manufactured into butter. In the first two tests each breed was repre- 
sented by twenty-five registered cows, in the third test by fifteen cows. 
These three tests were participated in by the Jerseys, Guernseys and Short 
Horns. In the Heifer test the Jerseys and Short Horns fought it out with- 
out the Guernseys. A record was kept of the weight of milk from each 
cow, weight of milk from each breed, the percentage of butter fat in the 
milk from each cow, the percentage of solids other than butter fat. the same 
for each breed, amount of butter in pounds produced by each breed, per 
cent of butter fat in such butter. Similar regulations were adopted respect- 
ing the cheese tests, and an accurate record was kept of the feed consumed 
by each cow, and likewise the product was credited showing the net profit 
of each cow and each breed. 

In the first three tests awards were made for the best cow of each breed; 
the best cow of any breed; the best five cows of each breed; the best five 
cows of any breed; and for the best breed. 

These are the leading points governing the tests, though those inter- 
ested should obtain the complete rules governing, which are too long to in- 
clude in this report. 

Iowa had representatives in the herd of Jerseys and Short Horns as 
follows: 

JERSEY COWS. 

Richardson Bros., Davenport — Lorita, Campania, Elturia 
D. J.Heinsheimer, Glenwood— Hugo Countess. 

SHORT HORN COWS. 

Daniel Sheehan & Son, Osage — Nora and Belle Price.' 
William Miller, Storm Lake — Imported Bashful 2d. 
John M. Sterr, New Hampton — Christata. 

In the Cheese test the record of the breeds was as follows: 



HERD 



Jerseys 

Guernseys - 
Short Horns 



Milk, lbs 



13,296.4 
10,938.6 



Cheese, lbs. 



1,451.76 
1,130.62 
1,0776 



Total 

Value 

Products 



S217.96 

164.55 
180.70 



Cost of 
Feed 



S98.I4 
76.25 
99-36 



Net Profit 



$11982 
88.30 
81.34 



In the Jersey herd the Iowa cows, Hugo Countess and Lorita, com- 
peted, and in the Short Horn herd Nora, Imported Bashful 2d, Belle Price 
and Christata competed. On the basis of the net profit Nora's standing 
was 5th in the 75 cows competing, four Jerseys leading. The first, Ida Mar- 
igold, showed a profit of $6.97, and Nora gave a profit of $6.27, the two Jer- 
seys immediately above her giving a profit of $6.34 each, beating her by 
7c. Hugo Countess followed in the 8th place among the 75, with a profit 
$5.96. The value of the live weight gain of Nora was $2.52, having gained 
56 lbs. at 4>^c per lb ; while Hugo Countess gained but 16 lbs., valued at 
72c. Hugo Countess produced 66.96 lbs. of cheese, and Nora 60.56 lbs. in 
the fifteen days. 



REPORT OF COMMITTEE OX LIVE STOCK. 



27 



The other Iowa cows stood: Imported Bashful 2d, 27th; Lorita, 44th; 
Belle Price, 63d; and Christata, 74th; but the latter, being incapacitated at 
the close of the test by illness, was sent home. It should be stated in jus- 
tice to the cow Christata that the value of her cheese, $5. 35, if not drawn 
against for the loss of 17 lbs of flesh through illness, would have placed her 
much higher in the list. 

In the Ninety-day Butter Test, all commercial products being consid- 
ered, the record of the breeds was as follows: 



HERD 



Jersey 

Guernsey -. 
Short Horn 



Milk. lbs. Butter, lbs. Value of | Xet Protits 
' Product j 




-I- 



4,274.01051,876.671 81,323.812 

3,360.4311 1,465464: 907-639 
2.890.869 1,286.789' QIO.II7 



The Iowa cows were Hugo Countess and Lorita in the Jersey herd; 
Nora, Imported Bashful 2d and Belle Price in the Short Horn herd. Hugo 
Countess gave 3,542 9 lbs of milk, made 191.894 lbs. of butter at a net profit 
of $60.72 3. Lorita gave 2,320.3 lbs. of milk, made 146.619 lbs. of butter at a 
net profit of S39. 49 8. Nora gave 3,679.8 lbs. of milk, made 160.579 lbs. of 
butter at a net profit of S5 2. 63 4. Imported Bashful 2d gave 3.341 lbs. of 
milk, made 162.095 lbs. of butter at a net profit of S47.19 6. Belle Price gave 
3,249.4 lbs. of milk, made 151.93 lbs. of butter at a net profit of $41.12 8. 
Hugo Countess was 5th of the 24 cows competing, with a net profit of 
I60.72 3, thus was one of the best five cows in the award. 

THIRTY-DAY BUTTER TEST, AUG. 28tH TO SEPT. 27TH IN'CLUSIVE. 

In the Thirty-day Butter Test the records of the breeds, 15 cows of each 
breed participating, was as follows: 



HERD 



Jersey 

Guernsey -- 
Short Horn. 



Milk, lbs I Butter, lbs, 



13,921.9 

I3>5i8.4 
15.618.3 



837.21 
724.17 
662.66 



Value of 
Butter 



$385,592 

329.76 8 
303.68 5 



Cost of j^^et pi-ogt 
Food 



$111,243 

92.76 6 
104.55 I 



$274,349 
237.00 2 
119.134 



Hugo Countess was the only Iowa cow in the Jersey herd in this test, 
with Bashful 2d, Nora and Belle Price competing in the Short Horn herd, 
and taking rank in the order named. Hugo Countess encountered an acci- 
dent early in this test. The stall companion of Hugo Countess, while the 
Countess was lying down, stepped on one of her teats and nipped off the 
end. The milk had to be drawn with a tube from the sore teat and her 
feed reduced. The result was that the Countess presumably lost considera- 
bly in the flow of milk, inasmuch as she lost 120 lbs. in her weight. It will 
be remembered that in this test the butter was the only product considered, 
and the loss of flesh, while not charged, showed the result of short feeding, 
which fact is supported by the small sum charged against her, $5.20 9, a sum 
less than anyone of the 45 cows is charged with, the average being between 
$8.57 4, the highest, a Jersey, and the lowest, $5.45 8, a Guernsey. 



REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 



Butter, lbs. 


Net Profit 


48.712 


$16,960 


47-474 


15-495 


47-197 


14.305 


42.168 


12.143 



The individual record of the best cow in the test, a Jersey, was a net 
profit of S24 69 7 on the 72.235 lbs. of butter credited. The Iowa cows stood 
as follows: 

Name Breed 

Hugo Countess Jersey 

Bashful 2d Short Horn. 

Nora Short Horn 

Belle Price Short Horn 

The best Short Horn cow in this test was a fresh one, July 19th, not 
competing in the former tests. It made a record of the third best in the test 
with its 62.243 lbs. of butter, and a net profit of $20.03 5- The best Guernsey, 
also not in former test and fresh August 12th, was fifth in the rank, pro- 
ducing 60.268 lbs. of butter with a net profit of $19.37 7. Of the five leading 
cows in the test, three (one Jersey, one Guernsey and one Short Horn) were 
not in former test; the other two were Jerseys that had been in former tests. 
The Iowa cows at the close of this test had been in milk as follows: 

Hugo Countess, last calf was dropped March 7th. 

Imported Bashful 2d, calf was dropped March 17th, 

Nora, last calf was dropped April 13th. 

Belle Price, last calf was dropped March 3d. 

The standing of the Iowa cows in the test was: Hugo Countess, 
2oth; Bashful 2d, 24th; Nora, 30th; Belle Price 40th, with 45 cows com- 
peting. The best five cows of any breed in this test were three Jerseys, 
a Short Horn and a Guernsey. The best five Jerseys would have included 
the Hugo Countess but for her accident. The best five Short Horns in- 
cluded the Iowa cows, Bashful 2d and Nora. The winning breed of cows 
in the test was Jersey,, and the winning cow a Jersey whose last calf was 
dropped April 2Tstand had been in the former tests. 

THE HEIFER TEST — 21 DAYS, OCTOBER 1ST TO 2IST INCLUSIVE. 

It will be noticed that this contest was between the Jerseys and Short 
Horns, the Guernseys not competing; Jerseys having seven heifers and the 
Short Horns six. In this test we had two heifers, Campania and Elturia, 
in the Jersey herd, but no Short Horns competed. The amount of butter 
given is on the basis of 80 percent butter fat by the Babcock test, and solids 
not butter fat qredited at 2c per lb., and gain in live weight at 4^0 per lb. 



HERD 


Milk. lbs. 


Butter, hbs 


Value of 
Products 


Cost of 
Feed 


Net Profits 


Jersey 


3.356.6 
2,581.0 


194.226 
122.362 


$90-71 7 

70.94 9 


$34.43 9 
23-528 


$56,278 
47.42 I 





The number of animals in each herd being averaged, the total net 
profits was ascertained to have been for the Jerseys $56.27 8, or an average 
of $8.03 9, and the Short Horns showed an aggregate net profit of $47.42 i 
or $7.90 3 each. The best heifer of either breed was a Jersey, followed by 
two Short Horns as second and third, and the fourth and fifth were Jerseys. 
The best five Jersey heifers included the Iowa heifers, Campania and Eltu- 



REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON LIVE STOCK. I2Q 

ria, which stood 7th and gth in the list of 15, with a credit of net profit of 
$7.90 I and $7.20 9 respectively, the highest cow having a credit of $11.22 and 
the lowest $5.39 i. Excluding the live weight gains, and dairymen generally 
consider such a proper test, Campania would be advanced to second place. 
Returning to the first three tests it will be observed that special awards 
were made for the first 15 days of each of the three tests, namely, the 15-day 
cheese test, the 90-day butter test, and the 30-day butter test. The net 
profits of each cow in the first 15 days of each test was the basis of the 
awards. The award was made to the Jerseys as the best breed; the best cow 
was a Jersey; the best Short Horn cow was Daniel Sheehan & Sons' Nora. 
The best five Jerseys included D. L. Heinsheimer's Hugo Countess. The 
best five Short Horns included Nora, and Wm. Miller's Imported Bashful 
2d as fourth best. The rank of the Iowa cows in the list of 26 cows that 
competed in all of the three first tests was as follows: Hugo Countess. 5th; 
Nora, nth; Bashful 2d, 19th; and Belle Price. 24th Ten of these 26 cows 
were Jerseys, seven were Guernseys, and the nine were Short Horns. The 
net profit of the sweepstake cow, a Jersey, for the first fifteen days of each 
test was $31.65. The net profit of Hugo Countess was S25.92; Nora $23.76 3; 
Imported Bashful 2d $20.41 3; and Belle Price $13.52 7. The lowest cow, or 
the 26th on the list, gave a profit of Si2.gi 8. The record of all the cows com- 
peting was remarkable, in that the surroundings were so uncomfortable, the 
barn so hot, and the feed so indifferent, and much not at all wholesome. So 
it is not surprising that in some cases the home records were not equalled, 
though in most cases they were fairly well maintained. In the 90-day test it 
took 17.2 lbs. of Jersey milk to one lb. of butter. Guernseys 18.4 lbs., and 
Short Horns 22.9 lbs. of milk to one of butter. The cost of feed per lb. of 
butter produced v/as Jersey 13.75c., Guernseys 14.41c., and Short Horns 
17.76c. 

FINANCIAL STATEMENT. 

The amount awarded the Department of Live Stock for cost of prepa- 
ration and exhibit was Sio,ooo. 

Under the regulations of the Commission, there has been paid to each 
exhibitor of live stock the actual cost of railway or express transportation on 
their stock, including the terminal charges in and out of the Exposition, the 
cost of forage not exceeding 40c per diem for horses, 30c for cattle, and 12c 
for swine; also S2 per day for each care taker necessary, covering substan- 
tially the actual cost of the exhibit. The disbursements were, under this 
resolution, as follows: 

HORSES. 

EXHIBITOR AND RESIDENCE. AMOUNT. 

Peter Hopely, Lewis, Robert Ramsay, Hancock S 551 70 

J. Murray Hoag, Maquoketa 419 80 

E. F. Kleinmeyer, Wilton Junction 321 10 

L. B. Goodrich, State Center 433 58 

A. B. Holbert. Greeley 467 80 

E. Knott & Co , Waverly 373 00 

Lefebure & Son, Fairfax 99 75 

John Jacobs, Langworthy 73 05 — S 2,739 78 



130 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

CATTLE. 

W. A. McHenry, Denison S 252 45 

J. H. Gilfillan, Maquoketa 310 70 

Wm. McTurk & Son, Crystal 232 30 

Geo. S. Redhead, Des Moines --- 184 60 

Richardson Bros , Davenport 217 50 — S 1,197 55 

COWS IN DAIRY TEST. 

No. 

Richardson Bros, Davenport- 3 $ 300 00 

Daniel Sheehan & Son, Osage 2 200 00 

D. J. Heinsheimer, Glenwood i 100 00 

Wm. Miller, Storm Lake i 10000 

John M. Sterr, New Hampton i 50 go 

PRIZES TO JERSEY WINNERS. 

Richardson Bros, Davenport 2 30000 

D. J. Heinsheimer, Glenwood i 150 00 

PRIZE FOR BEST SHORT HORN. 
Daniel Sheehan & Son, Osage 100 00— S 1,300 co 

FAT CATTLE EXHIBIT. 

W. S. Niles, Wyoming S 106 93 

D. M. Monniger, Supt. Cattle and Horses 83 20 

SWINE. 

Stone ^ Stone, LeClaire $ 56 40 

John Johnston & Son, Humboldt 42 40 

M. Dunn, Van Meter 42 40 

Wm. Roberts & Son, Paton 212 60 

Taft & Co., Humboldt 187 00 

Peter Mouw, Orange City 166 55 

J. F. Bonner, Morning Sun 61 20 

T. R. Wilson, Morning Sun - ._. 5290 

J. H. Lathrop, Oxford Junction .-_ 80 10 

A. J. Lytle, Oskaloosa 67 90 

W. G. Marshall, Iowa City 6640 

W. W. McClung, V/aterloo, Supt Swine Exhibit 73 85—$ 1,109 00 



REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON LIVE STOCK. I3I 

POULTRY. 

G. W. Scott, Rose Hill S 3 50 

John Wilson, What Cheer 4 25 

E. W. Strohmeier, Independence i 85 

W. H. Garland, Aurora i 25 

W. W. Wyant, Waterloo, Assistant Expenses 3 03 

C. S. Gabrilson, New Hampton, Supt. Sheep & Poultry 2q 28 — S 43 16 

Per diem of Commissioner in charge $ 398 80 

Total expense of Live Stock Department $ 6,959 32 

Amount in the Treasurers fund not drawn $3,040 68 

In the preparatory work of the live stock exhibit, your commissioner in 
charge of the Live Stock Department has received loyal support from the 
Breeders Committee, consistmg of J. J. Richardson, Chairman, Davenport, 
and D. P. Stubbs, Fairfield, P. S. Kell, Des Moines, W. A McHenry, Den- 
ison, C. W. Norton, Wilton Junction, W. B. Barney, Hampton, W. W. Mc- 
Clung, Waterloo, Daniel Sheehan, Osage, and C. S. Barclay, West Liberty. 
The immediate management of the Iowa cattle and horse exhibit at the Ex- 
position was entrusted to the expert hands of D M. Monniger, and the 
swine exhibit to W. W. McClung, and to all these gentlemen my cordial 
thanks are extended. 



Report of the Department of Agriculture. 

BY F. N. CHASE. 

In submitting this report I desire to call attention to a few of the rules 
adopted by the Board of Management of the World's Columbian Exposition. 

DEPARTMEXT OF AGRICULTURE. 

SPECIAL RULES AND INFORMATION. 

1. Articles intended for exhibition will be admitted to the Agricultural 
Building on and after November ist, i8g2. 

2. All exhibits, except those of a perishable character, must be in po- 
sition on or before April 20th, 1893. \'egetables and other perishable prod- 
ucts will be admitted during their season, and may be replaced by fresh 
specimens when found necessary, by obtaining a special permit from the 
Chief of the Department. 

5. A special display of potatoes and other tubers will be made during 
the two weeks. beginning Monday, Sept 11, 1893. 

7. The space granted an exhibitor will be indicated on the permit, in 
feet and inches, together with its location. It may be utilized in such a 
manner as the exhibitor may think best "in arranging his exhibit, under the 
direction of the Chief of the Department, subject to the approval of the Di- 
rector-General, in accordance with the followmg specific regulations: 

All platforms must be of uniform height, namely, eight inches. All rail- 
ings and counters must be of uniform height, namely, thirty-six inches above 
the floor, Xo partition will be permitted exceeding six feet in height above 
the floor. Space will be computed to an aisle or to some definite point, and 
all railings and ornamentations are to be mcluded therein. No distinct form 
or design is prescribed for the construction of counters, railings, etc., or for 
the arrangement of an exhibit (columns, pyramids, cones, etc.), except that 
a drawing to a scale of one-quarter of an inch to the foot must be submitted 
by each exhibitor to the Chief of the Department, showing elevations, con- 
struction, material to be used, and the arrangement of the exhibit, so far as 
possible. This design must be approved by the Chief of the Department 
before such exhibitor \v\U be permitted to proceed with the installation of 
his exhibit. 

10. Exhibits of cereals, and other farm products, must be accompanied 
with the following data and information: 

a. Name of object. 

b. Name of producer. 

c. Place where grown. 

d. Character of soil. 

e. Date of planting. 



134 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

f. Quantity of seed planted per acre. 

g. Method of cultivation, 
h. Date of harvesting. 

i. Yield per acre. 

j. Weight. 

k. Price of product at nearest home market. 

1. Average temperature by months for the time intervening between 
planting and harvesting. 

m. Average rain or snow-fall by months for the time intervening be- 
tween planting and harvesting. 

n. Was exhibit produced by irrigation? 

Rule 13. If exhibits are intended for competition it must be so stated 
by the exhibitor, or they will be excluded from examination for award. 

Rule 14. The Chief of each Department will provide cards of uniform 
size and character, which may be affixed to the exhibits, and on which will 
be stated only the exhibitor's name and address, the name of the object or 
article exhibited, and its catalogue number. 

In the general classification of exhibits by the Board of Management of 
the World's Columbian Exposition, the Agricultural Department or Divis- 
ion "A" contained nineteen groups and one hundred and eighteen classes, 
including Agriculture, Food and its accessories. Forestry and Forest Prod- 
ucts, Agricultural Machinery and Appliances. 

The State of Iowa was honored by the selection of one of her citizens 
(Hon. W. I. Buchanan of Sioux City) as Chief of this— the largest and most 
far-reaching of any department of the Great Exposition. We deem this an 
acknowledgement of Iowa's supremacy as an agricultural state. 

In outlining the department of the Iowa State Exhibit by the Iowa Col- 
umbian Commission, three divisions of the Agricultural Department were 
placed in my charge, namely, the divisions of Farm and Garden Products, 
the Dairy and the Apiary, and to defray the expense of collecting, prepar- 
ing and installing a creditable exhibit in the divisions named, the Commis- 
sion set aside the sum of eight thousand dollars ($8,000). 

It seemed almost impossible to make an exhibit of these, the most im- 
portant and valuable industries of this great commonwealth, with the sum 
placed at my disposal. The following letter had previously been sent to the 
Press and Farmers of the State: 

Cedar Falls, Iowa, April, 1891, 
To the Farmers of Iowa : 

My Dear Sir: — The Columbian Commission for the World's Colum- 
bian Exposition, to be held in Chrcago, is now organized and is perfecting 
plans which will, if carried out, insure an exhibit of all the resources and all 
the varied industries of our great State, which will be to our credit, and also 
add greatly to the future growth and prosperity of our commonwealth. 

The Board of Management at Chicago is preparing immense buildings 
on Jackson Park in which the competitive exhibits, by individuals and firms 
from all the states and territories in the United States, and all ihe foreign 
nations, will be exhibited in their proper departments acconiing to their 
classification, but each state is asked to erect a suitable building for their 



REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. I35 

headquarters, in which will be shown the collective state exhibit, represent- 
ing the advantages, resources and possibilities of their respective states. 

A circular will be issued later that will more fully explain the scope and 
variety of the exhibits in the different departments of this state collection. 

The Iowa Commission realize that the extent, magnitude and success of 
the Iowa State Exhibit in this department depends largely upon the farm- 
ers. We therefore respectfully ask your hearty co-operation and invite cor- 
respondence. We believe that at the proper time the State will grant all 
the financial aid that is needed to make the exhibit a credit to the State. 
We desire especially at this time to call your attention to the importance of 
securing, during this season, the best possible specimens of corn, of the 
many different varieties; of all the grasses, also of grain, wheat, rye, oats, 
barley, flax, millet, broom corn, and any other cereals that can be preserved 
in good form until 1893. We ask you to take special care to select and save 
any unusually large ears of corn, and extra heavy heads of grain with very 
long straw. All the small grains should be preserved in the straw with the 
roots attached. 

Our object in asking your co-operation at this time is to procure the best 
possible samples during the two seasons intervening between now and the 
opening of the Exposition, May ist, 1893, to prevent a failure in case the 
season of 1892 should, by unfavorable weather, render it impossible to obtain 
the best that our soil could produce under favorable circumstances. If the 
season of 1891 should prove to be bad, we would still have next year's crop 
to draw from, and Iowa, which now takes the lead as an agricultural state, 
must show her best soil, and her best products, and she will then stand first 
of all the states with her exhibit at the great Exposition. 
For the Iowa Columbian Commission, 

F. N. Chase. Secretary, 

As no cash prizes were offered by the Exposition except in the Live 
Stock Department, I was obliged to depend wholly upon the generosity and 
state pride of the Farmers, Dairymen and Bee-keepers of Iowa to assist in 
making a creditable showing of the resources of the State. They responded, 
and I take this opportunity to thank all those whose aid made it possible for 
me to make an exhibit worthy of our State. 

To further increase an interest in an exhibit of our cereals, and other 
products, at a meeting of the Commission, the following resolution was in- 
troduced by Commissioner Packard, and adopted: 

"The following action was taken by the Iowa Columbian Commission in 
session at Des Moines, June 9th, 1892: 

'Commissioner Packard spoke of the importance of offering prizes and 
recommended to the Commissioner of Agriculture of this Commission that 
he offer cash prizes for grains, seeds and grasses, to be competed for at the 
Iowa State Fair in 1892. The Committee was empowered to offer such 
prizes." 

SPECIAL PREMIUMS. 
Headquarters Iowa Columbian Commission, 
Office of Secretary, Cedar Falls, Ia , June 15th, 1892. 
To the Fanners of Iowa : 

Gentlemen: — At a regular meeting of the Iowa Columbian Commis- 
sion held at the Capitol, Des Moines, Iowa, June 8, 1892, the Commissioner 



136 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

in charge of the Department of Agriculture of said Iowa Commission, (F. 
X. Chase, Cedar Falls, lowaj was authorized to offer special premiums on 
grain in the straw and grasses to be competed for at the Iowa State Fair, 
August 26th to September 2d, 1892. 

Your attention is called to the following premiums together with 
instructions and rules governing the contest. 

PREMIUMS ON GRAIN IN STRAW. 

1st. 2d. 

Best fall rye, any variety Sio 00 S 5 00 

Best spring rye, any variety 1000 5 00 

Best fall wheat, any variety 1000 5 00 

Best spring wheat, any variety 1000 5 00 

Best fall barley, any variety- 1000 5 00 

Best spring barley, any variety 1000 5 00 

Best white oats, any variety 1000 5 00 

Best black oats, any variety 1000 5 00 

Best flax 10 00 5 00 

Best and largest collection of grain in strawby one individual 25 00 10 00 
Specimens for this collection must be in addition to all exhibits compet- 
ing for other premiums. Each exhibit to be accompanied by a statement 
showing date of seeding, date of harvesting, mode of cultivation, kind of soil 
and yield per acre. No entry fee required. 

PREMIUMS ON GRASSF.S. 

I St 2d 

Best specimen of timothy Sio 00 S 5 go 

Best specimen of blue grass . — 1000 500 

Best specimen of red clover 1000 5 00 

Best specimen of white clover. 10 00 5 00 

Best specimen of millet, any variety 10 00 5 00 

Best specimen of alfalfa 10 00 5 00 

Best and largest number of named varieties of grasses grown 

in Iowa 15 00 10 00 

Additional samples must be brought to compete for premium on collec- 
tion of grasses. 

Articles competing for these special premiums will not be allowed to 
compete in the regular classes of the State Agricultural Society. The fol- 
lowing rules and conditions must be strictly adhered to: 

Rule I. All entries must be made through John R. Shaffer, Secretary 
State Agricultural Society, on or before the 27th day of August, 1892. 

Rule 2. Exhibitors competing for these special premiums on Grain in 
Straw and Grasses must have their exhibits in place in the Agricultural Hall 
by Saturday night, August 27th, 1892. 

Rule 3. Exhibitors must have two (2) specimens of each variety, one 
with full length straw with roots, and one with full length straw without 
roots. These specimens to be neatly tied and protected in bundles of one 
and one-half (I '/j) inches in diameter and each specimen must be accom- 
panied by two ordinary size field bundles of the same ijuality as specimens 
exhibited. 



REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 137 

Rule 4. All exhibits of grains and grasses to become the property of 
the Iowa Columbian Commission, to be exhibited (at the discretion of said 
Commission) at the World's Fair, and, if practicable, said grain and grasses 
may be placarded, giving name of grower and his county. 

Rule 5. Competition limited to Iowa. No entry fee required. 

Note Three expert judges, consisting of one from the Agricultural 
Society, one from the State Horticultural Society, and one from the State 
Agricultural College, will be selected. These judges may decide the scale 
of points by which the awards will be made. 

Note. The premium list of the State Agricultural Society, having been 
printed and distributed, this special list will be mailed direct to probable 
exhibitors and given an extremely wide circulation throughout the State. 

Note, Your attention is called to the special premium offered on farm 
products by the Hon. W. I. Buchanan. Chief of Department of Agriculture, 
World's Columbian Exposition, on page 148, Premium List of the Iowa 
State Fair for 1892. 

Note. Also note carefully on pages 138, 139, 149 and 150 of Premium 
List, the premiums offered for corn, grain and seed specials, at the Avinter 
meeting of the State Agricultural Society. 

Note. All exhibits must be grown in Iowa and must be the product of 
1891 or 1892, but exhibitors must be able to furnish the required amount 
specified in Rule 3, of each year's growth, or no premium will be awarded 
for that year. F. N. Chase, 

Commissioner in Charge. 

Additional premiums were offered by State Agricultural Society, and by 
W. I. Buchanan. 

The following premiums were also offered and paid by the Iowa Com- 
mission and State Agricultural Society at the winter meeting of the State 
Agricultural Society held in Des Moines, in January, 1893. 

The premiums in classes Nos. i and 2 were offered and paid by 
State Agricultural Society to aid the Iowa Commission in making the Agri- 
cultural exhibit at the World's Columbian Exposition. The offerings in 
classes 3 and 5 were made and paid by this Commission. 

CLASS NO. I. — CORN. 

(Competition limited to the State). 

Entries in all these classes must be made on or before January 9th, 1893. 
Address John. R. Shaffer, Secretary, Des Moines. 

No premiums will be paid unless the following conditions are fully com- 
plied with — no entry fee required in any of the following classes. Exhibits 
to be grown by exhibitor and to be the growth of 1892. 

Statements as to kmd of soil, mode of saving, preparing seed, and time 
of planting, mode of culture and period of maturity to accompany each 
entry. The exhibit to be made at Capitol. 

Premium corn to become the property of the Board. 

In each exhibit made in this list, each 20 ears must be accompanied 
with one-half peck shelled corn of same kind as ears exhibited, except in 
collective exhibit. The collective exhibit must be separate and distinct 

10 



138 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

from individual exhibits. Parties making the collective exhibit can enter 
and compete for the minor premiums with the same varieties of corn, but 
not with the same specimens. 

In collective exhibit the greatest number of varieties shown will not be 
the only test. Quality and display (quality especially) will both be taken into 
consideration. All varieties must be named. Not more nor less than eight 
ears of each variety will be exhibited. 

ist. 2d. 

Best twenty ears large yellow dent $ 10 00 $ 5 00 

Best twenty ears small yellow dent 10 00 5 00 

Best twenty ears large white dent 1000 500 

Best twenty ears small white dent 10 00 5 00 

Best twenty ears mixed dent 1000 500 

Best twenty ears bloody butcher dent 1000 500 

Best twenty ears hackberry dent 1000 500 

Best twenty ears yellow flint . 1000 500 

Best twenty ears white flint 1000 500 

Best twenty ears sugar corn 1000 500 

Best twenty ears pop corn 1000 5 00 

Best twenty largest ears, any variety 1000 1; 00 

Largest number of varieties, best, and best displayed col- 
lective exhibit by any one individual 30 00 20 00 

Third- 10 00 

SCORE OF POINTS FOR EAR CORN. 

Length of ear, 10; circumference of ear, 10; evenness of ear, 10; per 
cent of net grain to cob, 30; color and uniformity of grain 20; quality and 
ripeness of grain, 20. 

The standard for large varieties of Dent are length of ear, 10 inches; cir- 
cumference of ear, 7 inches; length of kernel, 3-5 inches. 

Small Dent: Length of ear, 8 inches; circumference of ear, 6]4 inches; 
length of kernel, 3-5 inches. 

All ears should be cylindrical, tapering slightly to the tip; well filled 
out, both butt and tip. 

Scale of points for sugar corn: Shape of ear, 20; evenness of ear. 20; 
length of kernel, 10; quality, 10; ripeness of grain, 20; sweetness, 20, sweet- 
ness to be decided by taste. 

Shelled corn will be submitted to the ordinary commercial test, and the 
foregoing scale. 

Ear exhibits to be shelled and tested by the scale of points given, the 
object being to obtain the greatest per cent yield of weight, clear corn 
with the least yield possible of weight and dimensions of cob. Any number 
of ears to be subject to test the committee may decide upon. 

Note —We hope, for the pride of our people, and to aid the World's 
Fair Commission that our growers of corn will make this exhibit worthy of 
the great name and State of Iowa. No grander opportunity will ever come 
to us to show up our vast resources than is given us now at the World's Col- 
umbian Exi)osition. Let us accept the invitation and add fame and wealth 
to the garden spot of the nation. 



REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. I39 

CLASS NO. II. — SYRUP AND SUGAR. 

Parties making entries for the premiums on sugar and syrup must file 
with the Secretary at time of entry, on or before January gth, 1893, a written 
statement, giving variety of seed planted, kind of soil, mode of culture and 
manufacture, cost and yield per acre. The sugar and syrup receiving the 
first premium to be left with the Secretary for the Museum of the Society. 

I St. 2d. 

Gallon of syrup made from northern cane grown in Iowa, 

product of 1891 S 20 GO $10 GO 

Gallon of syrup made from northern cane grown in Iowa, 

product of 1892 1000 500 

Ten pounds of sugar made from northern cane grown in 

Iowa, product of 1892 __ 10 00 5 00 

SPECIAL PREMIUMS. 

CLASS NO. III.— CORN. 

Offered by the Iowa Columbian Commission. 

1st. 2d. 3d. 

For the largest and best display of corn in the ear by 

any individual or county in the State of Iowa-_-$5o 00 $25 00 S15 00 

The exhibit must be the product of the years of 1891 or 1892, or both, 
and must contain at least forty (40) varieties. 

Not more or less than ten ears of each variety to be shown, independent 
of that which may be suspended with the husks on. 

A part of the exhibit must be shown with a few husks on. 

The corn exhibited to become the property of the Commission, for Ex- 
hibition at the World's Fair. 

CLASS NO. V. — GRAIN AND SEED. 

Offered by the Iowa Columbian Commission. 

ist. 2d. 

Best peck spring wheat, any variety S 10 00 S 5 00 

Best peck fall wheat, any variety 10 00 5 00 

Best peck spring rye, any variety 10 00 5 00 

Best peck fall rye, any variety 1000 500 

Best peck spring barley, any variety 10 00 5 00 

Best peck oats, any variety 1000 5 00 

Best peck buckwheat 10 co 5 00 

Best peck flax seed 1000 500 

Best peck timothy seed 1000 5 00 

Best peck clover seed lo oo 500 

Best peck blue grass seed 10 00 5 00 

Best peck millet seed 10 00 5 00 

Best peck amber cane seed 1000 500 

The grain and seed exhibited to become the property of the Commission, 
for exhibition at the World's Fair. 



140 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

Exhibits can be the product of the years 1891 or 1892, or both. 

A little later the following letter referring to exhibits in Agricultural, 
Dairy and Apiary Departments was sent to the Press, the State Farmers 
Alliance, State Dairy Association, Beekkeeper's Association, Secretaries of 
County and District Fairs, and Farmers and Dairymen generally: 

IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION. 

Department of Agriculture, Dairy and Apiary, 

Cedar Falls, Iowa. 1892. 

Dear Sir:— Having been appointed by the Iowa Columbian Commis- 
sion to take charge of the work of collecting and installing an exhibit of such 
products and articles as are embraced in the Department of Agriculture, 
including the Dairy industry, the Apiary, and Agricultural Machinery, I beg 
to call your attention to the great prominence Iowa has already attained as 
an agricultural state, and the importance of our having an exhibition of our 
soil and the very best of the products of our soil, the finest specimens that 
can be produced from our creameries and the dairy, and an exhibit of the 
honey we produce, at the World's Fair, and thereby attract the attention of 
the millions of visitors to that great Exposition to Iowa and to her wonderful 
resources and possibilities in the line of Agriculture. 

The question is sometimes asked, have the farmers and producers any 
interest in making this kind of an exhibit? Most certainly, yes. All classes 
will be benefitted, but I believe the farmer more than any other. Iowa is 
now only in its infancy. We know our soil and its producing qualities. We 
now stand first as a corn producing state, and, without doubt, wi-11 always 
grow more corn than any other state in the Union (to say nothing of our 
$150,000,000 worth of other farm products grown annually in Iowa), but the 
greater the production the worse off we are unless we can find more con- 
sumers. 

The World's Fair is the great opportunity of our generation to show 
to the world what we produce, and to induce the peoples of the world to use 
it. The increased consumption in this and other countries, making a greater 
demand for export, will surely give the farmer what he so much needs, and 
most earnestly desires, a good price for his corn and other farm products. 
In 1891, Iowa produced 335,000,000 bushels of corn. If we increase the 
price only 5c per bushel, by this exhibit it would add to the Iowa farmers' 
pocket money nearly $17,000,000 annually. We ask your hearty co-operation. 

First: To aid in making a creditable collective exhibit of our products 
in the Iowa State Building now being erected on the World's Fair Grounds. 

Second: To aid in making an exhibit in the various classes in the com- 
petitive departments in the Agricultural and Dairy Buildings. 

For an exhibit of farm and garden products in the Iowa State Building 
we must have the very best samples that Iowa can produce We are all 
alike interested in this, and we solicit specimens of any of the following 
products: 

1. Shelled corn, any kind, 2 (|ts of each variety. 

2. Corn in the ear, any kind, not less than six ears of each variety. 

3. Corn in the ear with a few husks attached. 



REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 141 

4. Grains, all kinds, threshed, 2 qts. of each variety. 

5 Farm, garden and flower seeds, from 3^ pt. to i qt. each. 

6. Grains of all kinds in straw, full length, part with roots attached, 
tied in bundles about i }4 inches in diameter. 

7. Grasses of all kinds put up same as grains in straw. 

8. Flax and flax seed, flax fiber, millet, broom corn with seed and in 
the brush 

9. Specimens of anything in the bee industry, and apiary supplies. 

10. Honey in the comb and extracted. 

11. Amber cane, and sugar and syrup manufactured from the same. 
One gallon of syrup and not less than five pounds of sugar. 

12. Beet sugar not less than five pounds. 

Any of the samples contributed can, if desired, have the name of the 
individual or county placed upon the exhibit. 

Small cotton sacks for grain and seeds, also tags, will be furnished upon 
application to me 

When samples or anything for exhibition are ready for shipment, write 
for full shipping directions — (make no shipment without first writing for 
shipping directions)— and full information will be sent. Freight will be 
paid by this Department on all samples furnished as part of the State 
Exhibit. 

It is hoped that the secretaries and other officers of county and district 
agricultural societies will secure from exhibitors at their respective fairs as 
many samples as possible, bearing in mind that it is the best quality and 
and not quantity that is wanted. Such exhibits as are secured in this way 
will be taken in charge by the Secretary and any expense for storing and 
draying will be paid by this Department. 

The exhibit in the State Building is to advertise the resources of the 
state and will not be classified. 

Articles for competition in the various Exposition buildings in the sev- 
eral departments wilj be classified and shown under the rules of the Expo- 
sition management. 

Further information in regard to exhibits in the Agricultural, Dairy 
and Apiary Departments, also the general rules issued by the Exposition 
management governing the competitive exhibits m the different depart- 
ments and classes, will be sent on application. 

F. N. CHASE, 
Commissioner in Charge of Dept. of Agriculture, 

Cedar Falls, Iowa. 

Later the following letter was sent: 

Department of Agriculture, Dairy and Apiary. 
Cedar Falls, Iowa, February, 1893. 

Dear Sir: — Since issuing my last bulletin the Board of Management 
of the World's Columbian Exposition have decided to publish the names of 
all exhibitors in the competitive classes of the various departments in the 
"Official Catalogue of the Exposition," and no separate state catalogue of 
these exhibitors will be permitted. As this catalogue must be completed 
by May ist, it is imperative that you send your names immediately, as the 
printing must be done at once. 



142 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

We therefore request that you act promptly; send your name, with 
county and town, immediately, to F. N. Chase, Cedar Falls, Iowa. Do not 
put this off even for a day. 

The State Agricultural Exhibit will be made up of these individual ex- 
hibits, and when the awards are made a Certificate, Diploma or Medal will 
be awarded to the individual exhibitors that receive an award. 

The exhibitor will be at no expense whatever in the departments 
named in this bulletin, except for the samples furnished. Do not send any 
mferior samples. Iowa must show her best if she wins. 

Yours respectfully, 

F. N. CHASE, 

Cedar Falls, Iowa. 
Commissioner in charge of Department of Agriculture, Dairy and Apiary. 

The first important step was to secure a good location in the Agricul- 
tural Building, with sufficient amount of space on which we could install 
the cereals and other products of the farm and garden. 

Iowa was the first state to make an appropriation for an exhibit, and 
among the first that made application to the Chief of the Agricultural De- 
partment of the Exposition for space in the Agricultural Building, and was 
assigned what was known as Section i, and contaimng two thousand one 
hundred and five square feet of space on the main floor. The location was 
very desirable, in the center of the building, being one of the four corners 
facing on the grand avenues running through the building east and west 
and north and south. 

Iowa having been assigned a very prominent location, the installation 
and the exhibit must be worthy of the location, and a credit to our great and 
growing state, which now ranks as the leading agricultural state in the 
Union. 

THE PAVILION. 

The plans for the pavilion to be erected for this department of the 
Iowa exhibit were made by the Josselyn & Taylor Co., Architects, of Cedar 
Rapids. It was Moorish in design, and the decorations were all done in 
natural products, and wrought in beautiful designs and figures, made up of 
staple and fancy colored corn, small grain, seeds, grasses, golden rod, su- 
mach, sorghum stalks and seed, cat-tails, corn tassels, wild sage, and many 
other seeds, plants and flowers, all together making a marvelous picture. 

When completed it was a thing of beauty and greatly admired by the 
many millions that visited the great Exposition, 

Nearly all the displays, both domestic and foreign, made in the Agri- 
cultural Building, were a revelation to every one, but none were more highly 
commended or praised than Iowa's artistic pavilion, and the unique exhibi- 
tion of its natural products. 

The decorations on this pavilion and on the pagodas were all done by 
Messrs. Mil ward & Clark, Decorators, of Sioux City, who had just com- 
pleted the natural products decorations in the pavilion of the Iowa State 
Building, which was a leading, if not the greatest attraction of the 
whole Exposition. 



REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE I43 

THE EXHIBIT. 

The assistants in charge of the division of Farm and Garden Products 
were Ben S. Packard and L. G. Clute. 

Six ornamental pagodas were built in this pavilion, on which were in- 
stalled the exhibits. These pagodas were decorated in same style as the 
pavilion itself. The exhibits installed were the best specimens and samples 
of all the cereals grown in the state. Corn was very properly made a prom- 
inent feature of the exhibit — ^one hundred and thirty different varieties being 
shown — and very many samples were the finest ever shown at any Exposi- 
tion Many of the exhibits were donated by individual farmers of the state. 
These were exhibited in the name of the grower and many of them were 
awarded a medal or diploma or both. The list of names of exhibitors and 
those that received awards is hereto attached and made part of this report. 
A beautiful large silk banner and fourteen smaller banners with the word 
"Iowa" wrought in golden grain told everyone that this was the Iowa Agri- 
ricultural Exhibit. 

As evidence that the exhibit was creditable and the installation artistic 
and attractive, the Jury of Awards gave Iowa both Medal and Diploma for 
the best and most artistically arranged collection of farm and garden 
products. 

SOIL. 

The samples of Iowa soil were exhibited in white glass cylinders six (6) 
feet long, and six (6) mches in diameter, placed in cylinder showing the nat- 
ural strata from the sod or surface down to the subsoil. Each of these cyl- 
inders had a fine white enameled label with border and letters in gold "Iowa 
Soil." A number of these were shown in the Iowa Exhibit in Agricultural 
Building; also in the Iowa State Building, and attracted much attention and 
favorable comment. 

It was the design of the Commissioner in charge to show samples of 
soil obtained from different localities, not from every county, but represent- 
ing all parts of the state. 

Galvanized iron tubes of the same size of the glass exhibition tubes were 
made for transporting the soil, and sent to the different parts of the State, 
and were filled gratuitously by the following named persons: 

Hon. James O. Crosby, Garnavillo, Clayton Co.; Hon. Jasper Thompson, 
Forest City, Winnebago Co.; J. J. Madden, Le Mars, Plymouth Co.; Hon. 
S. B. Packard, Marshalltown, Marshall Co.; Hon. Chas. Ashton, Guthrie 
Center, Guthrie Co. ; Hon. B. F. Clayton, Macedonia, Pottawattamie Co.; 
Dr. A. C. Roberts, Ft. Madison, Lee Co. ; Prof. Jas. Wilson, Experimental 
Station, Ames, Story Co.; L. G. Clute, Greeley, Delaware Co.; J. F. Record, 
Glenwood, Mills Co.; F. N. Chase, Cedar Falls, Black Hawk Co. 

Other samples of soil were offered, but these were deemed sufficient to 
show the world the character, depth and richness of Iowa soil. 



144 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

IOWA FARM PRODUCTS. 1891. 

CROPS. BUSHELS. VALUE. 

Corn 335»03^598 8100,509,479 

Oats 115,810,800 26,636,484 

Wheat 27,586,000 31,517,080 

Rye 2,051,400 1,333410 

Barley 4,528,669 1,811,467 

Flax 3,154,016 2,523,212 

Buckweat 414,000 276,000 

Timothy, clover and millet seed, estimated value 1,750,000 

Irish potatoes, 25,620,350 bushels 5,380,273 

Sweet potatoes, 207,900 bushels 207,900 

Broom corn ^ 270,570 

Hay— Timothy and clover, tons, 5,582,890 33,479,340 

Prairie hay and other forage crops, estimated 6,800,000 

Sorghum 904,718 

The government estimate of corn in Iowa in 1891 was 350,580,000 bush- 
els, based on an overestimate of acreage, but>we take the State Official Re- 
port as correct, although not as large as the government estimate. 

Butter and cheese 173,690,715 lbs., value, $34,188,148. 

This does not include milk consumed in cities and families. 

Mr. Secretary Shaffer, of the Agricultural Society, estimates total soil 
products of Iowa, including fruits, for 1891, $314,968,284. 

CLIMATE. 

Average temperature and rainfall in the six crop months. 

TEMPERATURE. RAINFALL. 

April 45 degrees April 2.60 inches 

May -_ 60 " May 4.10 

June 69 " June 4.94 

July.--- .--.. 74 " July 4.30 

August 71 " August.. 3.60 

September 62 " September 3.70 

Average per month-- 63.8 degrees Total for crop months --.23.24 inches 

Average temperature in summer months 71.3 deg. 

Total rainfall of summer months 12.84 inches 

Geo. M. Chapel, M. D., J. R. Sage, 

U. S. Bureau, Ass't Director. Iowa Weather Service Director. 

WOOL. 

The Iowa wool exhibit was shown in the North Gallery of the Agricul- 
tural Building. This exhibit numbered about fifty fleeces, and Iowa cap- 
tured two awards in this division, namely: 

Iowa Agricultural College, Ames. 

W. H. Edgerton, Nassau. 



REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE I45 

FLAX. 

This industry, now in its infancy in our State, gives evidence of wonder- 
ful results in the near future. In Winnebago and other counties in the 
northwestern part of the State the industry is already quite large, and very 
remunerative. 

Some very fine samples of flax seed, and flax spinning fiber were 
exhibited, but not entered for competition. 

The citizens of Forest City, under the direction of Hon. Jasper Thomp- 
son, reproduced a model of the "Flax Palace," which was placed in the Iowa 
Building. It was a great attraction, and Mr. Thompson and the members 
of the Flax Palace Association deserve the thanks of the Iowa Columbian 
Commission, and of every Iowa citizen for this valuable contribution to the 
Iowa Exhibit. 

Some very fine samples of flax seed and flax spinning fiber were ex- 
hibited, but not entered for competition, 

NAMES OF EXHIBITORS IN AGRICULTURAL BUILDING. 

GROUPS 1,4, 5, SOIL, FARM AND GARDEN PRODUCTS 

J. B. Rutherford, Manchester, fall rye. 
J. J. Wilson, Norwark. fall rye. 
Lee Hudler. Audubon, fall rye and timothy seed. 
E, H. Smith, Dubuque, corn and other cereals and grasses. 
L. G. Clute, Greeley, q4 varieties of corn and a large variety of cereals 
and grasses. 

James Hethershaw, Des Moines. 15 varieties of potatoes. 
Nims Bros., Emerson. 16 varieties of grain and grasses, 
Harvey Graves, Des Moines, millet seed. 
John Price, Des Moines, cereals. 

E. B. Clark, Red Oak, fall wheat 

F, S, White, Des Moines, grain, field, garden and flower seeds. 

E. P. Wright, Summerset, corn and small grain, many varieties. 
L Rundell, Iowa City, Egyptian barley and spring wheat. 
Chas. Ashton, Guthrie Center, fall wheat. 

S. B. Packard, Marshalltown, fall wheat, (Turkey Red). 
John Cownie, South Amana, timothy seed. 

F. R, Eral, Rolfe, corn and German millet. 

Wm. Thompson, Humboldt, corn and timothy seed. 

Henry Herrold, Ridgedale, sorghum syrup and corn. 

J. P. Wherry, Guernsey, sorghum syrup, 

J, S. Crawford, Atlantic, corn. 

W. A. Wilson, Waterloo, wild and tame grasses. 

Isaac Bird, Sheffield, corn. 

Alex Kelly, Creston, corn. 

H. C. Brown, Dumont, corn. 

W, M. Lovett, East Elkport, corn and seeds. 

Fred McCullock, Hartwick, corn, grasses and grain. 



146 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

S. A. McCandless, Belle Plaine, corn. 

W, J. McCammon, Perry, corn. 

Andrew Preston, Battle Creek, corn. 

Jasper Thompson Forest City, flax fiber. 

Abraham Smith, Grand Mound, corn. 

W. J. McClimon, Villonova, corn. 

A. L. Plummer, Ivy, seeds and corn. 

J. C. Ellis. Truro, corn. 

A. F. Collman, Corning, corn, grain and grasses. 

J. E. Doolittle, Cresco, corn and oats. 

E. W. Kregel, Garnavillo, corn, oats and timothy seed. 

F. L. Morgan, Perry, corn. 

E. H. Knickerbocker, Fairfax, corn, wheat and rye. 

G. W. Bingham, Jesup, corn and soil. 

M. H. Connell, Guernsey, grain and seeds. 

John H. Alberts, Jefferson, corn and German millet. 

C. V. Surf us, Bristow, corn grain and seed. 

C. Rockville & Sons, Conrad Grove, corn, grain and seed. 

Elmer Reeves Waverly, grain and corn. 

Wm. M Husted, Des Moines, corn. 

C, L. Gabrilson, New Hampton, Snow Flake potatoes. 

M. Crail. Mason City, corn. 

J. J. Russell, Mason City, corn, 

Joseph Elliott, Polen, corn and wheat. 

W. F. Steigerwalt, Carroll, oats, rye and timothy seed. 

Henry Spintig, Perry, corn. 

Henry Bills, Perry, corn. 

Moses James, Perry, corn. 

Clyde Bice, Perry, corn. 

Guy Roger, Perry, corn. 

Jacob Snyder, Marshalltown, corn and oats. 

Wm. Angus, Strahan, corn. 

S. V. Swearingen, Sidney, corn. 

A. H. Beecher, Ida Grove, wheat and oats. 

Hugo Buyer, New London, 40 varieties vegetables. 

Geo. W. Franklin, Atlantic, wheat. 

Joseph Holmes, German millet. 

Fred Werges, National, corn, wheat and oats. 

P. F. Meighan, Garnavillo, corn and Red clover seed. 

Wm. Krueger, Garnavillo, large white corn. 

E. Dougal, Panama, corn. 

C. L. Gabrilson, New Hampton, barley and oats. 

Plymouth Co. World's Fair Ass'n •, Le Mars, wheat, flour and mill feed. 

Fred Murrah, Red Oak, potatoes. 

Many others whose names do not appear in this list sent very fine 
samples of corn and other cereals, but as they were not accompanied by the 
necessary data for the competitive exhibit, were placed on exhibition with 
the collective exhibit in the Iowa State building. 



REPORT OF DEPAKTMENT OF AGRICULTURE I47 

IOWA AWARDS IN THE AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENT. 
FARM PRODTCTS. 



CORN. 

James B. Wise, Sabula. 
J. O. Stephens, Shelby. 

A. Doty, Shelby. 
Martin Nelson, Shelby. 
Chas. Haldoof, Shelby. 
Hyram Kastor, Manchester 

B. Wragg, Creston. 

C. T. Lambert, Mills County. 
John Lawrence, Emerson. 
S A. McCandless, Belle Plaine. 
John H. Alberts, Jefferson. 
A. L. Plummer, Ivy. 
H. S. Brown & Son, Emerson. 
Ed. Connell, Greeley. 
Jas. Fitzpatrick, Greeley, 
F. S. White, Des Moines. 
J. S. Crawford, Atlantic. 
C R Taylor, Hamburg. 
Nathan Drake, Decorah. 
E. P. Cooper, Shelby. 

Wm. Krueger, 



Hugh Linn, Shelby. 
H. N. Frum, Shelby. 
J. O. Rathburn, Stinnett. 
John and Roy Brown, Shelby. 
M. Wilcox, Shelby. 
J. R. Turner, Wiota. 
S. D. Brothers, Emerson. 
Nims Bros., Emerson. 
Fred McCullock, Hartwick. 
P. F. Meighan, Clayton. 
J. C. Ellis, Truro. 
A. F. Collman, Corning. 
John Cruise, Jr., Earlville. 
Samuel Way, Greeley. 
J. W. Rector, Oneida. 
M. C. Davis, Creston. 
L. S. Rockwell, Rockwell. 
J. E. Branch, Elkader. 
J. W. Miles, Miles. 
Fred Werges. National. 
Garnavillo. 



WHEAT. 

Chas. Ashton, Guthrie Center. B. B. Clark, Red Oak. 



E. H. Smith, Dubuque. 



OATS. 

C L. Gabrilson, New Hampton. 

BARLEY. 

A. H. Cane, Corinne. 

BUCKWHEAT. 

L. Hudler, Audubon. 

TIMOTHY SEED. 

S. S. Patterson, Cresco. 

MILLET SEED. 

John H. Alberts. Jefferson. William Angus, Strahan. 

TIMOTHY, RED TOP AND SEEDS. 

H. H. Connell, Guernsey. 



John Cownie, South Amana. 



148 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

RED CLOVER SEED. 

A. L. Plummer, Ivy. 

POTATOES. 

Fred Murrah, Red Oak. 

BEANS. 

J. W. Rector. Oneida. L. G. Clute, Greeley, twenty-one awards on corn, 
wheat, oats, barley, buckwheat, rye, potatoes, clover and grasses. 
State of Iowa. Artistic Display of Farm and Garden Products. 

Forty Iowa Exhibitors received awards on corn, and this does not in- 
clude the collection of corn, or the prize awarded to the State of Iowa. 

IOWA DAIRY EXHIBIT. 

Department of Agriculture. 

Believing that this was Iowa's opportunity to show her strength as a 
Dairy State, and not only maintain, but surpass, her grand record made at 
previous World's Fairs and expositions as a prize winner in the Dairy De- 
partment, I determined, if possible, to make the Iowa Butter Exhibit at the 
World's Columbian Exposition the best that could possibly be made, and to 
this end I visited the Dairymen in the different counties, and also attended 
the State Convention of the Iowa State Dairy Association, and found them 
ready to co-operate in such a way as to enlist a large per cent of the more 
than 800 Creameries of the State, as well as the Dairymen, large and small, 
throughout Iowa. On their recomm.endation, I appointed the Secretary of 
their Association. Mr. C. L. Gabrilson, of New Hampton, as Superintendent 
of this department, and placed the work of selecting and installing the ex- 
hibit in his hands. He immediately commenced to correspond with the 
managers of this great industry, and personally visited many of the leading 
Creameries of the State, and it is simply justice for me to state that the 
grand success of the Iowa Butter Exhibit was largely due to his experience 
and faithful services. 

The dairy industry, particularly the butter making in our numerous 
creameries and dairies, is now one of the most important and profitable of 
any industry in our commonwealth, and it was determined to expend the 
small amount of money at our disposal for use in this division of the Agri- 
cultural Department in making the best possible exhibit of butter, and for 
this reason, although there is a large number of cheese factories in our State, 
and cheese of excellent quality is made, no effort was made to put Iowa 
cheese on exhibition. 

The rapid growth of the dairy industry in Iowa has been made since 
1876, when at the Centennial at Philadelphia, a citizen of Iowa surprised the 
world by securing })remiums on butter. There was no great showing of but- 
ter at the Philadelphia FLxposition, but the premiums received were on ab- 
solute merit. At the World's Industrial and Cotton Centennial in New Or- 
leans in 1885, Iowa was awarded a gold medal on sweepstakes, and about 
twenty (20) first premiums. At the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893, 



REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 149. 

as later shown in this report, Iowa exhibitors in this department received 
one hundred and twenty (120) awards, and will bring to the State seventy- 
eight (78) medals and diplomas stating the degree of excellence of each ex- 
hibit. This shows that at each Exposition we have made great improve- 
ment, and in this last competitive exhibit against the world, there was no 
butter that excelled that shown by the Iowa exhibitors. 

The Iowa Exhibit of Butter occupied fifty lineal feet of glass refrigerat- 
ing cases, installed in the center of the Dairy Building on the west side. 
These cases were built at a cost of about S500, including the refrigeration. 

The following letter was mailed to the managers of over 800 creameries,, 
and to a large number of dairymen in the State. 

IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION. 

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
F. N. CHASE, COMMISSIONER. 

C. L. Gabrilson, Superintendent in Charge. 

To the Butter Makers of Iowa : 

Secretary Chase, of the Iowa Columbian Commission, has secured fifty 
lineal feet of glass exhibition cases in the Dairy Building at the World's Fair 
for the display of Iowa's dairy product. No other state, or country, has more 
space. 

There is room in the cases, which are to be refrigerated, for ten tubs of 
butter in each five feet five inches of space. This would provide place for 
100 tubs of creamery butter, if no space were used for butter in fancy forms. 
Below the show case proper there is place for the smaller packages of dairy 
butter. 

There is to be a new exhibit of butter from the ist to the loth of each of 
the following months: June, July, September and October. Seventy-five 
tubs of creamery butter is about all that can be used at each exhibit. Ap- 
plications for space from the creameries and private dairies are now called 
for. 

The honor of having butter on exhibit at the World's Fair is an oppor- 
tunity which does not come in the lifetime of many. To be enrolled in the 
Exposition catalogue, and have the privilege of competing for the prizes 
offered, is a mark of distinction in which high merit only can expect to par- 
ticipate. Iowa must sustain its world wide reputation as the banner dairy 
state, when it comes to winning universal honors. 

Although the value of Iowa's dairy products exceeds that of any other 
state, we are far behind in means for making such a display as the import- 
ance of our leading industry demands. The cost of installation will be one 
thousand dollars Illinois is asking its legislature, now in session, to vote 
$20,000 to defray the expense of its dairy exhibit. New York has $10,000 set 
aside for this purpose, while Iowa has less than half the latter sum. And the 
Commission feels that the dairymen of Iowa must come forward and sustain 
its position by contributing samples of their best product. Wherever this 
has been broached there is an entire willingness to thus help in making a 
creditable display. 



150 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

Tubs of uniform size, quality and make will be used to contain the but- 
ter. These will be sent to the creameries and dairies selected to supply the 
butter required. 

The packages must be carefully protected from injury by being covered 
with canvass (salt sacks will answer) so that they will arrive at their desti- 
nation in the pink of condition. 

Nominations for the privilege of exhibition are requested at once, since 
the names of exhibitors are wanted for publication in the general catalogue 
which is to be issued before the Exposition opens. 

For further particulars apply to C. L. Gabrilson, 

In Charge of Dairy Department of Iowa State Exhibit, Secretary Iowa State 

Dairy Association, New Hampton, Iowa. 

Instead of writing at length, giving the plans and methods of making 
the four separate exhibits of butter, I copy here extracts from the General 
Rules of the Board of Management of the Columbian Exposition, which 
fully explain the conditions under which all exhibits have to he made: 

RULES GOVERNING THE EXHIBIT IN GROUP 7. * 

Which included all the exhibits of butter and cheese. 

11. Dairy products will be received for exhibition only between the 
I St and loth of the following months : June, July, September and October, 1 893. 

12. The arrangement of all dairy exhibits will be under the control of 
this Depastment. 

13. Exhibits of butter will be classified and limited as follows: 

Class I — Dairy — Butter made by exhibitor on the farm from a mixed 
herd. Exhibit to consist of not more than one package, weight to be not 
less than 10 nor more than 20 pounds. 

Class 2 — Dairy — Butter made by exhibitor on the farm from a herd 
of one breed. Exhibit to consist of not more than one package, weight to 
be not less than 10 nor more than 20 pounds. 

Class 3 — Prints and Fancy Packages — Butter must be manufactured by 
exhibitor. Exhibit to occupy space not exceeding 18 inches square. Total 
weight of exhibit not to exceed 20 pounds. 

Class 4 — Creamery — butter made by the exhibitor from the milk of 
mixed herds from cream separated from the milk in the creamery where 
the butter is made. Exhibit to consist of one commercial package to weigh 
not less than 55 pounds. 

Class 5 — Creamery — Butter made by exhibitor from gathered cream. 
Exhibit to consist of one commercial package, to weigh not less than 55 
pounds. 

Butter will be judged on the following points, the figures set opposite 
indicating the maximum per cent, the total of all such maximums be- 
ing 100: 

Flavor .. 45 

Grain _. 25 

Color-.- 15 

Salting 10 

Packing . .. — ^ 

Total 100 



REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE I5I 

The general standard of color for butter will be "June Grass Butter." 

Iowa entered all the butter classes of the four distinct exhibits, viz. : 
June, July, September and October. The Bureau of Awards of the Colum- 
bian Exposition adopted a more rigid test than was ever made at any previous 
exposition, and yet under this severe test, Iowa scored a higher record than 
ever before, and the exhibit of creamery and dairy butter was one to be 
proud of, being alike an honor to the exhibitor and a credit to the state. 

The butter of the first test or June exhibit was nearly all donated by the 
exhibitors, both in the creamery and dairy classes, which was, after the test 
and examination by the jury, sold and netted the Iowa Commission over 
$800, which was turned over to the Treasury of the Commission. All butter 
which made up the three following exhibits was sold at the close of each 
test for the benefit of the exhibitor. 

I embody as a part of this report one of the letters sent out from this De- 
partment to the exhibitors by Superintendent Gabrilson. This letter was 
sent after the June and July tests had been made, and was intended to 
give such information as would enable the exhibitors to present butter at 
the following tests that would score even higher, if possible, than the two 
months previous. 

Dairy Building, Jackson Park, August 14, 1893. 

The time has come to make preparations for the September test in the 
World's Fair Dairy exhibits, although the judging does not take place until 
about the loth of next month. 

Preliminary work is called for because of the activity which is mani- 
fested in every section from whence butter has been entered for competition 
in the present international contest. It is not only necessary that creamery 
operators and butter makers should be very careful and nice in the manipu- 
lation of milk and cream in the churning room, but this same pains-taking 
care and watchfulness must be shared by all who deal with this product, 
either as feeders of cows whose milk enters into its composition or as milkers 
and milk haulers. In every step the same vigilance is called for, else the 
entire product suffers. 

It is not only that these tests reflect the skill and high intelligence of 
those who provide the milk and manufacture its product — which is of im- 
portance to those directly interested— but there is yet the honor and credit 
of proud Iowa to be sustained, and everyone connected with these exhibits 
should feel that this duty rests upon himself or herself. 

In many cases too much latitude was assumed in getting the exhibits to 
Jackson Park in time. The butter must all be here and entered by Sep- 
tember loth according to the rule; and this rule will probably be rigidly en- 
forced hereafter. Now, in order to come within the limit, each exhibitor 
must closely calculate the time required to accomplish this, allowing 24 
hours for transfer from the cold storage rooms in Chicago to Jackson Park. 
Better ship several days earlier than run risk of late arrival. Do not ship 
anything by express but by refrigerator car only, to A. H. Barber, as in 
July. 

With perfect arrangements for holding the butter in Chicago, we sug- 
gest that the shipment be made by the refrigerator which leaves on the 5th 



152 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

or 6th of September rather than trust to the hope of getting through late in 
the week. Study this matter please. 

Make special effort to cool the butter as quickly and thoroughly as pos- 
sible after churning; and do not spare covering to keep it so while in transit. 
Avoid the risk of impure milk through the intervention of a rain storm at 
milking time, or from any other cause. 

The score card is an unprejudiced umpire and the lessons taught should 
be heeded. Let us all try — for IOWA. 

Enclosed tind shipping tags. Yours truly, 

C. L. GABRlLSOxX, 
Superintendent Iowa Dairy Exhibit. 

As a result of this, Iowa scored a higher scale of points on the four con- 
secutive tests than any other state or nation. 

The following is a list of names of exhibitors in the various butter 
classes and tests. 

NAMES OF EXHIBITORS IN DAIRY DEPARTMENT. 

New Hampton Creamery, New Hampton. 

Williamstown Creamery, Williamstown. 

Little Turkey Creamery, Little Turkey. 

North Iowa Creamery, Poorest City. 

North Iowa Creamery, Clarion 

Livermore Creamery, Livermore 

E. L. Bracy, Maynard. 

Henderson & Babcock, Central City. 

J. W. Darby, Greenfield. 

Levi A. Jenkins, St. Ansgar. 

W. S. Smarzo, Maynard. 

Golden Star Creamery. Dyersville. 

Manchester Co-operative Creamery Co., Manchester. 

H. A. Miller, Oelwein. 

W. H. Blunt. Fairbanks. 

H. J. Neitert, Walker. 

Devon Creamery, Devon. 

H. D, Parsons, Newton. 

Fayette Creamery Association, Fayette. 

C. W. Adams, Breda. 

W. H. Sanford, Amber. 

S. K. Swenson, Story City. 

Rock Creek Creamery, Osage. 

Jefferson Creamery, Oelwein. 

Spring Branch Creamery, Manchester. 

Hampton Creamery, Hampton 

Lewis Forthum Chapin. 

E. E. Van Auken, Clear Lake. 

Louis Brahe, Andover. 

Riverton Creamery. Spencer. 



REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. I53 

E. M. Haven, Bristow. 
J. F. Powers, Plainfield. 
G, B. Strayer, Lawn Hill. 
Postville Creamery, Postville. 
Frankville Creamery, Decorah. 
Union Creamery, West Union. 
Bassett Creamery, Bassett. 
Ionia Creamery, Ionia. 

North Washington Creamery, North Washington. 

Castalia Creamery, Castalia. 

Festina Creamery, Festina. 

Giard Creamery, Giard. 

Highlandville Creamery, Hesper. 

Hesper Creamery, Hesper. 

Decorah Creamery, Decorah, 

Ridgeway Creamery, Decorah. 

Elgin Creamery, Elgin. 

Lime Springs Creamery, Lime Springs. 

Ossian Creamery, Ossian. 

Clermont Valley Creamery, Clermont. 

G. B. Lawson, Grinnell. 

Protovin Creamery, Protovin. 

J. Waughtal, Clear Lake. 

Diamond Creamery, Monticello. 

W. W. Bennett, Churdan. 

R. M. Fonda, Luana. 

H. S. Waid, Charles City. 

C. L Gabrilson, New Hampton. 

B. P. Norton, Cresco. 

P. H. Young, Garden Grove. 
L. L. Parker, Greeley. 
Mrs George Tyler, Decorah. 
J. D. Herrick, Fredericksburg. 
Mrs S. D. Martin, Belmond. 

C. Schruber, New Hampton. 
G. W. Russell, Greene. 
Mrs David Blake, Greene. 
Mrs M. Putnam, Greene. 

F. D. Pierce, Cedar Falls. 
Mechanicsville Creamery Co., Mechanicsville. 
B. W. Kenyon. Masonville. 

Eden Valley Creamery, Low Moor. 
Globe Creamery, Luxemburg. 
Greeley Farmer's Creamery, Greeley. 
A. R. Carrier, Garnavillo. 
Ft. Atkinson Creamery. Ft. Atkinson. 
Jerico Co-operative Creamery, Jerico. 
J. Carber, Rockwell. 
S. B. Mills, Elmont. 



154 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

P. G. Henderson, Central City. 

J. Varney, Dickens. 

Cold Water Creamery Company. 

W. I. Moody, Nashua, 

Iowa Butter and Cheese Co., Corning. 

Grimes Butter and Cheese Co., Grimes. 

C. W. Mead & Sons, Manchester. 

Osage Co-operative Creamery, Osage. 

West Hamlin Creamery, Exira. 

H. L. Test, Ross. 

Clelland Bros., Parkersburg. 

E. D. Wilcox, Clarksville. 
Xordness Creamery, Nordness. 
Glenwood Creamery, Decorah. 
Village Creek Creamery, Decorah. 
Iowa Agricultural College, Ames. 
Mason City Creamery, Mason City. 
Harry A. Bates, What Cheer, 
Minerva Valley Creamery. 

F. L. Huxtable, Clear Lake. 
Elma Creamery, Elma. 
Charles Brown, Cresco. 
Aaron Sheatz, Decorah. 
Frank Dodson, Logan. 
Mrs. C. H. Lyon, Dexter. 
Mrs. D. Leach, Decorah. 

J. K. Jorgenson, Fredsville. 

M. N. Smith, Grundy Center. 

Watson Child, Manchester. 

S. C. Seaman, Clinton. 

Jerry Sheehan, Osage. 

Samuel Rowell, Osage. 

P. L. Yonker, Belmond. 

Dan Sheehan, Osage. 

A. S. Brownell, Rudd. 

Mrs. Wm. Crawford. 

Mrs. E. F. Brockway, Washington. 

E. W. Proctor, Williamstown. 

Renner Bros., Grand Junction. 

W. L. Passmore, West Branch, exhibited Cheese, but as this was the 
only exhibit of cheese, it was not entered for competition. 

The list of winners given below, shows that a very large per cent of 
those entering the list as competitors were prize winners. 



REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 



155 



AWARDS IN THE DAIRY DEPARTMENT. 
BUTTER EXHIBIT. 



IOWA'S RECORD AS A DAIRY STATE. 

The Columbian Board of Awards, at the suggestion of the judges who 
passed on the exhibits, adopted the following scale as the standard of ex- 
cellence for butter: 

For June exhibit, in all classes, 97 points. 
For July exhibit, as follows: 

Separator class, 96 points 

Gathered cream class, 95 points. 

Dairy class, 94 points. 
For September and October, the range was: 

Separator class, 95 points. 

Gathered cream class, 94 points, and 

Dairy class, 93 points. 
On the basis of the above qualifications, Iowa secured awards as folllows: 
(The different classes are designated by numbers as follows: 
Dairy (i) Separator (4) Gathered Cream (5.) 



NAME. 



New Hampton Creamery, New Hampton-- 

Williamstown Creamery, Williamstown 

Little Turkey Creamery, Little Turkey 

N, Iowa Creamery, Forest City 

N. Iowa Creamery, Garner 

Livermore Creamery, Livermiore 

E. L. Bracy, Maynard 

Henderson & Babcock, Central City 

J. W. Darby. Greenfield 

Levi A. Jenkins, St, Ansgar 

W. S. Smarzo, Maynard 

Golden Star Creamery, Dyersville 

Manchester Co-operative Cr'y., Manchester 

H. A. Miller, Oelwein 

W. H. Blunt, Fairbank 

H. J. Neitert, V/alker 

Devon Creamery, Devon 

H. D. Parsons, Newton.-- 

Favette Creamerv, Fayette 

C. W. Adams, Breda 

W. H. Sanford, Amber 

S. K. Swenson, Story City 

Rock Creek Creamery, Rock Creek 

Jefferson Creamery, Oelwein 

Spring Branch, Manchester 

Hampton Creamery, Hampton. . 

Lewis Forthum, Chapin 

E. E. Van Auken, Clear Lake 

Louis Brahe, Andover 

Riverton Creamery, Spencer 

E. M. Haven, Bristow 

J. F. Powers, Plainfield 



June. 



q6 
98 
97 
97 
99 
99 
91 
97 
97 



92 

93 
96 
98 
98 
98 

97 
96 



Jul3 



97 
94 M 
96 



98 
96 

99 

92 

100 

97 



100 
94 



94 
96 

95 
91 
91 
87 

94 K 
96 
97 
95 
94 
96 

95 K 
97 
96 



96 

94 K 
98 

95 
95 

93 M 
95 
94)^ 

96 



Sept. 



94 K 
96 K 



97M 

95 

95 

88 

9AX 

97 

95 

94K 

91^ 

94^ 

95 

96 >^ 

95 

94 

95 

97 



95 
97 
96K 
96 

93 
96 

97 
95 



Oct. 



903^ 

93 
89 



88^ 
933^ 
91 
88 

94 M 
96 

95 
92)^ 



90 
94 >^ 
95 
92 >^ 
94 
95 



92 
93 
93.'^ 
93 



95 
92'.^ 



156 



REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 



NAME 



G. B. Strayer, Lawn Hill 

Postville, Postville 

Frankville Creamery, Decorah 

Union Creamery, West Union 

Bassett Creamery, Bassett 

Ionia Creamery, Ionia 

X. Washington Creamery, N. Washington - 

Castalia Creamery, Castalia 

Festina Creamery, Festina _ 

Girard Creamery, Girard 

Highlandville Creamery, Hesper 

Hesper Creamery, Hesper 

Decorah Creamery, Decorah 

Ridgeway Creamery, Decorah 

Elgin Creamery, Elgin 

Lime Springs, Lime Springs 

Ossian Creamery, Ossian .. . 

Clermont Valley Creamery, Clermont 

G. B. Lawson, Grinnell 

Protovin Creamery, Protovin 

J. Waughtal, Clear Lake 

Diamond Creamery. Monticello 

W. W. Bennett, Churdan . 

R. M. Fonda, Liiana 

H. S. Waid, Charles City 

C. L. Gabrilson, New Hampton — 

B. P Norton, Cresco 

P. H. Young. Garden Grove- 

L. L. Parker, Greeley 

Mrs. Geo. Tyler, Decorah 

J. D. Herrick. Fredericksburg 

Mrs. S. D. Martin, Belmond 

C Schruber. New Hampton 

G. W. Russell, Greene 

Mrs David Blake Greene __ 

Mrs. M Putnam. Greene 

F. D. Pierce, Cedar Falls 

Mechanicsville Cr'y- Co., Mechanicsville-- 

B. W. Kenyon, Masonville __- 

Eden Valley Creamery, Low Moor- 

Globe Creamery, Luxemburg 

Greeley P'armer's Creamery, Greeley 

A. R Carrier. Garnavillo 

Ft. Atkinson Creamery. Ft. Atkinson 

Diamond Creamery. Monticello.- . 

W. L. Passmore, West Branch -_ 



June 



96 

95 
98 

94 

9? 
98 

93 
97 
97 
96 

95 
99 
97 
97 
91 
96 

93 



96 



95 
95 
94 
92 

93 
95 
93 
93 
95 
96 

91 
93 
93 
93 
95 
93 
98 

99 
96 
98 

97 
90 

cheese 



July 



94 



Sept. 



Oct. 



SgH 



98 


94 >^ 


89 


94 


97 


93 H 


96 


95 


98 


95 


9-.^' 


95 


96 


94 



93 
96 
96 

95 
96 



97 
96 
96 K 



95 

94 

95 

95 

94 

96 

96 

96 

93 

94 

96 

97 

95 K 

95 

97 

95 

97 

9=; 

96 

94':^ 

91 

99 



95 

94 K 
93 

92 

93 
92 

94 
97 
9 A 'A 



97 K 

92K 

94 

94 

92 

89^ 

87 

86 

91K 

91 

86 >i 

86 

89 

87 



94 >i 
93 
95 
93 



94 >^ 
96 



94;^ 

'94^^ 
94 
95 
95 
93 >^ 



90 
933^ 



92 
87 
95 
94 
89 



95 



93 

92M 



90 

93^ 

87 

94K 

85 

88^ 

95^^ 
90 



95^ 



93 K 



93 
94 



Taking the basis for awards as outlined at the beginning of this article, 
and accepting as final this last decision of the Board of Awards, the seventy- 
eight individuals will each receive one World's Fair medal, accompanied by 
a beautifully executed diploma which will recite the points of excellence in 
the exhibit To these seventy-eight persons, or creameries, one hundred 
and twenty-eight awards are given. 

It will be observed that, according to the latest decision of the Board of 
Awards, the individual, or creamerv, which made one successful exhibit gets 



REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE I57 

a medal of equal value with that of the person who made four successful 
entries. This last individual must derive his satisfaction from the record 
which the diploma gives to the world. The exhibitors of butter as well as 
exhibitors of pianos realize that neither get credit for super-excellence. 
There is no best. 

REPORT OF IOWA APIARY EXHIBIT. 

Agricultural Department. 

At the suggestion of the Hon Eugene Secor, President of the Iowa Bee- 
keepers' Association, Mr. E. Kretchmer, of Red Oak, a prominent member 
of the Iowa Beekeepers' Association, was appointed assistant, and placed in 
charge of the Iowa Apiary Exhibit. 

This exhibit was installed in the center of the east gallery of the Agri- 
cultural Building, and was a part of group 3. In the various classes of this 
exhibit were shown both comb and extracted honey, honey plants, beeswax, 
and bee implements and appliances. The following general and special 
rules governed the installation, and established the character of the exhibit. 

WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 

Department of Agriculture. 
Special rules and information governing the exhibit of 

BEES, HONEY, BEESWAX AND BEE APPLIANCES. 

1. Exhibits of honey will be classified as follows: 
Class I. Clover and basswood. 

Class 2, White sage. 

Class 3. Buckwheat. 

Class 4. All light honey other than enumerated in Classes i and 2 

Class 5. All dark honey, other than enumerated in Class 3. 

2. Exhibits of honey producedduring i8q2, or earlier, must be in place 
on or before April 20th, 1893. 

3. Exhibits of honey in classes i, 2, and 4, produced during 1893, ^^'i^^ 
be received between July 15th and August 15th; and in classes 3 and 5, be- 
tween August 15th and Sept. ist, 1893. 

4. The following information should accompany each exhibit: 
{a\ Kind of honey. 

( b). Name of exhibitor. 
{c). Place where produced. 

[d). Character of soil in locality where produced. 
( e ). Variety of bee. 

(/). Name of plant from which honey was produced. 
{g). Yield per colony. 
(/z). Average price of product at nearest home market. 

5. In order to secure a uniform, handsome and economical installation 
of honey and beeswax, the Exposition will erect suitable glass cases, of a 
uniform character, in which such exhibits will be made; the cost of these 
cases will be borne by the different State Commissions, Beekeepers Associ- 
ation, or by individual exhibitors, in proportion to the number of lineal feet 
occupied. These cases will become the property of such exhibitors at the 
close of the Exposition. The dimensions are as follows: Height of base. 



158 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

18 inches, width of case 5 feet, height of case above base (inside measure) 6 
feet, total height 8 feet. The case has sHding doors on both sides. 

6. Individual exhibits of comb honey will be limited to 100 pounds and 
may be made in any manner the exhibitor may desire, subject to the 
approval of the Chief of the Department. 

7. Individual exhibits of extracted honey must be made in glass, and 
must not exceed 50 pounds. 

8. Individual exhibits of beeswax must not exceed 50 pounds, and 
should be prepared in such a manner as will add to the attractiveness of 
the exhibit. 

Q. Exhibits of primitive and modern appliances used in bee culture, 
both in this country and abroad, will be received, subject to the approval of 
the Chief of the Department. 

10. Special arrangements will be made by the Chief of the Department 
for a limited exhibit of bees. 

11. Collections of honey producing plants, suitably mounted and 
labeled, will be accepted if satisfactory to the Chief of the Department. 

12. The right is reserved to add to, amend or interpret the above rules. 

Signed, W. I. Buchanan, 
Approved, George R. Davis, Chief Department of Agriculture. 

Director General. 
Immediately after Mr. Kretchmer was appointed, he issued the follow- 
ing letter: 

Iowa Columbian Commission. 

Apiary Department. 
F. N. Chase, Cedar Falls. 

Commissioner, Departments of Agriculture. Dairy and Apiary. 
E. Kretchmer, Red Oak, 

' Asst. in Charge of Apiary Department. 

Dear Sir: — Having been appointed on the recommendation of the 
President of the Iowa Beekeepers' Association to assist in collecting and in- 
stalling an exhibit of the products of the Apiary Industry of Iowa, I take the 
liberty of addressing you as one of the prominent beekeepers of Iowa, to 
lend a helping hand in making this exhibit one that will not only increase 
the pride of every citizen of Iowa, but one that will also materially assist in 
filling the pockets of every beekeeper within our State; because next to the 
cjuestion, "How to obtain the greatest amount of honey," comes the (juestion, 
"Where shall I find a remunerative market?" 

No greater opportunity to advertise their products was ever offered to 
the beekeepers of Iowa than the present one of making an elaborate and 
attractive exhibit of the products of the Apiary Industry of Iowa, at the 
World's Columbian Exposition, drawing not only the attention of our neigh- 
bors to the attractiveness of Iowa honey, but the attention of the world 
at large, thereby inducing the people of the world to use it to a greater ex- 
tent than ever before. 

For this exhibit we must have the very best samples of comb and ex- 
tracted honey, and the brightest specimens of beeswax that can now be ob- 
tained. We ask your hearty co-operation, 



REPORT OF DEPABTMEXT OF AGRICULTURE I59 

I St. To make an exhibit in the Iowa State Building erected on the 
World's Fair ground. 

2d. To aid m making an exhibit in the various classes in the Competi- 
tive Department in the Agaicultural Building where we meet the competi- 
tion of the world. 

For the exhibit in the State Building, we desire cases of comb honey 
from white clover, basswood. goldenrod, buckwheat, heartsease, or other 
sources, but especially from white clover. 

The special requirements are: White comb, even face, well capped 
section well filled, no holes, — comb not cracked by frost or marred in any 
way, sections white and well cleaned. 

We desire specimens of the different varieties of extracted honey, and 
nice bright beeswax which should be prepared in such a manner as will add 
to the attractiveness of the exhibit. The necessary vessels for exhibiting 
extracted honey will be provided by the Commissioner in charge. 

I St. Please advise us at once of what you can furnish now. or if you 
have none yourself, give the name and address of any beekeeper who you 
think may have some. 

2d. Will you try to obtain some honey or wax to replenish the exhibit 
which, if white clover or basswood honey, should be in place between July 
15th and August 15th; and if fall honey, should be in place between August 
15th and September 15th, 1893. 

Any of the samples contributed can, if desired, have the name of the 
contributor placed upon it; and such contributed parcels of honey, wax, etc., 
will be sold at the close of the Exposition, (or sooner if necessary to replen- 
ish it) for the benefit of the exhibitor, or disposed of as he may direct— thus 
reimbursing him. 

The exhibit in the State Building is to advertise the resources of the 
State, and affords an excellent opportunity of advertising the contributor as 
being a prominent producer. 

If you have any honey suitable for exhibition, write us at once, stating 
what kind of honey, whether comb or extracted. If comb honey, state in 
what size sections and how much you have of each kind. If you do not wish 
to make an individual exhibit with your name attached, please write me at 
what price per pound it can be purchased, as we want to purchase some for 
the state exhibit; make no shipments without first writing me for shipping 
directions. Beware of frost, -freezing cracks the comb. 

Honey, wax. and "exhibits of Primitive and Modern Appliances used 
in Bee Culture." for competition in the Agricultural Building atthe World's 
Fair, will be classified and shown under the rules of the Exposition Man- 
agement. A copy of the rules for the Apiary Department is herewith 
enclosed. Further information in regard to exhibits in the Apiary Depart- 
ment will be furnisheed on application. 

E. Kretchmer, Red Oak, la., 
Asst. in Charge of Apiary Department. 

Iowa made an exhibit of all the various kinds of honey, and also had a 
fine exhibit of honey plants, beeswax, bee implements and appliances. The 
installation was made in one of the standard cases provided by the Chief of 
the Apiary Department at the expense of the Iowa Commission. These 



l6o REPORT OF IOWA COLUiVlBIAN COMMISSION 

cases were of glass on all sides, and contained over 800 cubic feet of space, 
inside measure. The exhibit of honey at the opening of the Exposition was 
from the crop of 1892, and made a good showing for old honey. Later the 
exhibit of new honey from the crop of 1893 was very large, and of excellent 
quality. The state exhibit was made up of individual exhibits, which were 
furnished by the beekeepers of the state, and at the close of the Exposition 
these samples were sold,and the proceeds returned to exhibitors. To increase 
the interest in the Apiary Department and to add to the exhibit, some of the 
finest samples that could be procured from the product of 1893, Superin- 
tendent Kretchmer sent the following letter to the beekeepers of the State: 

Iowa Columbian Commission, 
Apiary Department, July 15, 1893. 
F. X. Chase, Cedar Falls, 

Commissioner Departments of Agriculture. Dairy and Apiary. 
E. Kretchmer, Red Oak, 

Ass't. in Charge of Apiary Department. 

Dear Sir: — The time is at hand to install the white honey of this year's 
crop (1893). We desire some comb and extracted honey as soon as it can be 
obtained. 

There never was a grander opportunity for Iowa beekeepers to distin- 
guish themselves; already we have had an inquiry from Austria for Iowa ex- 
tracted honey, such as is shown now in the Iowa case. 

Can you not ship us some nice honey? Would you not feel proud if a 
medal or diploma were awarded you by the largest World's Fair ever held? 

Such contributed parcels of honey will be sold at the close of the Expo- 
sition (or sooner if necessary to replenish it) for the benefit of the person 
who furnished the honey, or otherwise disposed of as he may direct. 

Please notice, the Iowa Columbian Commission takes your honey to the 
best market, furnishes shipping cases, pays all the freight from your place to 
Chicago and the Fair ground, provides all the glass-ware for extracted 
honey, and honey from the World's Fair will certainly bring the highest 
price. 

Please advise me at once, how much comb honey you can furnish; how 
much extracted honey; and we will at once ship you proper shipping cases 
for comb honey or cans for extracted honey, all charges prepaid. 

E. Kretchmer, Red Oak, Iowa, 
Ass't. in Charge of Apiary Department. 

In response to this letter a large assortment of both comb and extracted 
honey was received during July and August, and was very artistically 
arranged. The quality of honey was not excelled by any state or nation. 
The Iowa exhibitors in the Apiary Department received their full share of 
awards, and the exhibits showed that very many of Iowa's best citizens are 
engaged in this very pleasant and profitable industry. 

The Iowa honey, the comb on account of its delicate color and complete 
comb, and especially the extracted honey with its clear color and dense con- 
sistency was a tempting exhibit, and was admitted even by our competitors 
to be superior to any on exhibition. We received in exchange for samples 
of our Iowa honey nineteen samples from foreign countries, and it was not 
strange that the foreign representatives after comparing the (juality of the 



REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. j6l 

different samples eagerly asked for our price on such honey; and we learned 
that our extracted honey at present prices can be placed on the markets of 
Russia, Germany, Austria and Turkey for less money than they now pay for 
an inferior article. A large number of foreign visitors obtained samples of 
our honey with the name and address of the exhibitor, with a view of ob- 
taining shipments from Iowa. 

One order from Vienna and one from Saxony has already been filled, 
and no doubt others will follow; orders have also been received from Cali- 
fornia to cater to the taste for Iowa clover honey. Taken as a whole, the 
Iowa Apiary exhibit was a grand success, and the demand from abroad, and 
for home use will, undoubtedly, be largely increased by the exhibit made at 
Chicago. 

The following is a list of names of exhibitors. Exhibited honey from 
crop of i8q2. 

L. G. Clute, Manchester. F. Furst, Adair. 

E. Kretchmer, Red Oak. J. H. Stanford, Cherokee. 

The following exhibited honey, crop of 1S93: 
R. B. Arnold, Foster. F. A. Beals, Salix. 

E. J. Cronkleton. Dunlap. L. G. Clute, Manchester. 

T. C. DeClercq, De Soto. A. J. Duncomb, Hartford. 

Oliver Foster, Mt. Vernon. Thomas O. Hines, Anamosa. 

Thomas Johnson Coon Rapids. E. Kretchmer, Red Oak. 

William Kimble, De Witt. Noah Miller, North English. 

J. L. Strong, Clarinda. J. H. Stephens, Riverton. 

Mont. Wyrick, Cascade. 

Iowa received six awards, two of which were by the same exhibitor, and 
as no other state or nation received the same number of awards on the crop 
of i8g3 honey, Iowa heads the list, and for the two seasons, 1892 and 1893 
combined, only one state exceeds Iowa by a single award. The following is 
a list of names of the winners to whom medals and diplomas will be issued: 

E. Kretchmer, Red Oak —Extracted clover honey and alfalfa comb 
honey. 

Oliver Foster, Mt. Vernon -Extracted basswood honey. 

L. G. Clute, Greeley- Comb honey. 

William Kimble, De Witt— Extracted honey 

The glass case in which the Apiary Exhibit was made, was donated to 
the State Agricultural Society by vote of the Iowa Columbian Commission. 

I cannot close this report without again referring to the assistants that were 
in charge of the several divisions of the Agricultural Department, and thank 
them for their faithful and efficient services, and congratulate them upon the 
success that crowned their efforts, and placed Iowa and her exhibits among 
the leading prize winners at the World's Columbian Exposition; and to the 
of^cers and members of the Iowa Columbian Commission, I desire to express 
my sincere regards and appreciation of their aid and encouragement, and I 
only regret that my duties as Secretary, and in other departments of the 
work of the Commission, made it impossible for me to devote as much time 
and thought to this great and important branch of Iowa's Industries as its ex- 
tent and magnitude demanded. 

All of which is most respectfully submitted. 

F. N. CHASE, 
Commissioner in charge o*f Department of Agriculture, Dairy and Apiary. 













i 


< 

«(•• 
(* 



WM. HAMILTON DENT. 



Report of the Department of Horticulture. 

BY WAl. HAMILTON DENT AND CHARLES ASHTON. 

At a meeting of the Commission, held April 7th, 1892, for the better per- 
formance of its duties, it arranged its work in departments. and to the charge 
of the Department of Horticulture named Commissioner W. H. Dent. 

At a subsequent meeting of the Commission, held June 9th, 1892, C. L. 
Watrous, in behalf of the Iowa State Horticultural Society, presented to the 
Commission a communication proposing on behalf of the said society to 
collect, install and maintain in a proper and creditable manner an exhibit of 
the Horticultural productions of the State of Iowa in the World's Columbian 
Exposition. In its action upon said communication the Commission adopted 
the following resolution: 

Resolved, That Commissioner Dent, being in charge of the Department 
of Horticulture be, and he is hereby authorized to enter into an agreement 
with the State Horticultural Society for the purpose of taking charge of the 
exhibit in that branch, and that he be allowed an amount not in excess of 
$2,000 as a contribution to that end. 

Subsequently an agreement was entered into as follows: 

"In the matter of making an exhibit at the World's Columbian Exposi- 
tion of 1892-3, of the horticultural resources and progress of the State of 
Iowa., it is understood and agreed by and between the Columbian Commis- 
sion of Iowa and the Iowa State Horticultural Society, in substance as fol- 
lows: For the purpose of aiding such exhibit the Columbian Commission 
will assist officially in all proper ways within its power and will contribute 
of its funds the sum of two thousand dollars, to be paid from time to time as 
needed, to the representative of the State Horticultural Society upon the 
certificate of its President and Secretary that such sums are needed in the 
work of making the exhibit. 

The Iowa State Horticultural Society, on its part, undertakes and agrees 
to make at such exposition the best exhibit of the horticultural resources of 
the State which its skill, knowledge and financial resources will allow, bind- 
ing itself to contribute to the work out of its own funds, a sum at least equal 
to that contributed by the Columbian Commission and as much more as can 
be profitably used, to the extent of its ability. 

It agrees to place the work in charge of one of its responsible members, 
as superintendent of the exhibit and to be responsible to the Commission and 
to the public for the creditable character and for the proper and honorable 
conduct of the exhibit from beginning to end. 

The display is to be under the general auspices of the Iowa Columbian 
Commission, but the Iowa State Horticultural Society is to be responsible 
for and to direct all details of the work of gathering, forwarding and display- 
ing such exhibit, hereby agreeing to hold the Iowa Columbian Commission 
financially harmless in all matters relating thereto, save and excepting the 
sum of two thousand dollars to be paid as before stated. 

Signed July 11, 1892, on the part of the Iowa State Horticultural Society, 
by A. F. CoLLMAN, President. 

J. L. 1>UDD, Secretary. 
Silas Wilson, Treasurer. 



l64 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

And on the part of the Iowa Columbian Commission. July i :5th, by Wil- 
liam Hamilton Dent, Chairman of the Horticultural Committee of said Com- 
mittee, and by the President. also of said Commission. 

William Hamilton Dent, 

Chairman. 
Approved, subject to the condition that only sixty per cent shall be 
drawn upon during the year 1892. 

James O, Crosby. 
President Iowa Columbian Commission." 

That the matter of making an exhibit of the horticultural products of the 
State of Iowa was thus placed in the hands of the Iowa State Horticultural 
Society and an appropriation of $6co made, and was duly paid to the said 
society, or its duly appointed agent, when the proper vouchers were pre- 
sented for the same. 

That at a meeting of the Commission held early in May, 1893. Com- 
missioner Dent reported to the Commission that he was not satisfied with 
the exhibit then made by the Society, or its agent; whereupon the Commis- 
sion by vote, requested its President to correspond at once with the officers 
of the Iowa State Horticultural Society, to call their attention to the obliga- 
tions of their contract and urge upon them immediate action to make the 
necessary improvements in the exhibit, which was promptly done. 

That the desired improvement not being made to the satisfaction of the 
Commission, August 2d, 1893, it rescinded its contract with the State Horti- 
cultural Society. Commissioner Dent being pressed with other duties. Com- 
missioner Ashton was added to the Committee on Horticulture to assist in 
the oversight of the exhibit in that department. President Collman, duly 
authorized by the Executive Committee of the State Society, at once visited 
the exhibit, and met Commissioner Ashton. Their communication resulted 
in a renewal of arrangements with the said Society for its management of 
the exhibit, with Mr. Collman in charge. By this arrangement, harmony was 
at once restored with the Iowa State Horticultural Society, the Horticultur- 
ists of the State, the Iowa Columbian Commission and the officials in charge 
of the Horticultural Division of the World's Columbian Exposition. 

On entering uponhis work in this department Commissioner Ashton at 
once opened correspondence with leading fruit growers in different sections 
of Iowa to secure enlarged supplies of needed fruits. Mr, Collman earnestly 
seconded these efforts. On August 24th Mr. Collman was placed fully in 
charge of the exhibit. At once application was made in the name of the 
Commission for additional space in the Horticultural Building, and enlarged 
and contiguous space was at once awarded. The table formerly occupied 
with the Iowa exhibit was refitted and improved in arrangement and decor- 
ations The tables in the additional space secured were readjusted, all be- 
ing harmoniously arranged and decorated. Large supplies of fruits were 
then received daily, and at once were neatly installed and the Iowa Exhibit 
being tastily arranged and tidily kept, at once became one of the most at- 
tractive exhibits in that important department of the great Exposition and 
to the close of the Fair won high and deserved encomiums from the tliousands 
daily passing through the great Horticultural Hall. 



REPORT OF DEPART'SJENT OF HORTICULTURE 165 

By resolution of the Commission $1,400 in addition to the $600 previous- 
ly paid the Horticultural Society was placed at the disposal of the Commit- 
tee for use in this department. Expenditures were made with the greatest 
economy possible to the accomplishment of such an exhibit of the horti- 
cultural productions of the state as should win for it the greatest possible 
honor in the judgment of the multitudes of visitors from other states and 
countries, who should daily view it, and pass judgment upon it. The unusual 
sparseness and inferior quality of the fruit crop in Iowa in 1893, niade the 
collection of fruits in the necessary quantities and of the proper qualities 
for the exhibit unexpectedly laborious and expensive. It is but deserved 
justice to report that in consequence of its larger crop, and better organization 
of the Fruit Growers of southwestern Iowa, and the efficient organ- 
ization of the Mills County Horticultural Society, that portion of the 
state furnished the largest share of the apples placed in our State Exhibit. 
It affords us great pleasure, however, to report that many enterprising, liber- 
al fruit growers in other portions of the state rendered generous and earnest 
assistance in the collection and shipment of the fruits needed to make and 
maintain the winning exhibit made under Mr. Collman's superintendence;, 
an exhibit in which was displayed upon our tables upwards of 2,000 plates 
laden with the most inviting specimens of Iowa grown apples, pears, plums 
and other fruits, besides the large quantities of grapes and other fruits in- 
stalled. 

The Iowa Horticultural Exhibit was one of the few that opened in that 
department with the opening of the Exposition. Every species of fruits 
cultivated in our state had place in the Iowa display at some time during 
its continuance. Many specimens of our wild fruits were placed in the dis- 
play and added to its interest. By being thus placed in contrast with the 
cultivated varieties, the qualities developed by cultivation were at once dis- 
tinctly seen. 

THE COST OF THE EXHIBIT. 

The cost of the Exhibit during the period in which Mr, Watrous had 
charge is shown in the following summary. 
Per diem and expense, C. L. Watrous, per his bill 

rendered S 1,56401 

Paid for Mills County apples. Crop 189I- - . 74 25 

Incidental expenses paid by Commission 22 48-$ 1,660 74, 

EXPENSES UNDER MR. COLLMAN'S ADMINISTRATION. 

Paid for fruits, express charges on same, and labor 

and expense in collecting $ 929 32 

Paid for help in installing and maintaining exhibit, 

railroad fare, and other expenses therefor 1,025 17 

Paid for material and labor arranging and decor- 
ating tables, 65 00 

Paid for telegrams 794 

Paid for printing .-- .. ._- -. 1200 

Paid for postage, stationery, drafts and postal orders 10 co 

Paid for gate tickets for Collman 3 00 

Paid for railroad fare for Collman, and per diem at- 
tending meeting of Commission for Settlement-- 17 20— S 2,06963 
Gross cost of Exhibit 3.730 ;S7' 



l66 REPORT OF IOWA COLU.MBIAN COMMISSION 

LESS AMOUNT SALVAGE RECEIVED. 

Fo'- desk sold S 12 50 

For fruit sold 38 72— S 51 2: 



Net cost Collman and Watrous administration $3,678 15 

Per diem Charles Ashton, iq days service 95 00 

Add am't allowed Lotspeich by Commission Feb. 8, '94 3 00 

Add am't allowed Carson by Commission Feb. 8, '94-- 4 75 

Total cost of exhibit . S 3,78090 

The Competitive Horticultural exhibit made by the State of Iowa con- 
sisted in the display of fresh ripe fruits. Other garden products were shown 
in the Iowa Pavilion and in the Agricultural Building. No display of fruits 
in glass, dried or evaporated fruits or products from the juices of fruits was 
attempted, the only effort at an exhibit of preserved fruits being an exhibit 
of apples of the crop of 1891 and 1892 preserved in cold storage. We be- 
lieve that Iowa was the only State that displayed apples of the crop of 1891, 
that were preserved by cold storage methods. Of the crop of 1892 but little 
effort was made to gather and preserve fruits for the exhibit in^i893. 

AWARDS. 

The following awards to Iowa Horticulture were made by the Board of 
Judges of the Exposition: 

GROUP 21— Class 133. 

Iowa State, Des Moines; Collection of apples, Crop 1892. 
Iowa State Horticultural Society, Corning; Collection of stone fruits 
and apples. 

Mills County Horticultural Society, Glenwood; Collection of apples. 
A. F. Collman, Corning; Collection of apples. 

GROUP 20— Class 122. 
Iowa State Horticultural Society; Collection of grapes. 

GROUP 21--CLASS 138. 
G. B. Brackett, Denmark; Models of fruits. 

GROUP 22— Class 155. 

I. N. Kramer, Cedar Rapids; Collection of Cannas. 

The following awards were posted at the door of the room of the Com- 
mittee of Awards in the Horticultural Dejmrtment at the close of the Ex- 
position. 

GROUP 1 33 -Class 21. 

State of Iowa; Collection of apples and pears. 

J. L. Budd, Ames, Iowa; Collection of |)lums. 

State of Iowa; Collection of i)lums. 

M. E. Hinkley, Marquis, lowii; Collection of Plums. 



^ ^^.^. 



9J 




1 68 



REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 



GROUP 21— Class 136. 
Iowa State Horticultural Society; Continuous cellection of small fruits. 

LIST OF COUNTIES FURXISHIXG FRUITS. 



We report the following as the counties furnishing fruits for the Iowa 
exhibit, and so far as we have information, the several species of fruits fur- 
nished by each. 



COUNTIES. FRUITS. 

Audubon grapes, apples 

Blackhawk, apples pears, plums, 
grapes. 

Boone apples, grapes 

Buchanan apples, plums 

Butler apples, grapes 

Cerro Gordo grapes, apples 

Cedar. apples, plums 

Clayton grapes, apples 

Clinton grapes, apples 

Fremont apples, grapes 

Dubuque apples, pears 

Guthrie apples, grapes, plums 

Hancock plums, grapes, berries 

Keokuk apples, pears, plums 

Jones apples, grapes, plums 

Lucas apples 

Marion apples, grapes, plums 

Monona plums, apples, crabs 

Montgomery apples 

Palo Alto apples, grapes 

Pottawattamie, apples. grapes. plums 
Poweshiek .. .apples, plums, grapes 

Washington — apples 

Woodbury apples, plums 

O'Brien app'es 



COUNTIES. FRUITS. 

Adams --apples, pears, plums, grapes 
Benton grapes 

Clarke grapes 

Bremer apples, grapes, plums 

Calhoun grapes, plums 

Cherokee plums, apples 

Cass grapes, apples 

Carroll apples, grapes 

Dallas, plums, grapes, apples, peaches 

Floyd apples, grapes 

Emmet apples, pears 

Harrison -__ ._ grapes, plums 

Johnson apples, pears, grapes 

Ida apples, grapes, berries 

Linn apples, plums 

Mahaska apples, grapes 

Mills, apples, grapes, plums, crabs. 

peaches. 

Mitchell apples 

Muscatine apples, grapes 

Page apples 

Polk, apples, pears, j^lums, grapes,. 

crabs, berries. 

Scott apples 

Wayne grapes apples 

Howard ajiples, grapes 



hibit 



The list names fifty-one counties furnishing fruits for the state's ex- 
OF THE FRUITS EXHIBITED. 

SU.MMER FRUITS. 



The Pacific Coast states, the southwestern territories, the British Prov- 
inces, and many of the states of this central region of the country made 
large exhibits of fruits in glass, dried and evaporated fruits, canned fruits, 
jellies, preserves, and wines The management entrusted by the Iowa 
State Horticultural Society with the preparation of the exhibit failed to- 
make any display in these forms. Other states ojjening their exhibits 
shortly after the opening of the Exposition, placed our exhibit at that time 
at a serious disadvantage. When the summer fruits began to ripen supplies 



REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE 



[6^ 



were gathered and forwarded for the exhibit, and were duly installed and 
the Iowa exhibit won some attention at that stage. An award was made 
for the continuous collection of small fruits. Of our summer fruits, straw- 
berries, raspberries, gooseberries, currants, blackberries, and cherries were 
shown. In the construction of the Iowa table no- provision was made for 
the use of ice or other refrigerating service and after the picking, transport- 
ing and the time necessarily elapsing from the time of their gathering ta 
their installation in the heated season, it was found impossible to maintain 
such fruits long in presentable condition. 

PEARS AND PEACHES. 

The display made of these fruits was not large, yet it was important. 
It was sfficient to show the possibilities of their production in our meteoro- 
logical conditions and soil. So far north as the forty-second parallel, hardy 
varieties of the peach may be grown, with reasonable care. The pear may 
be grown in numerous varieties. Ten varieties of peaches were exhibited; 
of the pear twenty-five. We believe the exhibits of these varieties of deli- 
cious fruits, although small, were of great value in promoting increased 
interest in their cultivation. The following varieties of pears were shown, 
many of the specimens being very fine: 

Bartlett, Louise B De Jersey, 

Howell, Sickel, 

Keifer, Smith's Beauty, 

Duchess, 

Lincoln, 

Russell. 

Sheldon, 
and five un-named seedlings. 

PLUMS. 



Sand Pear, 
Snow Flake. 
Clapp's Favorite, 
Johnson's Best, 



Vermont Beauty, 
Flemish Beauty, 
Iowa Beauty, 
Pride of Xew York, 
Smith's Golden, 
White Doyenne, 



Of this desirable fruit, the Iowa exhibit was surprisingly large, fine and 
valuable. The fine form, size and rich color of many of the varieties shown 
made the exhibit peculiarly attractive and gave it great excellence. It 
speedily won large attention from prominent horticulturists of other states. 
The varieties developed from the native wild stock of the prairie states, or 
from crosses with foreign varieties, making our exhibit especially attractive 
to intelligent fruit growers. Many varieties of our wild plums, some of them 
large fine fruit, were placed in the exhibit and lent variety and attraction. 
A number of foreign varieties cultivated in Iowa were shown, the display 
embracing with others the following: 



Wild Goose, 
Ungarist Prune, 
Hummer, 
Green Gage, 
General Hand, 
Forest Garden. 
Golden Drop, 
Weaver, 
Miner, 
German Prune. 



Blue Damson, 

T^ crcr 

Rockford, 
Lord Russell, 
Spanish King, 
Early Red, 
Carson, 
De Soto, 
Hawkeye, 
Blue Gage, 



The Adams, 
Wolf, 

Woldafskee, 
Pond's Seedling, 
Charter Downing. 
Sloe, 

Pottawattamie. 
Yellow Egg, 
Wvant. 



12 



170 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

THE GRAPE. 

The Iowa display of this C()mmon,easilycukivated and desirable species 
of fruit was large, and by its unique installment and the excellent quality 
of the fruit shown was especially attractive to visitors. Two shelves elevated 
one above the other, supported by light neatly turned columns, rose from the 
center of the main table, central in the Iowa space. Around the table and 
suspended from these elevated shelves were strung artificial vines, very 
perfect imitations of the grape vines both in form and color of leaf. On 
them numerous clusters of the fruit were placed so that at a glance, the hue, 
size and form as well as the perfectness of the bunches was at once seen. 
The total length of these vines used was about 150 feet. Their entire length 
was thickly hung with large and selected clusters of the numerous varieties 
shown, they being displayed in the most natural and attractive manner pos- 
sible. It will be seen from a casual glance at the table given above of the 
counties furnishing fruits that the grape exhibit came from all parts of the 
State. Mr. John E. Corlett, of Farmersburg, Clayton county, furnished for 
the exhibit fifty-one varieties, many of them being fruit of very superior 
quality. These were grown in the extreme northeastern part of the State. 
Mr. Silas Wilson, of Cass county, in the southwestern portion, furnished 40 
varieties, being a very fine addition to the exhibit. Unfortunately two ship- 
ments sent by Mr. Corlett were not received. Mr. Bomberger, of Shelby, 
furnished some very fine samples, especially of the Moore's Early varieties. 
The grape exhibit certainly demonstrated that if the people of Iowa may not 
sit under their own fig trees, they may rest under the shadow of their vines, 
and feast on the fruits of their bearings. We name the following 89 varie- 
ties that were placed in the exhibit: 

Agawam, August Giant, Amber Queen, Amina, Brighton, Black Eagle, 
Bacchus, Barry, Berchmain. Brilliant, Boyer, Catawba, Clinton, Cottage, Cen- 
tennial, Crevelling, Champion, Concord, Delaware, Duchess, Diana, Dracut, 
Defiance, Eaton, Empire State, Elvira, Eldorado, Early Ohio, Early Victor, 
Etta, Esther. Emmalan, Geneva, Green Mountain, Hartford, Hellen, High- 
land, Herbemont, Herbert, Iowa, lona, Ives, Isabella, Jefferson, Janesville, 
Jessica, Lady, Lady Washington, Lindley No. 9, Lutie, Lenoir, Martha, 
Merrimack, Moore's Diamond, Moore's Early, Moyer, Morgan, Monroe, 
Miller, Mason, Niagara, Norfolk, Norton, Normal, Perkins, Pocklington, 
Prentice, Potter's Early, Poughkeepsie Red, Oriental, Salem, Roger's No. i, 
Roger's No. 3, Roger's No. 5, Roger's No. 8, Roger's No. 30, Rockwood, 
Requa, Rebecca, Rag No. 2, Telegraph, Triumph, Victory, Ulster Prolific, 
Vergennes, Wilder, Wyoming Red. Worden, Woodruff Red, 

THE CRAB. 

The exhibit of this useful but often slightly regarded fruit won com- 
mendation. It demonstrated the i)()ssibilities of its plentiful production, of 
the most desirable and beautiful varieties throughout Iowa.. The twenty 
varieties named below, with several plates of the wild crab of the 
larger species, that grows so plentifully in all our prairie groves, were 
displayed. 



REPORT OF DEPART.MENT OF HORTICULTURE I71 

The show of the specimens of wild fruits revealed clearly the transform- 
ations from the wild to the present cultivated condition: 

General Grant. Hyslop, Hesper Blush, Hughes' A'irginia, Large Native, 
Large Red, Lady, Little Red Siberian, Large Yellow, Martha, Minnesota. 
Montreal Beauty, Purple Siberian, Quaker Beauty, Ream's White, Red Si- 
berian, Ressonant, Showy, Soulard, Striped Siberian, Silver Sweet, Sweet 
Crab, ^^assils. Transcendent, Williams' Favorite, White, Waughs. 

THE APPLE. 

By its display of the apple, the king of northern and pomological fruits, 
Iowa won most honorable awards, as well as highest commendation from the 
thousands who daily passed through the vast Horticultural halls and viewed 
our extensive and superb exhibit. Its magnitude and excellence was a sur- 
prise to thousands dwelling in other states and unacquainted with our capa- 
bilities for the production of this class of fruits, who imagined that Iowa was 
a borean, fruitless region. Iowa was not excelled by any other state in the 
neat and attractive manner in whiqh its display of apples was installed and 
maintained. No exhibit of this most important fruit production in the vast 
pomological hall gave forth a richer fragrance, or bore a more beautiful 
hue. The solid marketable qualities of "Iowa's apples" won the regard of 
the numerous visitors who attended the Exposition to study that important 
feature in the qualities of the exhibits from the several states. No other 
state made so large an exhibit of its apple production as did Iowa. None 
other displayed so great a number of distinct varieties, Iowa showing 6i 
recognized summer sorts, 124 fall varieties and 166 known winter kinds, 
upwards of 30 unnamed seedlings, besides many foreign varieties of un- 
known name, being displayed. The thousands daily passing by it were 
astonished at the magnitude as well as the excellence of our exhibit. We 
present the following list of named varieties of apples placed in the Iowa 
exhibit: 

Alexander, Allen's Choice, August Sweet, American Golden Pippin, 
August Pearmain, Autumn Favorite, American Golden Russett, Aunt Han- 
nah, Antihonka, Autumn Strawberry, Autumn Striped, Aunties Apple, Ara- 
bian, Aport Orient, Autumn Pearmain, Aport Fosci, Annissin, Armstrong, 
Arkansas Black, Adams, Autumn Swaar, Bailey Sweet, Baldwin, Ben Davis, 
Benoni, Blue Anis, Blushed Collville, Boiken, Borivinka, Burlington, Blue 
Pearmain, Babot, Black Twig, Briggs' Seedling, Baldwin Sweet, Bentley 
Sweet, Bethlehemite,Bergamot, Bishop's Russet, Black Gillflower, Black An- 
nette, Buker, Boorsdorf, Babuscheno, Byromanti, Cannon Pearmain, 
Carmoni's June, Caleb Sweet, Chenango Strawberry, Collini, Charlemoff, 
Curt du Pendu Plat, Champonki, Cayuga Red Streak, Collman's Seedling 
No. I, Carthouse, Carter, Collman's Seedling No. 3, Colvert, Cole's Quince, 
Collman's Seedling No. 10, Drap D' Or, Dennis Red, Duchess of Oldenburgh, 
Drops of Gold, Delaware Red, Dixon's vSweet, Early Harvest, Early Straw- 
berry, Early Joe, Early Pennock, Early Market, Esopus Spitzenburgh, Early 
Red, Egg Top, Early Colton, Fulton, Early Sweet Pearmain, Early Summer 
Pearmain, English Golden Russet, Fall Orange, Fall Jeanetting, Fall Pippin, 
Fall Spitzenburgh, Fall Wine Sap, Frank, Fife's Choice, Flory's Bellflower, 



172 KEPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

Flory, Fall Wine, Fife's Seedling, Fameuse, Fall River, Fulton, Golden 
Reinette, Gravenstein, Golden Russet, Sops of Wine, Grimes' Golden.Green 
Aport, Gipsey Girl, Golden White, Great West, Glass Apple, Gideon No. 4, 
Glori Mundi, Grand Sultan, Gideon No 6, Grandmother, Good Peasant, 
Gideon No. 8, Golden Pippin, Grindstone, Gilpin, Haas, Hibernal, Hutchins 
Sweet, Harry Komp, Hagloe, Hanley, Hutchins, Illinois Russet, Isham's 
Sweet, Iowa Keeper, Iowa Beauty, Iowa Pippin, Jeffrey, Jersey Sweet, Jesse 
Homan, Jersey Red, Jonathan, June Market, Keswick Coddling, Kansas 
Blush, Koutchnovi, Kansas Red, King of Tompkins County, Kentucky, 
Kirkbridge White, Limber Twig, Longfield, London Pippin, Luland Rasp- 
berry, Lubsk Queen, Large Anis, Lead Apple, Little Hat, Leonard, Leonard 
Seedling, Longworth Russet, Large Romanite, Lufkin, Lufkin's Seedling, 
Lansingburgh, Ladies' Favorite, Little Romanite, Ladies' Choice, Lowell, 
Lyman's Sweet, Louvre, Lady Finger, London Sweet, Lady Sweet, Magog, 
Magog Red Streak, Marble, Milam, Mann, Malitt, Mason's Best, Montreal 
Beauty, Missouri Flat, Mammoth Black Twig, Mercer's Best, Missouri Pip- 
pin, Mohawk, Mercer, Micheal Henry, Minden, Mayner's Red, Minkler, 
Mcintosh Red, Mother, Maiden Blush, Munson Sweet, Malinda, McMahon's 
White, Melon, New York Russet, Nitrone Erdbeer, Northern Spitzenburgh, 
Native Rishki, Noble Red Streak, New York Seek No Further, Newhall, New 
Burlington, Newton Pippin, New York Pippin, New York, Newton Spitzen- 
burgh, Never Fail, Newport, Nollicoffer, Northern Greening, Northwest 
Greening, Nonesuch, Northern Spy, Nonpareil, Northwest, Osterkoff, Ortley, 
Old Gold, Ohio Beauty, Oxford, Ohio Pippin, Osceola, Pointed Pipka, Parton- 
vonski,PipbaChamponski,Possatt Native, Pryor's Red, Pottawattamie Chief, 
Price's Sweet, Patton's Greening, Pearmain, Peck's Pleasant, Porter, 
Pewaukee, Perry Russet, Pound Sweet, Parker Earl, Quaker Beauty, Queen 
of the West, Red Ox, Red June, Red Reinette, Rosa Aport, Red Queen, 
Reinabourka, Ratinschana, Red Transparent, Red Astrachan, Repka Mel- 
inka, Ramsdell Sweet, Redlield, Red Streak, Raymond Gano, Red Roman- 
ite, Red Winter Pearmain, Rome Beauty, Rhode Island Greening, Rambo, 
Striped Gilliflower, Sweet June, Sweet Blush, St. Lawrence, Seedling No 3, 
Seek No Further, Swaar, Silken Leaf, Sandy Glass, Sklanka, Skush-apple, 
Scott's Winter, Switzer, Summer Pearmain, Summer Sweet Pearmain, Sheep 
Nose, Summer Sweet Paradie, Spotted Pearmain, Steele's Red, Sweet 
Sough, Stark, Saint Peter, Sutton Beauty, Stoner's Hardy, Striped Pippin, 
Stri[)ped June, Seedling Duchess No. i. Summer Sweet No. 166, Smiths' 
Cider, Seedling Duchess No. 15, Summer Queen, Sheriff, Seedling Duchess 
No. 6, Saxton Stripe, Summer Sport, Seedling Duchess No. 7, Tetofsky 
Tissenliausen, Twenty Oz. Pippin, Tallman's Sweet, Titonka, Terry's Best, 
Tulpehocken, True Cross, Tracy, Utter's Red, \'ar()nica Red, Vandevere, 
Virginia Crab, Vermont Beauty, White Astrachan, Wine Apple, Winter 
Greening, Winter Sweet Paradise, Winter Sweet, White Belleflower, White 
Winter Pearmain, Whitney, Wolf River, Westfield, Winter Rambo, Wal- 
l^ridge. Wealthy Seedling, Wythe, Wealthy, Windsor Chief. Wayne, Winter 
Strij)ling, Winter Aport, Wine Sa)), Wagner, Winter Pearmain, Winter 
Sweet Pearmain, Willow Twig, Winter Erdbeer, Warfield, Yellow Ingester, 
^'ell()w Callville, Yellow Anis, Yellow Transjjarent. Xnrk Imperial, Yellow 
Bellrtower, Zuzoff. 



REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE. 173 

The Iowa exhibit of its fruit productions in the Columbian Exposition 
was certainly of material value to the people of the state, demonstrating as 
it did the possibilities of abundant production in every part of the state of 
the most important fruits of the temperate zone Many intelligent citizens 
of the state visiting the exposition were surprised at the magnitude and ex- 
cellence of the attractive display. To every interested visitor it was a 
strong incentive to more patient and intelligent effort in the industries of the 
orchard and the garden. To visitors from other and distant states it was a 
communication of actual conviction, that the people of our beautiful state 
not only produce meats and cereals in vast abundance to feed multitudes 
beyond its own boundaries, but that luxurious as well as dainty fruits of 
their home growing, in great abundance to grace their homes and tables, 
may be produced and enjoyed by the citizens of the state honored by the 
fine exhibit. 

The work of the committee in this department was to its members their 
first experience in the management of an exhibit of such great importance. 
Our state had never previously undertaken an exhibit of its products, and 
especially of its productions of fruits, on so large a scale as its interests and 
honor alike demanded should be made in the World's Columbian Exposition. 
]n searching through the records of the Centennial Exposition, no prece- 
dents were found to guide in the important duty of gathering and install- 
ing a proper exhibit of the resources of the state in this important branch of 
its industries. In concluding this report the committee would respectfully 
suggest the following line of preparation, should ever the people of our gen- 
erous state again undertake the presenting of their productions and resources 
in another such magnificent exposition. 

1. That the idea should at once be definitely accepted, that all other 
states and countries will exhibit their best, and only the best of their pro- 
ductions; that Iowa must show of its best and only the very best of its 
productions; that nothing second rate in quality, especially of its horticul- 
tural productions, should be allowed place in its exhibit. 

2. That the work of preparation, so that the very finest quality possi- 
ble should be produced for the exhibit, of every variety of horticultural 
production, especially in the line of fruits, should be commenced at least 
two years prior to the opening of the exposition. This should be done by 
the employment of active, intelligent, competent men in all portions 
of the state to carefully cultivate, produce and collect the most perfect 
specimens of all horticultural productions, especially of all kinds of 
fruits cultivated in the state. Such specimens of fruits should be gathered 
and preserved either in glass or by cold storage until time for their 
installation prior to the opening of the exposition. This action is urged as 
the year of the exposition may be a barren one in the production of summer 
or autumn fruits. Because of the adversities of the season of 1893 the great 
states of Indiana and Ohio made no exhibit of their fruits in the Columbian 
Exposition. Both Illinois and Iowa found themselves put to extraordinary 
expense and trouble to collect the exhibits they made. 

3. The tables upon which the exhibits will be installed should be tas- 
tily designed,, wisely planned and appropriately decorated before the open- 



1/4 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

ing of the exposition. The expense in this line need not be extravagant, it 
should not be parsimonious. The portion of the space intended for the ex- 
hibition of tender summer fruits should be arranged for the use of refrig- 
erating service, and they should be kept under glass. 

This committee found itself handicapped by the meager amount that 
could be placed at its command by the commission for the great work it 
was appointed to do. 

The following letter addressed to A. F. Collman, Esq., is an honorable 
commendation of the Iowa Horticultural Exhibit: 

World's Columbian Exposition, Office of the Director Gen- 
eral OF THE Exposition, Chicago, 111 , U. S. A., Jan. 29, 1894. 
Mr. a. F. Collman. Corning, Iowa. 

Dear Sir: Among the many fine exhibits of fruits at the Columbian 
Exposition, that of Iowa was one of the best. Under your supervision the 
tables were artistically arranged, every variety of fruit which could be ob- 
tained in your state was properly labelled, the different species conven- 
iently grouped for comparison of their special characterist'cs, and the 
exhibit was always in a neat and orderly condition. There is no doubt that 
such an exhibition of fine fruit attracted much attention to your state, and 
as a result many persons from the east learned for the first time what Iowa's 
genial climate and soil could produce. You and the other gentlemen in 
charge of the exhibit deserve the gratitude of the state for the excellent dis- 
play made and the courtesy and attention you gave to all inquiring visitors. 
Yours Very Truly, "^ J. M. SAMUELS, 

Chief Department of Horticulture. 




JOHN F. DUNCOMBE. 



Report of Department of Minerals and Geology. 

BV JOHN F. BUNCOMBE. 

When I was appointed by your commission to take charge of the mines 
and mining department for Iowa, I informed you that it would be impos- 
sible for me to give a sufficient amount of time to properly and thoroughly 
do the work neccessary to do justice to the mineral exhibit of the state. 
Therefore, in order to more thoroughly prepare an exhibit and to reduce 
the expenses in its preparation, in the spring of 1892 I employed with the 
consent of the commission, and which was afterwards ratified by the com- 
mission, Thomas W. Meers at a salary of $60 per month, his necessary ex- 
penses to be paid by the commission. Mr. Meers was recommended to me 
above all other persons for the place by many of the most prominent peo- 
ple of Iowa as one having had much experience in geology and mineralogy, 
and which was of much importance in his selection, a practical miner. 

He immediately set to work with great zeal to accomplish the object of 
making the best possible display in this department. 

As the work advanced plans were prepared for the exhibit and a place 
for the exhibition secured in the Mines and Mining Building. This was 
found to be an exceedingly difficult task on account of the fact that Iowa 
was looked upon as a strictly agricultural state, and unworthy of a display 
in the general exhibit of the mines and mining department. 

The following is a list of the exhibits installed in this department: 

GROUP 42. 

Caldwell, G. W., Keokuk — Geodes. 

Dubuque World's Fair Association — Lead ore, zinc (dry bone). 
Lansing Mining and Smelting Co. — Lead ore, lead from lower magne- 
sian limestone. 

Waukon World's Fair Association — Iron ore. 

GROUP 43. 
Centerville Coal Co. — Bituminous Coal. 
Chicago Coal Co., Seymour — Coal. 
Crooked Creek Railroad Co., Lehigh— Coal. 
Diagonal Coal Co.. Dawson^Coal. 
Diamond Coal Co., Centerville — Coal. 
Eldora Improvement Association— Coal. 
Ketchem, L. & Bro., Farmington — Coal. 
Phillips Fuel Co., Ottumwa - Steam Coal. 
Raven Coal Co., Mystic— Domestic Coal. 
Standard Coal Co., Centerville — Coal. 
Tudor Coal Co., Dawson — Coal. 
Whitebreast Fuel Co., Ottumwa— Coal. 



178 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

GROUP 44. 

Adams County Association, Corning — Marble. 
Bishop & Treat, Charles City — Marble. 
Cedar A^alley Quarry Co., Cedar Valley — Bridge stone. 
Chamberlain, W. H., Independence — Granite. 
Crowley, Edward, Iowa City — Mottied stone. 
Dubuque World's Fair Association — Specimens from caves. 
Fairchild, H. W., Iowa City — Coral specimens. 
Faus, T. W., Cherokee — Monumental design, artificial stone. 
Green, J. A., Stone City — Structural limestone, carved stone fruit and 
flowers. 

Hutchinson, Frank, Iowa City — Building stone. 

Iowa River Stone Co., Eldora — Lmiestone. 

Irish, Gill R., Iowa City — Limestone. 

Kemper, E. G., Burlington — Brown stone (Jasper County). 

LeGrand Quarry Co., Marshalltown — Building stone, fossil marble. 

McGregor Improvement Co. — Fossil marble. 

Ft. Madison & Appanoose Stone Co., Ft. Madison — Building stone. • 

Moir, M. W., Eldora — Blue limestone. 

Polk, Jefferson S., Des Moines — Red, buff and variegated sandstone. 

State Quarry, Iowa City — Building stone. 

Sterns, W. W., Humboldt — Oolitic limestone. 

Thompson, J. K. P., Rock Rapids — Red and purple jasper. 

Treat, A. H., Charles City— Fossil marble and examples. 

Waukon Association — Limestone, marble and sandstone. 

Williams, Wilkes, Postville — Niagara dolomite building stone. . 

GROUP 46. 

Barnard, Charles. Waukon— Ornamental and moulding clays and sands. 

Buhlman, J. H , Clayton —Silica and glass made from it. 

Carter, Charles, Marengo— Brick. 

Centerville Association— F'ire clay. 

Clemens, Andrew, McGregor Ornamental sand work. 

Clermont Brick & Tile Co. — Brick and tile. 

Close, W. H., Red Oak- Pottery. 

Crooked Creek Railroad Co., Lehigh — Silica. 

Fairchild, H. W., Iowa City — Building and fire sand and fire stone. 

Faus, T. W , Cherokee- Artificial stone. 

Granite Brick Co., Burlington — Vitrified brick. 

Holman, C. J. & Bro., Sergeant's Bluff Clay, pottery and paving brick. 

Indianola Brick ^' Tile Co.— Brick and tile. 

Iowa City Assoc'ation Clay and Brick. 

Iowa Pipe and Tile Co., Des Moines — Sewer pipe. 

Johnson County, Iowa City Silica. 

Keokuk Brick and Tile Co. — X'itrified brick. 

Kettle, William, Tipton Tile. 

McGregor Imi)rovement Co. -Marl, clay and samples of silica. 

Moir, M. W., Eldora Clays and examples, fire sand and silica. 

Montpclicr 'I'ilc Works Tile and l)rick. 



REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF MINERALS AND GEOLOGY. 1 79 

Muscatine Pressed Brick Co.- Brick and clay. 

Muscatine Terra Cotta Co. — Brick, 

Ottumwa Brick Co, — Brick. 

Pella Drain Tile Co. — Tile. 

Shattuck, A. L.. What Cheer - Fire clay. 

Stone, W. B., Webster City — Artiiical stone. 

Waukon Association — Brick, tile, potter's clay, and sands. 

GROUP 47. 

Buncombe Stucco Co., Fort Dodge — Plaster Paris, gypsum fertilizer. 

Fairchild, H. W., Iowa City — Gravels. 

Hurst, A., Maquoketa — Lime. 

Iowa City Association — Lime. 

Moir. M. W., Eldora — Limestone. 

Steel, Wm. A., Des Moines — Limestone. 

GROUP 48. 

Waukon World's Fair Association — Iron oxides and examples. 
W'rikison, L. A., Des Moines — Iron oxides and examples. 

GROUP 61. 

Morgan, Kelly & Taneyhill, Waterloo — Well-drilling machinery. 

GROUP 63. 

Ottumwa Iron Works — Tail rope haulage, engine and fixture; unchilled, 
self-acting mine car wheel. 

GROUP 65. 

Sackett, H. B., Council Bluffs — Coal and barrel screens. 

GROUP 67. 

Centerville Coal Co. — Model of plant. 

Every part of the State was thoroughly canvassed, either by carefully 
prepared letters and circulars or by Mr. Meers in person. This department 
was, however, very much embarrassed by the small sum of only $2 000 set 
apart by the Commission for this work, when immediately opposite to the 
mineral exhibits of Iowa, were exhibits from mineral states which cost hund- 
reds of thousands of dollars. If a larger sum had been appropriated, say 
$5,000 or *^6i000, the exhibit of Iowa could have been made to compare favor- 
ably with the exhibits of almost any of the states in coal, building stone and 
all the valuable clays for the making of potteryware, sewerage pipe, vitri- 
fied brick and building brick. Efforts were made to secure the best infor- 
mation from Prof. Calvin of the Iowa State LTniversity, and others versed in 
geology and mineralogy. Efforts were also made to secure from Dr. Hoff- 
man, of Oskaloosa, a portion of his enormous collections. The doctor was an 
enthusiastic assistant in this work, but the value of his collection, the danger 
of loss and the lack of power to properly secure him. prevented us from 
having his exhibits. All he required was, that his name be placed as the 
owner of the exhibit and securities given that the same should be returned 
complete without any expense to himself. The danger of loss bv theft and 




IOWA EXHIBIT, MINES AND MINING. PLATE I. 



REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF MINERALS AND GEOLOGY. l8l 

breakage was too great to take the risk of so valuable a collection, which is 
perhaps the largest and one of the most valuable in the State. Another 
very important collection was that of Mr. Meyer, of Fort Madison, Lee 
county, and valuable collections were offered from other sections of the 
State, which would have added very much to our general collection, and as 
a scientific exhibit of great value, and would have proved very attractive. 
They met, however, the same difficulty as to security as in the case of Dr. 
Hoffman. 

The principal effort was, under the head of mines, mining and geology, 
to secure a mineral exhibit which would be a complete demonstration of the 
great mineral wealth of the State, from a practical standpoint, and show 
that Iowa is very rich in mineral resources as well as in agricultural prod- 
ucts, and efforts were made to place this fact before the world. Every ob- 
ject promoting and developing to a greater extent commerce, manufactur- 
ing and other interests of the State were sought after, and coal, stone, clays 
and sands were made the foundation, principal or basis of the exhibits. The 
great coal fields of Iowa, covering nearly one half of the State, had been to 
some extent developed, and the purpose was, to make the development of 
this great mineral resource an inducement to the investing of capital in the 
State, and by means of the Iowa systsm of railroads, place it before the 
people of the country and before foreigners, that our coal fields were com- 
paratively accessible from every section, and practically inexhaustible, and 
thus induce manufacturing, by showing the advantnges offered in the abund- 
ance, good quality and cheapness of fuel for that purpose. 

In relati'on to the stone in the State, the purpose was, to show the people 
of this State and other states and countries, that in Iowa we had building 
stone of the very best quality, thereby attracting wide spread attention to 
the capabilities of the country in material for building purposes. As to our 
marbles, while they are not of the highest grade, the purpose was to show, 
that they were susceptible of a very tine polish. 

As to the gypsum beds in the neighborhood of Fort Dodge, the purpose 
was, to show that this valuable material for building purposes and orna- 
ments was practically inexhaustible and the quality, for walls and other- 
practical purposes, was equal, if not superior, to any yet discovered. As to 
lime stone, the purpose was to show, that the quality was unexcelled and that 
it was easy of access. 

As to the clays, which are abundant in nearly every part of the State, 
the object was to show that these clays were of such a quality and character 
as to bring them into notice and make them exceedingly useful. Such clays 
as are fit for common brick are abundant in nearlv every county in the state. 
White brick clay is also found in very abundant quantities in several parts 
of the state. Fire clays, potter's clay and clays that are used for paving 
brick w^ere collected, the object being to show that these clays abound in 
different parts of Iowa. Also to show that the finer clays for the manufact- 
ure of pressed brick, terra cotta and fine pottery were abundant in the state, 
and clays for artificial stone, sewer pipe and drainage tile also are plenteous. 
Also to show that clays in large quantities essential for the manufacture 
of mineral paints are abundant, thereby showing, that the state of Iowa 



182 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

has a bountiful profusion of clays for the manufacturers by whom this arti- 
cle is used. 

The object in relation to the v^arious kinds of sands, was to show that 
silica for the manufacture of glass, exists in large deposits within the bord- 
ers of the state, which for finene5S and superiority is not surpassed, and that 
not many years would pass before the manufacturing of glass would be an 
important industry in Iowa. Also to show that moulder's sand abounds in 
many localities, and building sand in almost every locality in the state; to 
show that cannel coal is abundant, and that lead, copper and iron ore abound 
to a considerable extent. 

So far as we were able to do so with the small sum of money in our 
hands, it was also proposed to show, that Iowa is rich in geological exhibits; 
that fine and valuable specimens are continually being brought to light, 
which has attracted the attention of the scientific world. That vegetable 
fossils of many kinds and sizes, carboniferous and sub-carboniferous fossils 
and geodes, the finest yet seen, abound in Iowa. That in many parts of the 
state pre-historic remains and relics have been found in profusion. 

The proposition was made, considered and carried out for the estab- 
lishment of a model coal mine to represent, as nearly as possible, the meth- 
ods of mining coal; also to represent the mining machinery and apparatus, 
including mining cars, tracks, etc., of some of the best mining works in the 
state. 

Much work was performed in this direction, and a vast number of let- 
ters written, and Mr. Meers traveled over the state in various places to cre- 
ate an interest in this development upon the plan proposed; interviewed all 
those who were likely to furnish important information; saw the various 
mineral deposits; examined them in person; made arrangements with dif- 
ferent operators of mines to send specimens and gained such information as 
would be necessary and best calculated to arrive at the result suggested and 
laid out to be done. 

As rapidly as possible collections were made and placed for the accom- 
plishment of the proposed purposes. Circulars and letters were sent out 
setting forth the plans named; giving the number of pieces and size of build- 
ing stone and manufactured stone; the number of blocks and size of coal; 
the number of specimens requested from each county producing coal, and 
the size of each, with the number of tons of coal required for the purpose of 
the miniature mining operation. 

Various samples of clays were procured from various sections of the 
state, and the amount to be furnished and directions given. Also samples 
of the manufactured product, burned and not burned, consisting of pottery, 
terra cotta ware, sewerage pipe, drainage tile and paving brick, together 
with the clays suitable for the manufacture of minerals, and as far as possi- 
ble, examples of manufacturing produced with instructions relating to the 
samples of lime in bulk or otherwise, accompanied by samples from which 
the lime was manufactured, together with manufactured articles produced, 
when that was po.ssible; together with samples of iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, 
mica, cannel coal, gypsum and other mineral deposits. 

Circulars containing information necessary to accomplish these pur- 
poses were sent out everywhere in the state and a continuous effort was 



l84 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

made to secure all of the specimens that were possible in each of the 
branches referred to. 

Many of the persons seen promptly and enthusiastically responded to 
the request made of them; others seemed to take but little interest in the 
matter and to consider the mineral department of Iowa, a state which stands 
out so prominently, noted for its cattle, horses, hogs and corn, as of no great 
importance and not worthy of attention. I have to report, however, that 
nearly all the plans referred to were carried out and exhibits from nearly 
every line named were furnished, presented and put in place in the very 
crov/ded and limited space furnished by the Superintendent in charge of 
the Mines and Mining Building, which was not one-fourth the size de- 
manded by Iowa. 

It is not my purpose in making this report to state the various speci- 
mens that were presented and placed in this exhibit, and I have not suffi- 
cient space allotted me to do so if I desired; but I will mention one of the 
most attractive of all. The display of the coal mine, with a cast representing 
a man in the act of mining coal, with the entry rooms, track, pick, and miner's 
lamp, by every one who has ever seen a coal mine, was considered a re- 
markably fine display. Another that was well worthy of mention was that 
furnished by the ladies of Dubuque, showing a grotto with many beautiful 
specimens of lead ore, stalactites and stalagmites, fossils and numerous local 
specimens that were exceedingly attractive. Another very attractive dis- 
play which also demanded attention was the collection of blocks of coal 
from twenty-seven coal producing counties in the state, built in a pyramid i- 
cal form, on which was placed a fine miniature specimen of the works for 
operating a coal mine. Another very attractive specimen was a beatuiful 
variegated marble mantel, which was admired by all who observed it. 

For a fuller account of the Geology of Iowa reference is had to that 
part of the Hand-Book of Iowa prepared by the committee on Archaeolog- 
ical, Historical and Statistical Information, Iowa Columbian Commission, 
published herewith. 

Seven medals and seven diplomas were awarded to the mines and min- 
ing department of the World's Columbian Exhibition of Iowa exhibitors. 
A description of only six of these have been returned, as follows: 

These were certified by the gentlemen of the Department of Mines 
and Mining February 17, 1894, as follows: 

AWARDS TO IOWA EXHIBITORS IN DEPARTMENT OF MINES 

AND MINING— WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 

(;roup 42. 

Lansing Mining ^: Smelting Co., Lansing, Iowa —Lead ore from lower 
magnesian limestone. 

(;roup 43. 

State of Iowa Coal and Coke. 

(jKorp 44. 

State of Iowa Marble and Building Stone. 

Ft. Madison & Appanoose Stone Co., F't, Madison -Building Stone. 



REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF MINERALS AND GEOLOGY 185 

GROUP 61. 

Morgan, Kelly & Taneyhill, Waterloo — Well Drilling Machinery. 

GROUP 65. 
H. B. Sackett, Council Bluffs— Sackett's Improved Coal Screen. 

GROUP 67. 
Iowa World's Fair Board — Model of Coal Mine. 

To mention names of all the exhibitors who were not awarded medals 
and diplomas, and to describe each of the localities and qualities of the 
rock, clays, sands, ores, etc., would take more space than can be spared for 
this report. In fact, it would require a book of itself, as these exhibits were 
very abundant and more than the space allotted to Iowa would permit. 

In addition to the exhibit in the Mines and Mining Building, there were 
some tine exhibits, particularly of coal, in the Iowa building, which were 
well worthy of notice and description if space would permit. 

I am satisfied that the Iowa exhibit in the Mineral department very 
greatly surprised people of the state and from all parts of the country who 
visited the exhibition and carefully examined Iowa's mineralogical and geo- 
logical collection. 

This state, situated between the two great rivers, in the very heart of 
the Mississippi valley and almost in the geographical center of the nation 
has a supply of useful minerals, with the exception of iron ore, far surpass- 
ing all but a very few of the states in the Union, and those who saw this ex- 
hibit, considering the very small sum allowed for the exhibit, expressed 
great satisfaction and astonishment. 



13 




JAMES 0. CROSBY. 



Report of the Department ot Woman's Work. 

BY JAMES (). CROSBY. 

On the 4th day of May, 1892, the Commission resolved that there be 
created an Iowa Board of Lady Managers, to be composed of one member 
from each congressional district, and appointing the members and a'ternates 
of the National Board of Lady Managers as members of the Iowa Board 
for their respective districts; the others to be named by the Commissioners, 
each for his respective district, and Miss Ora E. Miller was elected by the 
Commission, President of the Board. 

The Board was constituted of the following members: ist district, Mrs. 
Eliza G. Rhodes, of Mt. Pleasant; 2d, Mrs. E. E. Cook, of Davenport; 3d,. 
Miss Mary B. Hancock, of Dubuque; 4th, Mrs. N.C. Deering, of Osage; 5th,. 
Miss Ora E. Miller, of Cedar Rapids; 6th, Mrs. Flora J. McAchran, of Bloom- 
field; 7th, Mrs. Whiting S. Clark, of Des .Moines; 8th, Mrs. OrryH. Salts, of 
Corning; 9th, Mrs. Ira F. Hendricks, of Council Bluffs, who resigned shortly 
after her appointment, and Mrs. L. O. Person, of the same place, was ap- 
pointed in her stead; loth, Mrs. J. F. Duncombe, of Ft. Dodge, who was 
chosen by the Commission on failure of the Commissioner of that district to- 
make selection; nth. Miss Jennie E. Rogers, of Sioux City, who resigned in 
consequence of poor health and Mrs. A. M. Ainsworth of Onawa, was ap- 
pointed to till the vacancy. 

At the same time that it was determined to create the Iowa Board of 
Lady Managers, a plan was adopted for raising additional funds through 
the Board by means of organizations of Township Clubs and County So- 
cieties, which were also designed for the preparation and collection of ex_ 
hibits. and articles of association were framed for that purpose, as fol'ows: 

ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION' FOR IOWA WORLDS FAIR 
COUNTY SOCIETIES. 

ARTICLE I. 

This society shall be known as the County World's Fair 

A.ssociation.. 

ARTICLE II. 

Section i. The object of this Association is to establish World's Fair 
Clubs in every city, town and village in the county where members can be 
obtained; to assist in providing funds for collecting and maintaining an ex- 
hibit from this county at the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893. in the 
Iowa State Building, under the control of the Iowa Columbian Commission, 
and in the general Exi)osition buildings. This association shall be auxiliary 
to the Iowa Columbian Connnission.and (^xecute its policv as far as i)()ssible,: 



REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF WOMAN's WORK. 189 

Sec. 2. Any resident of this county is eligible to membership and may 
become a member thereof on payment of one dollar, and the secretary of 
the Iowa Columbian Commission shall issue to such person a certificate of 
membership, upon receipt of seventy cents thereof, the remaining thirty 
cents to be paid as hereinafter provided. 

ARTICLE III. 

Section i. The first meeting of this association shall be held at 

on the day of , 1892, at o'clock M., at which time a 

majority of the members, when the number in the county equals 25, may 
elect by ballot a president, vice-president, secretary and treasurer, who shall 
hold their offices until the first day of January. 1893, and until their success- 
ors are elected and qualified. 

Sec. 2. When a township or village club consists of fifteen members, 
and is organized by the election of a president, secretary and treasurer, the 
president thereof shall be a director in this association. The management 
of this association shall be vested in a Board of Directors, consisting of the 
president of such clubs within this county. A majority of the directors shall 
constitute a quorum for the transaction of business. They may choose an 
executive committee for the purpose of performing such duties as may be 
required by the board of directors. 

Sec. 3. The regular meetings of the board of directors shall be held on 
day of each month. 

ARTICLE IV. 

Section i. It shall be the duty of the directors to secure as many 
members as possible in this association, and to organize World's Fair Clubs 
throughout the county, under such rules and local management as may be 
determined by the board of directors. 

Sec. 2. The board of directors shall appoint a board of lady managers, 
consisting of one from each club of not less than 15 members, each of whom 
shall be a member of this association, and to provide such rules for their 
government and co-operation with this association, as they may deem best. 

Sec. 3. The necessary expenses of this association and expenses at- 
tendant upon collecting and securing material for exhibition, shall be paid 
under the direction of this board, on the order of the president, attested by 
the secretary. 

ARTICLE V. 

Section i. The president shall preside over all meetings of the mem- 
bers and directors. He shall call a meeting of the board of directors when- 
ever he deems it necessary, or when requested in writing by three directors. 
He shall sign all warrants on the treasurer for funds of the association, 
when authorized by a vote of the majority of the board of directors, or of the 
executive committee, if the authority shall be conferred on such committee 
by the board of directors. 

The vice-president shall act in the absence or inability of the president. 
In the absence or inability of both to act, a temporary president may be 
chosen to perform the same duties. 



IQO REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

Sec. 2. It shall be the duty of the secretary to keep a correct record of 
the proceedings of all meetings of the association, the board of directors and 
the executive committee. On the order of the president he shall issue calls 
for special meetings. He shall receive all moneys for the sale of certificates 
and contributions or otherwise and pay over the same as follows: 15 per 
cent to the treasurer of the ciub to which the member paying the same be- 
longs: 15 per cent to the treasurer of this association, and 70 per cent to the 
secretary of the Iowa Columbian Commission, taking the receipts therefor, 
and entering, in a book kept for that purpose, the date and amount of such 
payments and receipts. He shall attest all warrants on the treasurer of this 
association duly authorized, that have been signed by the president. He 
shall distribute to the clubs all literature sent to him for that purpose by the 
Iowa Columbian Commission, and perform such other duties as may be re- 
cjuired of him by the Board of Directors. At each monthly meeting of the 
board of directors he shall present a detailed statement of receipts and ex- 
penditures, and shall report each week to the secretary of the Iowa Colum- 
bian Commission the names and address of new members added, and remit 
to him the 70 per cent of membership fees, together with all matters of gen- 
eral interest connected with the work. 

Sec. 3. The treasurer shall receive all moneys paid over to him by the 
secretary as above provided, giving his receipt therefor. He shall pay out 
the moneys only on the warrants of the president, attested by the secretary. 
He shall keep an accurate account of all receipts and disbursements, and 
preserve all vouchers for payments, and give such bond as shall be pre- 
scribed by the board of directors. He shall make a full and complete re- 
port at each monthly meeting of the board, and such other reports as may 
be required by such board. 

Sec. 4. It shall be the duty of the executive committee to transact all 
business necessary to carry out the objects of this association, that may be 
required of them by the board of directors. They shall audit all bills and 
claims against the association, 

ARTICLE VI. 

Robert's Rules of Order shall be the authority on all parliamentary 
questions not provided for in these articles, 

ARTICLE VII — AMENDMENTS. 

These articles may be amended by a vote of the majority of the direct - 
ers present at any regular meeting, provided specific notice, thereof, in 
writing, be given at the previous monthly meeting, except as to the appor- 
tionment of moneys received for certificates of membership. 

ARTICLE VIII. 

Section i. Any county association adopting the foregoing articles and 
forwarding a certified copy thereof to F. N. Chase, secretary of the Iowa 
Columbian Conmiission at Cedar Falls, Iowa, will become auxiliary to state 
organization, and entitled to all the privileges and benefits resulting there- 
from, and upon payment of .said 70 per cent of membership fees, will receive 
from him certificates of membership, enumerating special privileges to which 
the holder is entitled. 



REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF WOMAN S WORK I9I 

Sec. 2. We hereby certify that the foregoing articles were adopted at 

in the county of on the day of 1892. 

, President 

, Secretary. 

ORDER OF BUSINESS. 

The following is suggested as a convenient order of business: 

1. Roll call. 

2. Reading and approving minutes of previous meeting. 

3. Reports of officers. 

4. Reports of standing committees. 

5. Reports of special committees. 

6. Receiving communications. 

7. Unfinished business. 

8. New business. 

CERTIFICATE OF MEMBERSHIP. 

"This is to certify that has paid one dollar into the 

treasury of the World's Fair Association of county, in the State of 

Iowa, and is a member thereof, and entitled to all the benefits and privileges 
appertaining thereto. F. N. Chase, Sec'y. 

\ Seal of the / Iowa Columbian Commission. 

'/ Commission. ) 

(Reverse Side.) 

Companies of twenty, holding certificates of membership in this associ- 
ation, by arrangement to be previously made with the corresponding secre- 
tary at the Iowa headquarters in Jackson Park, Chicago, may have reliable 
boarding places engaged by an agent of the commission, be met by a guide 
at the railway station, on their arrival, and accompanied to their quarters so 
engaged; and, if desired, to be accompanied once from their quarters to the 
Iowa Building and through the. Exposition grounds." 

On the 29th dav of June, 1892, the members of the Iowa Board of Lady 
Managers convened at Cedar Rapids and organized, the president, MissOra 
E. Miller, presiding, Mrs N. C. Bearing was chosen vice-president; Mrs. 
E. G. Rhodes, secretary; Miss Mary B. Hancock, treasurer. 

Executive Committee: Mrs. Ellen K. Cook, Miss Jennie E. Rogers and 
Mrs. J. F. Buncombe. 

Auditing Committee: Mrs. Whiting S. Clark. Mrs. Flora J. McAchran 
and Mrs. Ira F. Hendricks. 

Rules of order were adopted, and a resolution requiring the treasurer 
to keep separate accounts with each district of the proceeds of membership 
tickets, and that such funds be expended only for the use of the district in 
which the same were collected. 

A committee was appointed who prepared and distributed the following 
circular "Address to the Women of Iowa by the Iowa Board of Lady Man- 
agers:" 



192 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

ADDRESS TO THE WOMEN OF IOWA BY THE IOWA BOARD 
OF LADY MANAGERS. 

Miss Ora E. Miller, Cedar Rapids, - - President 

Mrs. N. C. Deering, Osage, - - - Vice-President 

Mrs. Eliza G. Rhodes, Mt. Pleasant, - - Secretary 

Miss Mary B. Hancock, Dubuque, - - - Treasurer 

To the Women of Iowa : 

The Iowa Board of Lady Managers desires to call your attention to our 
State Exhibition of women's work and through this circular to enlist your 
assistance and co-operation in securing for Iowa at the World's Columbian 
Exposition such a representation of woman's skill and industry as shall be 
second to none in America. 

The Iowa Board of Lady Managers was created by a recent Act of the 
Iowa Columbian Commission, for the purpose of organizing throughout the 
State of Iowa, County World's Fair Associations and Clubs, and also for the 
purpose of securing a creditable exhibit of woman's work and achieve- 
ments. The members of this Board are eleven in number, as follows: 

Mrs. Eliza G. Rhodes, Mt. Pleasant, ist Congressional District. 

Mrs. Ellen K. Cook, Davenport, 2d Congressional District. 

Miss Mary B. Hancock, Dubuque, 3d Congressional District. 

Mrs. N. C. Deering, Osage, 4th Congressional District. 

Miss Ora E. Miller, Cedar Rapids, 5th Congressional District. 

Mrs. Flora J. McAchran, Bloomfield, 6th Congressional District. 

Mrs. Whiting S. Clark. Des Moines, 7th Congressional District. 

Mrs. Orry H. Salts. Corning, 8th Congressional District. 

Mrs. L. O. Person, Council Bluffs 9th Congressional District. 

Mrs. John F. Duncombe, Ft Dodge, loth Congressional District. 

Miss Jennie E. Rogers, Sioux City, nth Congressional District. 

To these members has been assigned the supervision of the woman's 
department in the congressional districts in which they respectively reside, 
and the organization of the above mentioned clubs. 

It is their earnest desire that the exhibit of the Iowa Woman's Depart- 
ment shall compare favorably with the work of women of other states and 
shall reflect credit on the womanhood of Iowa. This board of eleven 
women can do very little toward effecting this great object unless they shall 
have the sympathy and active co-operation of all the intelligent women of 
our state. 

They are the more in need of this co-operation because of the short time 
allotted them for this work and because of their hampered financial condi- 
tion owing to the failure of the Iowa Legislature to appropriate any money 
for their use. We, therefore, earnestly appeal to the generous and public- 
spirited women of our state to come forward and help us. We can do 
nothing without your assistance; whereas, with it we can still hope to make 
the Iowa exhibit of woman's work such a one as will make every Iowa 
woman feel proud of the attainments of her sex. 

Our desire is to exhibit at the World's Columbian Exjiosition of 1893 
all artich^s which illustrate woman's share in the industi'ial, educational, 



REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF WOMAN'S WORK I93 

artistic, religious and philanthropical activities of Iowa, especially to set 
forth said exhibit in such a manner as to indicate the progress which women 
have made in all these various departments during the comparatively few 
years of our state's existence. 

It is a difficult task to enumerate all the lines of work in which women 
are engaged, and an attempt failing of completeness may possibly be mis- 
leading, but in order to point out some of the special representations of 
woman's industries and interests which the Iowa Board of Lady Managers 
desires to secure, we would especially ask your assistance in the following 
lines: 

To secure for exhibition: 

(a) Noticeably, fine specimens of every industry carried on by women 
in our state; this to embrace every department of woman's work. 

(d) Copies of all books, pamphlets or newspapers now or heretofore 
written or edited by Iowa women. 

((f) All books and papers illustrated by Iowa women. 

id) Scientific collections of every kind made by Iowa women, if of gen- 
uine scientific value. 

(<?) A list of all inventions made by Iowa women, and whenever possi- 
ble small models of the same not exceeding twelve inches in any one di- 
mension, 

(/) Colonial relics owned by residents of Iowa. 

{£-) Statistical and graphic representations of the educational and char- 
itable works of women; the graphic representations preferable, by means 
of maps so marked as to indicate the location of schools and charities 
operated in whole or in part by women. 

(/i) Representations for a historical exhibit of women's work, which will 
illustrate how Iowa women have grown with the state, beginning with the 
first achievements of women during Iowa's infancy, and illustrating her pro- 
gress through the succeeding epochs of Iowa's growth. 

Exhibitors in all departments of the exposition will be furnished blanks 
containing the question, ''What per cent of labor was furnished by women?" 
The answer to this question will be used in the preparation of statistics that 
will entitle women to one or more members of the jury of award in each 
department. 

The Iowa Board of Lady Managers also solicits the assistance of all 
Iowa women: 

First. To encourage the organization of Iowa world's fair county asso- 
ciations in every county and world's fair clubs in every village and township 
in Iowa, the object of which is to provide state accommodation and protec- 
tion for the benefit of the individual holding a certificate of membership in 
said associations or clubs; and also for the purpose of securing funds for 
collecting and maintaining an exhibit from each county in the Iowa State 
Building and in the general exposition buildings; and to place the people of 
the state in close communication with the state organizations engaged in 
world's fair work, and by means of club meetings to encourage the study of 
such subjects as will conduce to an intelligent and profitable understanding 
of the exposition. 



194 REPORT OF THE IOWA COLU.XJBIAN COMMISSION 

Second. To urge upon the women of the state the advisability of en- 
tering the general competitive exhibits at the exposition. 

Third To secure works of superior merit for the gallery of honor in 
the Woman's Building. 

The Iowa Board of Lady Managers will be pleased to receive sugges- 
tions and information relating to these subjects from the women of Iowa, 
and will esteem it a pleasure to render assistance in their power. 

Mary B. Hancock, Chairman, 
Mrs. Whiting S. Clark, 
Mrs. Flora J. McAchran, 

Dubuque, July 25, 1892. Committee on Circular Letter. 

The following is a list of the congressional districts, the number of 
World's Fair organizations effected in each and the total membership 
therein: 

First district: 10 societies, 308 members. 

Second district: 4 societies, 170 members. 

Third district: 7 societies, 366 members. 

Fourth district: 7 societies, 194 members. 

Fifth district: i society, 38 members. 

Sixth district: None. 

Seventh district: i society. 37 members. 

Eighth district: 3 societies, 120 members. 

Ninth district: 4 societies, 104 members. 

Tenth district: 3 societies, 118 members. 

Eleventh district: 2 societies, 103 members. 

Making a total of 41 societies and 1558 members. 

The total amount received for certificates of membership was Si 558, of 
which 30 per cent was retained by the local societies. $5415 30 was paid to 
the treasurer of the commission and expended in part payment of the sum 
of Si, 291. 4 1 expenses of the department of woman's work paid by the com- 
mission; and $545.30 was paid into the treasury of the Board of Lady Man- 
agers, who also received the additional sum of $25, a donation made from 
the first district. The whole amount S570.30 was expended in the respective 
districts from which it came. 

Of the results accomplished ])y the Board of Lady Managers through 
these societies, Miss Ora E. Miller, the president, reports as follows: 

"The women of these associations did a large amount of excellent work 
in making special exhibits, among which were the following: 

Centerville, coke exhibit; Sioux City, splendid corn decorations; Iowa 
City, clock of Iowa marble, built in the form of the State University of 
Iowa; Vinton, carved table and chairs of native wood; Burlington, large 
birds-eye view of that city, done in oil. and framed in hand carved native 
wood frame; Ft. Dodge decorated two rooms in Iowa Building in cemen- 
tico, a product of that vicinity; Dunlap, a massive carved chair: Decorah, a 
table of native marl)le; Mitchell County, a beautiful large banner; Dubu- 
(|ue, grotto of minerals; Macjuoketa, exhibit of polished woods. 

The school of corn cooking conducted by Iowa women was not only an 
attractive feature but very beneficial in promoting the interest in this great 
industry of the state. 



REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF WO.MAX's WORK Ig5 

In the \V(MTian"s Building, the Iowa women were well represented in 
the various congresses, musicales, arts and inventions, exhibits oeing in 
almost every department. Exceptionally tine was the exhibit in lace, re- 
ceiving the award of first merit and competing successfully with a large 
amount of foreign competition. The exhibits of art, needle work, wood 
carving, ceramic, scientific taxidermy, inventions, designing, and literary 
work were well represented. The artistic corn decorations were excellent, 
as was attested by the fine awards received. 

In the general departments throughout the fair the idea of sex was 
eliminated as far as possible, as in the educational, art, agricultural, and 
other departments, no distinction was made. The work of woman stood 
side by side with that ot man, and was received and cared for without dis- 
crimination by the directors of the various departments. As there is no 
occupation which women are not engaged in, they were vvell represented, 
and have every reason to be proud of their united efforts." 

There were additional exhibits made by societies, as follows: 

Centerville, model of coal mine; Dubuque, lead ore, zinc and spar; 
Iowa City, clay and brick; Waukon, iron or-e, limestone, marble, sandstone, 
sands, bricks, tile, potter's clay, and iron oxides. 

Owing to the inefficiency of the commissioner in charge of this depart- 
ment, or his lack of adaptation to the work in hand, or from other causes, 
the plan of association organizations was not as thoroughly exploited and 
popularized throughout the state, and did not produce results as great, as 
he had anticipated. 




H. W. SEAMAN. 



Report of the Department of Manufactures 
and Machinery. 



BY HALLECK W. SEAMAN. 




J. W. JARNAGIN. 



REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION AND 

FINE ARTS. 

BY J. W. JARNAGIN. 

When it was determined to make the Manufactures and Liberal Arts 
Building the most conspicuous on the ground, the plan contemplated that a 
large section of the first floor would be utilized for an exhibit of the schools 
and educational institutions of the w^orld. It was afterwards discovered 
that the demand for space made by manufacturers was so much greater 
than contemplated in the original plans that it would be necessary to place 
the contemplated exhibits on the gallery floor. This brought forth a vigor- 
ous protest from the educators of the country and an attempt was made to 
induce the management to erect a separate building for the schools, col- 
leges and various institutions of learning. The question was not decided 
for several months, and when a decision was reached but little change w^as 
made in the former plans. The fact that not half of the space was available 
that was demanded deprived those in charge of the educational exhibits of 
much enthusiastic support, and as a result the preparation of the work was 
encumbered with doubt and uncertainty which made progress both slow 
and expensive. 

Under date of May 3, 1892, the following circular was issued: 

To the School Sttperi)ite7idents and Teachefs of Iowa, Greeting : 

At the April meeting of the Iowa Columbian Commission, held in the 
city of l)es Moines, the undersigned was appointed, on behalf of the Com- 
mission, to take charge of the work of arranging for the low^a Educational 
Exhibit at the World's Fair. 

The dedication of the buildings of the World's Columbian Exposition 
to be held in Chicago will occur October 11, 12 and 13, 1892. The general 
reception of articles at the Exposition buildings will commence November 
I. 1892, and no articles will be admitted after April 10, 1893. 

It will thus be seen that less than a year remains for the preparation of 
an Educational exhibit that shall creditably represent the public school sys- 
tem of the state as well as other lines of educational work represented by 
the higher institutions of learning. All phases of intellectual development 
from the Kindergarten to the University are to be shown under the classi- 
fication formulated by the World's Fair management and in harmony with 
the rules governing the same. 

In addition to the exhibit made in the Department of Liberal Arts 
there will be a collective exhibit in the Iowa building which shall contain 
everything necessary to a full and complete exposition of the actual work 
done in the various grades of our public schools. 

In all departments it is expected that the work exhibited will be speci- 
mens of the handiwork of the pupils themselves, free from any interference 
on the part of teachers and parents. 



200 REPORT OF THE IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

At the beginning of next school year this department will offer premi- 
ums for various lines of both individual and class work, for the purpose of 
enlisting the boys and girls of the Iowa schools in friendly rivalry in pre- 
paring the very best specimens of their work for the Columbian Exposition. 

SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION. 

From the system of classification adopted by the World's Fair manage- 
ment the following under the head of Primary, Secondary and Superior Ed- 
ucation will best indicate the scope and extent of the proposed educational 
exhibit: 

Class 841. — Elementary Instruction. — Infant schools and kinder- 
gartens. Descriptions of the methods of instruction, with statistics. 

Class 842.— Primary Schools, City and Country.— School houses 
and furniture. Apparatus and fittings. Models and appliances for teaching, 
text-books, diagrams, examples. Specimens of work in elementary schools. 

Class 843.— Domestic and Industrial Training for Girls.— Mod- 
els and apparatus for the teaching of cookery, housework, washing and iron- 
ing, needle-work and embroidery, dressmaking, artificial flower-making, 
painting on silk, crockery, etc. Specimens of school work. 

Class 844— Handicraft Teaching in Schools for Boys. — Appa- 
ratus and fittings for elementary trade teaching in schools. Specimens of 
school work. 

Class 845. — Science Teaching. — Apparatus and models for elemen- 
tary science instruction in schools. Apparatus for chem*istry, physics, me- 
chanics, etc. ; diagrams, copies, text-books, etc.; specimens of the school 
work on these subjects. 

Class 846. — Art Teaching. — Apparatus, models and fittings for ele- 
mentary art instruction in schools; diagrams, copies, text-books, etc.; speci- 
mens of art work, modeling etc., in schools. 

Class 847.— Technical and Apprenticeship Schools. — Apparatus 
and examples used in primary and secondary schools for teaching handi- 
craft; models, plans and designs for the fitting up of workshop and indus- 
trial schools; results of industrial work done in such schools 

Class 848 — Special schools for the elementary education of Indians. 

Class 849. Education of Defective Classes. — Schools for the deaf,, 
dumb, blind and feeble-minded; adult schools for the illiterate. 

Class 850. — Public Schools. — Descriptions, illustrations, statistics, 
methods of instruction, etc. 

Class 851. — Higher P^DUCATioN.— Academies and high schools; de- 
scriptions and statistics. Colleges and universities; descriptions, illustra- 
tions of the buildings, libraries, museums, collections, courses of study, cata- 
logues, statistics, etc. 

Class 852. — Professional Schools. -Theology, law, medicine and 
surgery, dentistry, pharmacy; mining, engineering, agriculture, mechanic 
arts; art and design; military, naval, normal, commercial; music. 

The Iowa Columbian Commission will render all possible assistance 
in the furtherance of the work necessary to make a display that is ui keep- 



REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION AND FIXE ARTS 201 

ing with our advanced position in educational matters. The hmited means 
at its disposal makes enthusiasm on the part of the educators of the state a 
prime necessity in the work. 

I will at all times work in harmony with the State Teachers' Associa- 
tion and other educational organizations and I solicit the assistance of all 
who believe with me, that Iowa's educational exhibit should be second to 
none at that great gathering of the Nations of the World. 

Very respectfully, 

J. VV. Jarnagin. 

The hrst move made by the Iowa Columbian Commission looking to- 
ward an exhibit of its public school work was the decision to offer three 
hundred dollars in premiums, to be given to the schools meeting the condi- 
tions imposed, at a preliminary contest to be held at Cedar Rapids during 
the meeting of the State Teachers' Association in December, 1892. A com- 
mittee was appointed to draft a premium list that should conform as far as 
possible to the requirements imposed by the chief of the Department of 
Liberal Arts. Circulars were issued setting forth this feature of the State 
Teachers' Association and at the appointed time a suitable room was pro- 
cured and the work of the school children of Iowa was placed on exhibition 
in friendly rivalry in the laudable effort to gain some of the premiums of- 
fered. The following is the report of the committee appointed to pass upon 
the work: 

To Hon. '/. IV. Jarnaoin, Representative of the Iowa Colunibiaji Com- 
mission : 

The committee appointed by you to examine the exhibits made by the 
schools of Iowa at Cedar Rapids in connection with the Iowa State Teach- 
ers' association December 2g. 1892. and to make the awards as set forth in 
your premium list, a' copy of which accompanies this report, begs leave to 
report as follows: 

We have examined the exhibits as carefully as the magnitude of the 
work and the time at our disposal have allowed and wish to say, first, that 
those who have responded to your invitation and have presented work for 
inspection have manifested a degree of enterprise in this work that deserves 
high commendation. Second, the display is to be especially commended 
in that it makes decidedly a nearer approach to an exhibition of actual 
school work than is usual in exhibitions of this character. Much of the 
honor for this is due to the committee which prepared the classification 
under which the exhibits were prepared. Much honor in this regard is also 
due to those who prepared and presented work that wasn't called for in the 
classification; third, much credit is due to the county superintendents and 
teachers of rural schools who have presented work, some of which compares 
favorably with work from graded schools; fourth, the cities of Sioux City, 
Iowa City, Oskaloosa and Cedar Rapids presented excellent work which 
was not entered in competition for prizes, but simply as an exhibition of the 
work being done in the public schools ot those cities. The displays from 
these cities were very full in all .lints of work that can be properly pre- 
sented. 



202 REPORT OF THE IOWA COLUMBIAN CO-M MISSION 

A novel and valuable feature was the phonograi)hic representation 
of class exercises by the schools of Sioux City. In the judgment of the 
committee this plan of presenting work might be extensively employed with 
much advantage. 

In the exhibits under each number in the classification, three awards 
were made, when the number of exhibits was sufficient. The awards have 
been designated first, second and third respectively. 

The accompanying schedule will indicate with sufficient clearness the 
judgment of the committee in the matter of awards: 

GENERAL EXHIBITS. 

1. Best exhibit of country school work from any county, $15: Powe- 
shiek county first, Greene county second, Buena Vista county third. 

2. Best exhibit from any country school, $15: District No. 8, Nokomis 
township, Buena Vista county, first; second best, $10, District No. 2, Blue 
Grass township, Scott county; third best, District No. 5, Adams township. 
Greene county. 

3. Best exhibit of school work from any town or city, S25: Cedar Falls 
first, Mason City second, Clinton third. 

4. Best exhibit of school work of one pupil, Sio: Minnie Shafer, Cedar 
Falls, first; Daisy Heath, Brooklyn, second; Emma Gulbrauson, District 
No. 8, Nokomis township, Buena A'ista county, third. 

5. Best display from a manual training school, S15: Davenport. 

CLASS A— WRITTEN WORK. 

1. Best collection of examination papers in United States history, phy- 
siology, geography, and arithmetic, Si 5; Cedar Falls first, Marengo second, 
McGregor third. 

2. Best collection of examination papers in any one branch, Sio: Clin- 
ton first, McGregor second, Oskaloosa third. 

3. Best collection of letters or composition from any one class, si 5; 
Clinton first and second. Mason City third. 

4. Best condensation of fifty-word exercise into a telegram, S5 : Mason 

City. 

CLASS B — DRAWING. 

1. Best set of illustrative drawings from any one class in any branch 
not to exceed four by same pupil, Sio: Maquoketa first, Adair second, S5, 
Clinton third. 

2. Best collection of free-hand drawing from any scliool, not to exceed 
one from each pupil, Sio; second, $5: Maquoketa first, Waverly second, 
Mason City third. 

3. Best collection of original designs from any school, not more tlian 
one from the same pupil. $10: Waverly first, Cresco second S5. 

4. Best collective exhibit in drawing from any school, not more than 
one drawing from the same pupil, S20: Mason City first. Wa\ erly second 
Sio, Orange City third. 

CLASS C — APPARATUS. 

I. Best collection of illustrative apparatus made by the pui)ils of any 
school, Sio: Monte/.uma first, Cedar Falls second. 



204 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

2. Best chart of graphic presentation of schemes or methods of work 
usedby any teacher, Sio; Miss Ehiia R. Combs, Cedar Falls; second best, 
$5, Mason City; third, Clinton. 

Same by superintendent. Sio: S. W, Heath, County Superintendent 
Poweshiek. 

3, Best graphic scheme of statistical information concerning any 
district, Sio: Cedar Falls first, Buena Vista County second. 

CLASS D— PHOTOGRAPHY. 

1. Best collection of photographs of schools in working order, Sio: 
Clinton first, Cedar Falls second, Fairfield third. 

2. Best collection of photographs of school buildings and grounds, 
Sio: Fairfield first. 

3. Best collection of photographs illustrating courses and methods. 
Sio: Clinton first. Cedar Falls second. 

Respectfully submitted. J. J. McConnell, 

J. A. Bishop, 

Committee. 

The work thus passed upon was taKen as a nucleus for Iowa's educa- 
tional exhibit at the Columbian Exposition. The preliminary exhibit cost 
in premiums, rent for room, help, etc., something near S/Oo. 

Xo sooner had the enthusiasm kindled by this exhibit commenced to 
spread, than a renewed agitation began for a separate building for the 
school exhibits at the World's Fair; and so determined were educators to 
carry their point that many conventions, round tables and associations 
passed resolutions declaring it to be the purpose of the members thereof to 
refrain from taking any part in preparing exhibits unless the new building 
was guaranteed by the management of the Columbian Exposition. This 
determined effort counteracted about all the inspiration that came from the 
preliminary exhibit and made the question of a creditable educational ex- 
hibit from Iowa extremely problematical. About this time_ the colleges of 
Iowa were resolving not to take part in the work if the World's Fair was to 
be kept open on Sunday. The uncertainty surrounding the solution of that 
(juestion was so great that the colleges maintained this determination and 
prepared nothing. 

In the face of all this opposition the work of preparing the exhibit was 
prosecuted with all diligence. The determination for a new building was 
finally abandoned and two thousand feet of space was set aside as Iowa's 
territory in the gallery of the Liberal Arts Building. Afterwards Germany 
demanded more room for her educational exhibit and three hundred feet 
were taken from Iowa in order that this demand might be met. 

When the Exposition was opened on May i, 1803, the exhibit was prac- 
tically ready for the insj)ecti()n of the world. The following schools were 
represented: 

Des Moines, West Side Photographs of buildings, interior of buildings, 
pupils at work, kindergarten work; drawings from the first to the eighth 
grade, and from high school; manual training; model of cooking apparatus; 
cooking exhibits. 

What Cheer — Five regular solids. 



REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION AND FINE ARTS 205 

Iowa City— Drawing; twelve bound volumes representing paper folding, 
parquetry, manuscript, geography, language, essays, drawings, arithmetic; 
letter writing; seven relief maps. 

Corning — One bound volume of penmanship. 

State Center — Eight bound volumes representing primary work, geog- 
raphy, history, arithmetic, language numbers and physiology: clay mod- 
eling. 

Three bound volumes representing arithmetic, geography and lan- 
guage. 

Davenport — Manual training; mechanical drawings by pupils. 

Orange City — Drawings from different grades. 

Burlington— Drawings from the first to the eighth grade and high 
school; ten bound volumes, representing spelling, numbers, arithmetic, 
penmanship, language, grammar, word analysis, mathematics, United States 
history, civics, English literature, geography, physiology, science, Latin and 
German; paper folding. Photographs of buildings and interiors. 

Fairfield -Three bound volumes of mathematics, language and science; 
photographs of buildings, exterior and interior. 

McGregor — Six bound volumes of numbers, geography, geometry, 
physiology, language, United States history, algebra, German. 

Cresco — Six volumes of penmanship. 

Monmouth— One volume of geography. 

Des Moines, East Side — Thirty "volumes of history, geography, gram- 
mar, language, arithmetic, numbers, civics, algebra, rhetoric, chemistry; 
product map of Iowa; product map of the United States; product map of 
South America. 

Waverly— Drawings; kindergarten work; product map of Iowa: photo- 
graphs of buildings and interior; thirteen volumes of geography, language, 
algebra, physics, rhetoric, geometry, literature, arithmetic, reading, num- 
bers, German, Latin, history, physiology and spelling. 

Grinnell — Drawing from grades and high school; studies in biology. 

Mason City — Drawings and color w^ork; five volumes of arithmetic, 
physiology, history, penmanship, geography and language. 

Brooklyn — Photographs of buildings, interiors and pupils at work ; 
drawings from several grades; one volume of history, mathematics and ge- 
ography. 

Ottumwa— Photographs of buildings; drawings from the first to the 
eighth grade and high school; six volumes of penmanship and drawings. 

Fort Madison — Kindergarten work; photographs of buildings. 

Marengo — Four volumes arithmetic, algebra, physiology, literature, 
geography, history, political economy. 

Montezuma — Eight volumes of history, physiology, astronomy, book- 
keeping, geography, geometry, physics, picture stories; photographs of 
buildings, interior and pupils at work; map showing number and location 
of school houses in the state. 

Mount Pleasant — Color drawings; four volumes of primary work, botany 
and miscellaneous. 

Maquoketa — Four volumes of botanical drawings. 



2o6 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

Poweshiek County — Examination pa{)ers; one volume of rural school 
work drawings; photographs of country school houses and schools; glass 
model of country school house. 

Clinton — Photographs of building, interior and pupils at work and 
charts of course of study; twenty-three volumes of composition, drawing, 
geometry, physics, algebra, arithmetic, botany, language, color, U. S. his- 
tory, grammar, geography, physiology, German, Latin, Enghsh, geology,, 
kindergarten; drawings from all grades. 

Clinton County — Photographs of country schools and school houses. 

Oskaloosa — Four globes; ten relief maps; twelve volumes of number 
work; geography, language, arithmetic, U..S. history, English, narcotics, 
rhetoric, Latin, music, physics, drawings, reports, records, diplomas, courses 
of study; drawings. 

Cedar Falls — Statistical and comparative charts; photographs of differ- 
ent grades at work; photographs of calisthenic exercises; ten volumes of 
geography, penmanship, examination papers, physical culture; four geo- 
graphical maps. 

Marshall County — Three volumes of arithmetic, language, history,, 
geography; drawings and photographs of country schools. 

Boone County — Two volumes of botany, physical geography and mis- 
cellaneous drawings. 

Ogden — One volume of miscellaneous. 

Paulina — One volume of geography and language; one relief map of 
North America. 

Newell — Drawings. 

Malcom — Drawings. 

Hardin County — Drawings. 

Greene County — Drawings. 

Erie Schools — Drawings. 

State Department — Photographs of officers of State Teachers' Associa- 
tion; one volume of work from country schools, annual reports, blanks, 
school laws, photographs from state department; Iowa school svstem; Iowa 
school statistics; Iowa teacher's institute; comparative statistics; summary 
of finances; summary of statistics; enumeration, enrollment and attendance; 
school houses, number and value; teachers, sexes; bound volumes of official 
reports. 

Sioux City — Clay modeling; phonographic records of public school work 
of different grades; photographs of school buildings and ])upils; i)h()to- 
graphs of physical culture; drawings. 

Creston— Photographs of buildings. 

Marshalltown— Photographs of buildings. 

Chariton— Photographs of buildings. 

Normal School— Drawings; i)hotographs of buildings, interior and fac- 
ulty; military i)hotographs; physical science apparatus from laboratory; 
bound volumes of exercises in geometry; thesis on zoology and elementary 
science; bound reports and catalogues; charts showing grounds of the 
school; Delsarte exercises. 

The work shown attracted the favoral^le attention of the educators of 
this and foreign countries. The conimissioners from France and Germany 



208 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

solicited part of the exhibit to take home with them to be used in normal 
training, and the proposed Columbian Museum applied for part of it as did 
also the Philadelphia Educational Museum and the National Bureau at 
Washington. 

It was an exhibit of actual public school work and as such made a most 
favorable impression upon those who were interested in studying our school 
system. 

The following awards were made by the World's Fair authorities as 
shown by the official records: 

Public schools Montezuma — high school work. 

Public schools, Iowa City — drawing and history. 

Public schools, Davenport — mechanical drawing. 

West side public schools, Des Moines — photos of pupils at work, man- 
ual training, cooking school and kindergarten. 

East side public schools, Des Moines — product maps, history, scientific 
papers, literature, geography, etc. 

Public schools, Clinton — grammar and high school work. 

Public schools, Waverly — school and kindergarten work. 

State of Iowa, educational exhibit of public schools — charts of compar- 
ative statistics. 

Public schools, Montezuma — map of Iowa showing location of schools- 
Public schools, Maquoketa— botanical drawings. 

Public schools, Sioux City — phonographic records of school work of all 
grades and clay modeling. 

Public schools, Mt. Pleasant — primary work. 

Public schools, Ottumwa — penmanship and drawing. 

Public schools, Oskaloosa — primary, grammar and high schools. 

Public schools. State Center — primary and grammar work. 

Iowa State Normal school. Cedar Falls— physical science apparatus. 

Public schools, Paulina — relief map of North America. 

Country schools of Iowa -chart of comparative statistics. 

Public schools, Burlington — school work of all grades. 

Trustees Cornell college— courses of study, work and results. 

Powshiek county— photographs of country schools. 

Marshall county — photographs of country schools. 

Clinton county — photographs of country schools. 

S. W. Heath, Superintendent of Poweshiek county, glass model of 
countrv school house. 

FINE ARTS. 

In the interest of tlu^ Fine Arts department the following circular letter 
was published: 

'''To the Artists of Iowa, Greeting : 

There will be an exhibit of paintings by Iowa artists at Cedar Rapids, 
Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday. December 27, 28 and 29. i8q2. 

The object of this exhibit is two-fold: 

Fir.st. To give to those who desire to exhibit their work at the World's 
Fair an ()p])ortunity to have it passed upon by a jury of artists in order that 
the possibility of i^s rejection may not be so great when sent to Chicago, as 
everything intended for the Department of Fine Arts must pass under the 
scrutinv of a iurv of artsts in that citv. 



REPORT OF DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION AND FINE ARTS 209 

Second. For the advancement of art in Iowa, and the benefit of Iowa 
artists. This will be the only opportunity offered before the World's Fair 
to show what Iowa artists can do, and to create an interest in art throughout 
the state. 

RULES GOVERNING THE EXHIBIT. 

All exhibits will be limited to original work. 

Pictures must be packed, shipped and delivered at Cedar Raj^ids, Iowa, 
at the risk and expense of the exhibitor, not later than December 22. 

All paintings will be taken in charge by reliable and competent persons 
and hung in a favorable light, with suitable colored back-ground. 

The paintings will be insured against loss or damage by fire while on 
exhibition, without expense to the owner, and will be repacked and returned 
to the owner at the expense of this department. 

If desired, and so stated by the exhibitor, the merits of the pictures will 
be considered by the Advisory State i3oard before formal application is 
made to the Columbian Exposition in Chicago. 

Those selected for exhibition at the World's Fair will be. carefully 
packed, safely stored away and kept well insured by this department un- 
less the owner desires the same returned. In all cases definite instructions 
as to the above should accompany the work. 

Paintings will be catalogued and numbered. 

Attendants will be in charge who will attend to the sale of pictures, 
without expense to the exhibitor, in case the owner desires to part with 
them. The price at which pictures are offered for sale must be stated by 
the owner. 

Pictures should be plainly marked on the back with the name and ad- 
dress of the owner. 

The exhibit will be under the direction of Miss Ora E. Miller, Presi- 
dent of the Iowa Board of Lady Managers, Cedar Rapids, to whom all 
pictures should be addressed and to whom all communications touching the 
exhibit should be sent. 

SPECIAL TO IOWA ARTISTS. 

This exhibit is open only to Iowa artists. The time for preparation is 
short and immediate action is necessary. It will be an excellent oppor- 
tunity to witness the work executed by both professionals and amateurs and . 
you are cordially invited to not only exhibit your work but to visit Cedar 
Rapids and behold the handiwork of others 

The exhibit being held during the meeting of the State Teachers' Asso- 
ciation the railroads of the state will give a rate of one and one-third fare to 
all who desire to attend. Procure certificates at the place of purchasing- 
tickets. J. W. Jarnagin, 

In charge of Department of Fine Arts." 

Montezuma, Iowa, December 5, 1892." 

When the time came for collecting specimens of the handiwork of Iowa 
artists it was discovered that there was no organization through which to 
work, as no association of artists had ever been formed. It was determined 
to invite the artists of the state to send the best specimens of original work 
to Cedar Rapids and exhibit them there at the preliminary educational ex- 
hibit. Miss Ora E. Miller visited a number of places and succeeded in cre- 
ating considerable interest in the undertaking. When the time came for 
the opening of the preliminary exhibit a large number of paintings were 
available and Hon. D. N. Richardson, of Davenport, and Hon. W. A. 
Lyons, of Iowa City, were appointed to pass upon them and indicate which 
ones were worthy a place in the Iowa collection at the World's Fair. At 
the same time an organization was formed whereby the artists of the state 



2IO REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

might become better acquainted and the interest in the proposed exhibit 
materially enhanced. This created considerable enthusiasm and the as- 
sembly room in the Iowa building bore witness to the result during the great 
Exposition. The following is a 

LIST OF PAINTINGS IN THE IOWA STATE BUILDING. 

Julia I. Leonard, Decorah — 'Towa Scenery." 

Mrs. M. Van Cise, Clear Lake — "Shadows of the Past," "Sketch from 
Nature." 

Mrs. E. A. Jarrett, Des MoineS""Still Life-Violin," "Portrait," "Dutch 
Subject." 

Johannes Scheiwe, Ottumwa — "Cinderilla Guided by a Page to the 
King's Ball." 

Oscar Coast, Iowa City — Two paintings. 

Mrs. Gorham, Council Bluffs — "Iowa Cattle." 

Portrait of the late Mrs. McKee, of Centerville; presented by the Trav- 
eling Men of Iowa. 

Mrs. Alma Glasgow White, Washington — "An Old Elm Log," "The 
Wood-Choppers," "Stack Field," -'The Last Shock," "Iowa Corn," 

C. E. Baldwin, Des Moines — "The Bird Slayer," "Portrait of Mr. S — " 

F. Seimetz, Dubuque — "Peonies," "Portrait of Gen. Jones." 

Miss Mattie A. Isherwood, Mt. Vernon — "After a Nap," "Still Life," 
"Fruit." 

Geo. W. Carver, Ames — "Yucca and Cactus." 

Bianca Wheeler, Davenport — "Iowa Corn," "Scene in France." 

J. M. Huiskamp, Keokuk — "Squirrels and Powder Horn," "Ducks and 
Powder Flask." 

May McClure, Mt. Pleasant— "Kentucky Beech Woods." 

Mary E. Price, Sioux City — "Sleeping Cupid," '"Ruins of Karnak, 
Egypt." 

Mrs. W. A. Liston, Indianola — "Phyllocactus." 

Roscoe L. Mark, Davenport — "A Grey Day." 

Miss Laura George, Des Moines — "Fishing near \'enice." 

Mrs. I. M. Kimball, Mclntyre— "Oil §ketch." 

Mrs. Ella Lyon, Iowa City — "Grapes." 

Luetta B. James, Des Moines — "Iowa Prairie," "Ossipee Mountains." 

Frances Schaffer, Davenport— "Cattle." 

Helen A. Snow, Keystone — "Horse." 

Mrs. K. K. Starr, Algona — '"Roses." 

Miss E. M. Budd, Des Moines— "Roses." 

Hattie J. Stimmel, Iowa City —"Landscape"'— 2; "Study of Head," 
"Corn." 

Mrs. M. A, Adams, Mason City — "'Golden Rod and Astors," 

Viola Gardner Brown, Marengo "Masquawott," "Portrait." 

(iertrude Witmer, Des Moines "Quaint Old Brick Yard," "Still Life." 

Bertha S. Stacy, Indianola "Still Life," "Rabbit." 

Francis M. Bemis, Davenport— "Iowa Apples." 

Mamie Macy, Des Moines "Roses." 



212 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

Mrs. Gorham. Council Bluffs "Cows." 
\V. Ullmer. Des Moines— "Portrait." 
Bessie M. H. Robert, Grinnell--"Life Study." 

Mrs. W. M Price, Des Moines 'Grou}) of Old Books," "Bunch of Li- 
lacs," "Group of Shells " 

D. J. Gue, Ft. Dodge— '-Stacking Oats," "Portrait of Mrs. Coffin." 
Dr. A. C. Roberts, Ft. Madison— "Portrait of Black Hawk." 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

The Home for the Feeble Minded at Glen wood made an excellent pre- 
sentation of the work done by the inmates of that institution. The exhibit 
made was studied by representatives from similar institutions in other states 
and much favorable comment was heard touching the excellency of the 
work done. This institution also had an exhibit in the Liberal Arts build- 
ing along with the work displayed by similar institutions from other states. 

The School for the Deaf at Council Bluffs was represented by work 
done in the school room and also by specimens from the manual training 
departments, together with a full set of photographs of pupils at work, 
buildings, etc. The work shown w^as displayed in a handsome glass case 
and attracted the attention of visitors and the commendation of those spe- 
cially interested in caring for the unfortunates who did the work. 

The College for the Blind at \^inton was represented by a splendid ex- 
hibit of all work done in the school. There were bound volumes of manu- 
script work done by the pupils, showing the peculiar characters used; 
fancy work wrought by those who are deprived of sight, and articles of util- 
ity from the work shop. This exhibit was one of the most interesting in the 
building and the skill required in producing it was the subject for much dis- 
cussion touching the acuteness of special senses when required to do double 
work. 

While the Department of Liberal Arts and Fine Arts was not repre- 
sented so lavishly as some others, it has been clearly proven that educa- 
tional advancement in Iowa has kept pace with the great and growing in- 
dustries of our commonwealth and oftentimes leads them, and that in the 
midst of our rapid strides in material advancement, a?sthetical culture has 
not been wholly neglected. The part Iowa took at the World's Fair in the 
presentation of our culture and refinement was a revelation to many from 
the older states and an ins])iration to our own people. 

Respectfully submitted, 

J. W. JARNAGIN, 
In charge of Department of Liberal Aits and Fine Arts. 

Montezuma, Iowa, June 7, 1894. 




A C. ROBERTS, M. D. 



Report of the Committee on Forestry, Photography 
and Corn Food. 

BY A. C. ROBERTS, AI. D. 

During the existence of the Exposition I was held responsible for the 
departments of Forestry and Photography, by the direction of our Commis- 
sion; but as I came in so late as a member, I must beg indulgence for the 
paucity of the exhibits in these departments. 

The Hon. Edward Johnstone, the first President of the Board, died be- 
fore the departments for exhibits were assigned to individual members. He 
was succeeded by the Hon. Theo. Guelich, to whom was assigned these de- 
partments; but he also died before he was able to do much and before the 
Exposition was inaugurated. The First District of Iowa was most fortunate 
in securing the appointment of such able men and most unfortunate in their 
deaths. 

I will attempt to give you what little Was done in the departments of 
Forestry and Photography, for our great State of Iowa, in the Columbian 
Exposition, the greatest exposition of the world. 

FORESTRY. 

Before I was a member of the State Board, as I learned by the kindness 
of Hon. J. W. Jarnagin, of Montezuma, the member from the Sixth District, 
"each state was asked to contribute specimens of its timber to be used as 
supports for the colonnade of the Forestry Building. This contemplated such 
varieties as would best represent the various native woods and those which 
were of the most commercial value. Ten pieces were sent from Iowa. The 
three long ones were twenty-five feet long, eighteen inches in diameter at the 
base and twelve inches at the smaller end. As far as possible they were to 
be free from knots and limbs and as straight as could be selected. The seven 
small ones were each twenty-five feet long and twelve inches in diameter at 
one end and eight at the other, also free from knots and crooks. The vari- 
eties sent were Walnut, Red Elm, White Oak, Red Oak, Linden, Shell-bark 
Hickory, Hackberry. Maple, Cottonwood and White Walnut. These pieces 
were all placed in position as columns in the colonnade of the Forestry 
Building and properly labeled. They were representative of our native trees 
and in variety and quality ranked with the specimens sent from states much 
more noted for forestry." 

This is in accordance with the records and facts. Besides these, there 
was no opportunity to exhibit to the world, outside of the Iowa Building, any 
of the wonderful examples of the forestry of our great prairie state; as the 
Forestry Building was closed for exhibits before I was appointed to the 
duty, or at least before I had time to prepare specimens for exhibit there. 

It was perhaps as well, as the naturally wooded states and nations would 
prol)ably have greatly outdone us in the competitive exhibit of woods in the 
Forestry Building, however complete ours could have been made. 



REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON FORESTRY, PHOTOGRAPHY .V CORN FOOD 215 

I confined my brief effort to an exhibit, in the Iowa Building, of as many 
and good specimens as I could procure in the short time of the second growth 
of timber of our state, so as to show to the world how quickly a prairie state 
can be sufficiently wooded, as our state has been, in the few short years of its 
existence. In this I believe we excelled all other states. I placed on ex- 
hibit there the followmg specimens of 

SECOND GROWTH WOODS: 

Oak: genus quercus; varieties; q. alba, nigra and rubrum. 

Ash: genus fraximus; varieties; f. alba, nigra and excelsor. 

Hickory: genus carya; varieties; c. alba, glabra, amara and nigra. 

Elm: genus ulmus; varieties; u. Americana, alba and fulva. 

Cottonwood: populis manifolia. 

Maple: genus acer; varieties; a. sacharinum and a. rubrum. 

Locust: genus robinia; varieties; r. pseudacacia; also honey locust, genus 
tricanthos. 

Walnut: genus juglans; j. nigra and cinerea. 

Buttonwood or plane tree: plantanus occidentalis. 

Mulberry: genus morus; variety; alba. 

Hackberry: Celtis Occidentalis. 

Basswood: Tilia Americana. 

Willow: genus salix; variety — 

Paw Paw: genus asimina. 

Cherry: genus prunus; variety; p. Virginiana. 

Birch: genus betula; variety; b. alba. 

Poplar: genus populus; varieties; p. alba and nigra, with a few other 
woods that have escaped my memory and also that of Mr. McMillen, who 
procured all these woods for me. (Unfortunately the copy, prepared care- 
fully, from which the labels on the woods were printed is lost, and none of 
the printed labels were preserved, except such as may remain on the speci- 
mens now at Cornell College.) 

These specimens of Iowa second growth trees were all prepared in the 
usual manner to exhibit their qualities as useful and ornamental woods, and 
especially so as to show their rapid growth. Though hastily selected and 
prepared, all from the green and growing trees, these specimens attracted 
much attention from the many thousands of people who visited the Iowa 
Building, acknowledged to have been the most interesting state building on 
the grounds of the whole number of state buildings there, so far as the ex- 
hibition of the principal resources of states were concerned. People from 
the natuarally wooded states and the thousands of people from foreign 
countries, who had always read of Iowa as a prairie state, were surprised at 
the exhibit that a new prairie state could make in forestry, even though the 
exhibit was scarcely half perfect. They wondered that a vast area, so short 
a time ago a sea of grass, could exhibit such specimens of cultured wood, 
and they were led readily to believe, what all lowans told them, that now a 
person walking or riding across our state would not know from observation 
that Iowa was but a few short years ago a prairie state, a vast field of 
meadow, except on a narrow margin of our streams and on the adjacent bluff 
sides. 



2l6 REPORT OF IOWA COLU.MBIAX C(3.M MISSION 

I was indebted to Mr. McMillen, of \'an l^uren county, for the selection 
of the specimens. Mr. McMillen is engaged, and has been for several 
years, in shipping woods from Iowa to Europe, He selects, prepares and 
ships annually 500,003 feet of black walnut and as much of other woods to 
Hamburg, Liverpool and other European ports, and his is not the only firm 
in Iowa engaged in the same business. He says: "The specimens I furn- 
ished you for the Exposition have all grown on the prairies within the last 
forty years; the specimen of osage orange was thirty-five years old only; and 
the specimen of solid and good tough white ash was only twenty-five years 
old and a foot in diameter." Mr. McMillen makes another remark in a let- 
ter to me as follows: '-The large trees are fast disappearing from the bord- 
ers of the streams of Iowa; but there is a fine growth of natural young tim- 
ber coming on which I think ought to be preserved by the owners of the 
land. The older trees are mostly damaged by the prairie fires of an early 
day and are defective and dying out," 

This brings us to remark that in the exhibit at the Iowa Building was a 
specimen of all the woods of Iowa, old and new growth, in small and care- 
fully prepared and polished specimens, kindly furnished by the Ladies' Club 
of Monticello, Iowa, We had, therefore, on exhibition, a very fair represen- 
tation of our Iowa Forestry, though it was confined to the Iowa Building and 
did not come in prize competition with the Forestry of other states. 

At the earnest solicitation of the President of Cornell College, of this 
state, all the forestry exhibit, including that from Monticello, was given to 
it and was shipped at the close of the Exposition, at the expense of the Col- 
lege, to where it is now, no doubt, an exhibit for the benefit of its students 
and subject to the inspection of all our people. 

About the matter of 

PHOTOGRAPHY. 

I labored under the same difficulty that I did in the Forestry Depart- 
ment, of my duty. Mr. Guelicli, however, had offered prizes to the photog- 
raphers of the state for an exposition of their art. Comparatively few re- 
sponded. The competitive photographs were placed in the Iowa Building, 
Three prizes were offered and were won by C, F. Bush, of Dubuque, first 
prize, $so; VV. H. Morhizer, Dubuque, second prize, $30, and Grosheim Bro's,, 
Muscatine, third prize $20, in accordance with Mr Guelich's offer. 

Besides the photographs that competed, there were many oihers ]) laced 
on exhibition in the Iowa Building, representing nearly all the various state 
buildings and several cities, all exhibiting the highest skill of the art. 

Besides there were in the artistic line two large maps of Iowa cities on 
exhibit, one representmg Burlington and one P\)rt Madison, 

The finest specimens of the photographic art, not prize exhibits, and 
unique in themselves, were exhibited by Monfort and Hill of Burlington; 
their ^<?«r<? photographs, which drew much attention, their fine frames first 
attracting notice and then the excellent pictures themselves forcing a long, 
study and great pleasure from many thousands of visitors. 

MAIZE AS A FOOD, 

Having l)een deeply interested and therefore urgent in having the ex- 
hibition of Indian Corn, the princij)al production of grain in our state, on the 



REPORT OF COMMITTEE OF FORESTRY, PHOTOGRAPHY & CORN FOOD. 217 

walls of the Iowa Building, after the manner of the Sioux City corn palace, 
and also in having the use of Indian Corn, in all its food forms, practically- 
exhibited to all the United States and to the whole world generally, a little 
before the last month of the Fair I was made chairman of a committee for 
the corn food exhibit in our proud Iowa Building. The decoration was done 
before the Exposition opened and was most beautifully done by Messrs. 
Milward & Clark, of Sioux City, exclusive and really artistic in that line, 
and it made the Iowa Building, more than any other state building, attract- 
ive to all the multitude that visited the grounds. This having been done it 
only remained to show that maize was good for something besides hog, cat- 
tle and horse feed. 

Mrs. Mary Scott, good wife of Hon. John Scott, of Story county, Iowa, 
came to our aid most nobly and persuaded Mrs. Emma P. Ewing, of New 
York, to volunteer her most valuable service to give the people of the world 
practical lessons in Indian Corn cooking for human food. Daily, from ii a. 
m. to 12 for a month, Mrs. Ewing, ably assisted by Mrs. Scott, showed to the 
people what an appetizing and delicate as well as nourishing food could be 
made from Indian Corn. A corn banquet was served, at which many for- 
eigners partook, some for the first time of that kind of food, and the univer- 
sal opinion was that it was most excellent. During the daily lectures Mrs. 
Ewing and Mrs. Scott gave the products of their cooking of corn, as far as 
it would reach, to the multitude always assembled in the Iowa Building, and 
the universal regret was that this part of the program had not been started 
sooner, so as to have exhibited to more people that Indian Corn not only 
makes good bread and common food, but that it is capable of being made 
into many of the most delicate of nourishing and appetizing viands. 

Mrs. Ewing and Mrs. Scott were unanimously voted by the Board of 
Commissioners hearty thanks and also a gold medal each, properly en- 
graved, for their intelligent and arduous labors. 

There is no doubt now that the grain exhibit in the Iowa Building, beau- 
tifying as it did the pavilion and chiefly filling its space, with the practical 
lectures on Indian Corn as human food, were the greatest attractions and 
were of the greatest benefit to Iowa of all the efforts to benefit the state by 
exhibits, of whatever kind, in the great Columbian Exposition. 

I may be permitted here to give from our state statistics such advertise- 
ment and permanency as this report may have to the production of Indian 
Corn for last year, (1893): 

The average yield of this crop was 35.7 bushels per acre. This is about 
three bushels above the average of the past fifteen years. The number of 
acres planted, as shown by the reports of assessors and correspondents, was 
6,016,940, producing a total yield of 214,804,758 bushels, which was over 40,- 
000,000 bushels in excess of the product of 1892. 

As I, as Commissioner, never drew from the fund any money on requi- 
sition, I have no account to render as required by the Board resolutions. All 
the expenses for the departments under my control were paid on vouchers,, 
duly audited. The expense was very little, as will be seen in the final ac- 
counting. 



1.5 




CHARLES ASHTON. 



Report of Committee on Archaeological, Historical and 
Statistical Information. 

BY CHARLES ASHTON. 

This committee in accordance with the direction of the Commission has 
the honor to report that at a meeting of the Iowa Columbian Commission 
held April 7th, 1892, this committee was constituted for the collation and 
publication of Archaeological, Historical and Statistical matter pertaining to 
the Agricultural, Mineral, Mechanical, Industrial, Educational and other re- 
sources and advantages of the State of Iowa, to be placed in the World's 
Columbian Exposition. In addition to his other important duties as Presi- 
dent of the Commission, Mr. Crosby was placed in charge of Department 
F., Woman's Work. Mr. Jarnagin was assigned to the charge of Eucation 
and Fine Arts (Department H). These separate duties engaging the full 
time of these gentlemen, by mutual agreement of the Committee, its work 
was placed in charge of Mr. Ashton. 

Upon considering the duty assigned it, the committee found that the 
record of its appointment did not clearly indicate the scope of work it was 
appointed to do. Consulting the Commission at a subsequent meeting, its 
work was more clearly defined. At the meeting of the Commission held 
June 22d, 1892, the sum of $8,000 was named for the use of "The Literary 
Bureau." Mr. Ashton then prepared in outline a plan for the work of the 
committee, submitting it to the committee for its approval. The committee 
approved the plan submitted, and instructed Mr. Ashton to prepare, in ac- 
cordance therewith, "A Hand Book of Iowa," for general, gratuitous distri- 
bution at the World's Columbian Exposition as a part of the exhibit of the 
State of Iowa. In the preparation of the work, the committee held frequent 
consultations and the work progressed satisfactorily to its several members. 

On account of the limited appropriation made by the General Assembly, 
it was found necessary to restrict the amount to be used by this committee 
to a sum greatly below the amount above named. 

The committee planned for the publication of a book of about two hun- 
dred pages, the pages when trimmed to be six by nine inches, to be set in 
brevier type, to be suitably illustrated, the body of the book to be on special 
sized and super-calendered paper, to be bound in heavy paper covers, to 
contain a two-page colored map of the State, showing all railroads, railroad 
stations, principal streams and county seats. On submitting these plans of 
the committee to the commission they were approved. 

In February, 1893, circular letters were sent to the leading publishing 
houses within the State, requesting bids for printing an edition of 20,000 
copies of the book. In response to these letters many bids were received. 
The bid of the Dubuque Telegraph Printing Company was considered by 
the committee, as the most favorable, and the contract was awarded to it. 
A copy of the contract made with said Company is in the printed minutes of 



220 REPORT OF THE IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

the Commission, at pages 299-301. Subsequently a change was made in said 
contract under which 5,000 copies of the book were bound in board. A sub- 
sequent contract was made for a second edition of 5,000 copies. The two 
editions, aggregating 25,000 copies, were distributed, mostly, during the con- 
tinuance of the Exposition. 

At a meeting of the Commission held April 30th, 1893, the committee 
reported a copy of the contract referred to above, also a title page for the 
book, with table of contents, and the larger part of the matter for the work 
in type written copy. This report was approved by the Commission. 

The entire cost of the work (25,000 copies) including expense of its prep- 
aration, illustration, express charges, telegraphing, postage for near 2,000 
copies distributed bv mail, transportation of books from Dubuque to the 
Iowa Building in Jackson Park and all other expenses in its publication, ag- 
gregated $3,504.15, making an average of 14 cents per copy. The 1,995 
copies distributed by mail, were sent to prominent citizens of our own and 
other states, commercial agencies, public libraries, educational institutions, 
editors, foreign and state commissions and to other parties requesting copies. 
Many copies of the work went into foreign countries, the postage on the 
book being six cents to any postoffice in our own, and in all European, 
American-Asiatic and African countries excepting a few colonies in South 
Africa. Upon its appearance the work was very favorably commended by 
the press and prominent citizens of the State. 

A copy of the work is herewith submitted, as a part of this report. 



A HAND BOOK OF IOWA, 



,0R. 



THE DISCO\^ERY, SETTLEMENT, GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION, 
TOPOGRAPHY, NATURAL RESOURCES, GEOLOGY, CLIMA- 
TOLOGY, COMMERCIAL FACILITIES, AGRICULTURAL 
PRODUCTIVENESS, MANUFACTURING ADVAN- 
TAGES, EDUCATIONAL INTERESTS, HEALTH- 
FULNESS, GOVERNMENT, AND THE 
EXCELLENCE OF THE SOCIAL 
AND MORAL LIFE 



,OF.... 



THE STATE OF IOWA 



Brightest Star in the x^merican Constellation, 



CHARLES ASHTON, JAMES O. CROSBY AND J. W. JARNAGIN, 

Committee on Archaeological, Historical and Statistical Information, Iowa 
Columbian Commission. 



PUBLISHED BY THE COMMISSION A. D. 1893. 



INTRODOCTORY. . . 



Of Iowa we write. Our task is to set forth its discovery, settlement, 
geographical location, topographical features, geology, climate, soils, 
minerals, rivers, agricultural advantages and productiveness, its commer 
cial opportunities, educational facilities, development, progress and the 
excellence of its intellectual, social and moral life. The subject is broad 
yet inviting, the duty is a pleasant one, yet in many respects one difficult of 
accomplishment. The artist who would attempt to present with the brush 
the grandeur of hue and majestic form of the bow of promise would find 
the task to lie beyond the reach of his culture or the grasp of his endow- 
ments. So the pen is inadequate to present in its bright and winsome 
reality this realm of topographical beauty, rich resources, gracious climate 
and excellent development which earth's millions now know as the State 
of Iowa. 

THE NAflE, IOWA. 

Prior to the settlement of the region a tribe of the aboriginal inhabi- 
tants were designated by a term from which we have the name of Iowa. 
An intelligent and early pioneer of the territory now forming the state, 
well acquainted with its native tribes and their languages, Mr. Antoine 
Le Claire, stated that this word, used by its original inhabitants to designate 
the portion of the country which they occupied, signified "This is the 
lii:id." Pre-eminently among its sister states Iowa is "the land." 

DISCOVERY. 

Iowa was first seen by white men in the summer of 1673, two hundred 
and twenty years ago. The French settlers then occupying Lower Caizada, 
in exploring the great lakes and their connections, had reached Mackinaw, 
and the Catholic church had formed at that place a missionary settlement. 
In their association with the Indians its missionaries heard of a great river 
in the west that came out of the north and flowed into the far-away south, 
and a wonderful land along its shores. So enrapturing were the descrip- 
tions given of the "Father of Waters" and the beauties of the treeless land 
bordering It, that an educated missionary, then laboring at Mackioaw for 
the conversion of the Indians, became possessed of an intense desire to 
explore it. 

Louis Joliet, a young man of Canadian birth, but of French descent, 
well educated, active and ambitious, traveling under the authority of the 
governiatnt of Quebec, reached Mackinaw in one of his adventurous 
voyages of exploration. There he met Jacques Marquette, an educated 
missionary priest. These two energetic men with five French-Canadian 
attendants, left Mackinaw on the thirteenth day of May, 1673, in two bark 



226 REPORT OF THE IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

canoes to reach, if possible, the great river of -which they had heard, and 
explore "the beautiful land." Father Marquette and his companion, Joliet, 
were both intent on enlarging the dominion of the French government, but 
the former was more directly concerned in propagating the Catholic faith 
among the native tribes in the then unknown interior region of this 
then unknown west. Leaving Mackinaw in their two canoes, frail vessels 
for such a voyage, with "some Indian corn and some dried meats as their 
stock of provisions," these intrepid Christian leaders coasted along the 
western shores of Lake Michigan into Green Bay. On reaching the mouth 
of the Fox River they entered it and ascended to the portage,* where, being 
directed by Indian guides, they transferred their canoes and provisions to 
the Wisconsin river and descended the stream. On the seventeenth day 
of June when near its mouth they looked across a greater stream, the 
"Missi," great, and "Sepe", river, on the western shore of which rose the 
high bluff on which, in 1805, Lieut. Pike planted the United States flag. 
Then had they the first view ever enjoyed by white men of the strange land 
on the sunset side of the great river which their venturous voyage was 
made to discover. 

Of the thoughts and emotions of those men, forming that day the 
vanguard of our present Christian civilization in this central west, we have 
no record. Something of the strange musings they indulged as they rode 
in their fragile vessels amidst their strange, weird surroundings, we are 
left to imagine. Gliding slowly down the great stream on that June day, 
the valley and the not far away hills that bound it were clothed in summer 
luxuriance. As they entered the Mississippi to their right, but little above 
them on the Wisconsin shore lay a beautiful prairie, reaching miles up the 
great stream and some three miles back from the river, but this they did 
not see. In front of them on the Iowa side of the larger river were the 
high bluffs, but turning down the stream they were soon in a delightful 
fiver archipelago. The first Iowa prairie they beheld was that on which 
the town of Guttenburg was built. In all this varying scenery they saw no 
aign of human form or habitation. It is said they rode on the river four 
days before the first sign of human inhabitant was seen. Then they beheld 
ffuman footprints in the sand. 

How profound the solitude in which they rode ! 

How wonderfully different that great valley now from its condition, 
then I Those men must have been conscious that they were in a vast in- 
habitable region, but had but slight conception of its present wonderful 
development and civilization, more beneficent than any which in their day 
shed blessings upon humanity; which in this celebrative year graces with 
its wealth of happiness the dwellers in the great central region which they 
then discovered, but now having world-wide fame alike for its beauty and 
its productiveness. 

In this commemorative year which calls the millions of the ua- 
iion to the shores of the great lake, from which those men began their 
voyage, should any of these millions traverse this interior region they will 
find on the shores of the great river then discovered, ten Christian com- 
monwealths, all free, powerful states, yet parts of this one powerful Natioo- 
Ality. Those ten states have & population of nineteen millions of ChriBtian 



THE SETTLEMENT OF IOWA. 22/ 

people, and possess a wealth surpassing the riches of the wealthiest nation 
of as recent date asIowa"s discovery; while on that tree-clad, western sliore, 
on which those men first looked with inquiring anxiety, there is now this 
beautiful state, the home of two millions of the most prosperous, intelligent, 
orderly and happy people of earth. In the intervening years, this region, 
then nameless to those adventurous voyagers, largely covering the fertile 
peninsula formed by the two largest rivers of the country, then an unex- 
plored, herbage-covered land, inhabited only sparsely by an uncultured, 
savage race, has made a progress in civilized attainment that must ever be 
the marvel of the country's history. Here are now commercial facilities, 
manufacturing forces, educational advantages, and a Christian freedom 
and liberality unknown to the world when this beautiful portion of the 
country was discovered. 

THE SETTLEriENT OF IOWA. 

The territory bordering the Mississippi river extending eastward of 
that stream to the Alleghanies and westward to the RocKy Mountains, and 
from the Gulf by which thrives the stately palm and fragrant orange, to 
the great )akes, was by right of discovery subject to the crown of France. 
In the course of human events that portion of this interior territory west 
of the Mississippi and reaching from Lake Superior to the Gulf of Mexico 
passed under the dominion of the Spanish crown. In 1800 Spain receded 
this great territory to the French government. That part of the original 
French possessions in this region lying north of the Ohio and east of the 
Mississippi had, by the conquest of Canada, become subject to the British 
crown, and by the fortunes of war in the American Revolution had subse- 
quently become United States territory. In 1803, by the treaty arrange- 
ment known as the Louisiana Purchase, France ceded its possessions 
along the Mississippi river to the United States government. The wise 
action of the Jefferson administration in extending the western frontier of 
the country to the Rocky Mountains, secured to this fertile prairie-inte- 
rior the advantages, forever, of free government and liberal laws. 

When the Revolutionary war closed settlements soon began to extend 
west of the Alleghanies from New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia and the 
New England states. In 1802 Ohio was admitted into the Union. In 173Q 
the French had formed a settlement at Vincennes and in 1809 Indiana was 
given state government. Yet in 1810 its population numbered only 23,890 
white persons. In 1720 the French had formed a settlement at Kaskaskia. 
In 1818, lacking but two years of a century thereafter, Illinois was given 
a place as a state in the Union. Yet in the centennial anniversary year 
of the founding of that settlement at Kaskaskia that state contained 
a population of only 53,788 white persons. A French settlement was 
formed at Detroit, Michigan, in 1701 but the census of 1830, taken 129 
years thereafter, reported the population of the Michigan territory at only 
31,346. Several more years passed before the American Congress gave it 
statehood. 

At the close of the first third of the present century the population of 
the four states formed out of the old Northwestern Territory covering the 
region between the Ohio river, the Mississippi and the Great Lakes had a 



o 




230 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

population only a little in excess of one and a half millions of white per- 
sons. In 1870, forty-three years after the permanent settlement of Iowa 
began, it had a larger population than Michigan, the settlement of which 
was commenced a century and a half before the first settlement was 
founded in Iowa. 

For 113 years after the discovery of Iowa by Joliet and Marquette it 
remained virtually an unknown land. In that cycle of slow transportation, 
limited reading, but numerous discoveries of new lands, the discovery of 
this interior portion of the North American continent had failed to attract 
public attention. No effort was made to effect any settlement within the 
borders of what is now the state of Iowa, until the fall of 1788. Julien Du- 
buque, an adventurous French trader, having secured from the Indians a 
grant of land extending southwardly from the Little Maquoketa river 
seven leagues along the Mississippi by three leagues inland, embracing 
about 121,000 acres, formed a settlement thereon. On it, it is said Dubuque 
"improved an extensive farm, built houses to dwell in, erected a horse mill, 
cultivated the farm and mined lead." He died in 1810 and his possessions 
were soon controlled by others. The Indians became dissatisfied with the 
lead mining and other conduct of their French and half breed neighbors, 
drove them from their mines and homes, and broke up the settlement. 

In March 1799 Louis Honori obtained a grant of land from the gov- 
ernment of Upper Louisiana in Lee county, where the town of Montrose 
now stands, near the head of the rapids in the Mississippi river. The tract 
was sold from him in 1803 and a settlement, founded by him, was abandoned. 

Various venturesome parties of hunters, trappers and Indian traders 
made temporary settlement along the Mississippi, within the limits of Iowa, 
from 1830 to 1830, but did not permanently remain. In 1809 a military 
post had been established on the present site of Ft. Madison. The troops 
however did not long occupy the post, its establishment having been in 
violation of treaty stipulation made with the Indian occupants of the region 
it was abandoned by the government. 

The city of St. Louis was founded in 1764. It soon had trade with the 
Indians. In 1804 that city, the river approaches of which were then 
navigated by only flat boats and Indian canoes, passed, by the Louisiana Pur- 
chase, under the dominion of the United States government. Three years 
later Robert Fulton made his successful trial trip on the Hudson with the 
*'Clermont", and steam, as a motive power on American rivers, was demon- 
strated to be a practical force, and soon had large application. In 1817 the 
first steamboat reached St. Louis. That city then passed from its primal 
Btage, as a mere trading post for Indians and hunters, to a growing and im- 
portant commercial center. Steam navigation being applied on the Ohio 
and Mississippi brought settlers into southwestern Illinois and northeastern 
Missouri and prepared the way for the settlement of Iowa. ^ 

' The western border of Iowa was first traced in 1805 by the Lewis and 
Clark expedition on its famous journey across the continent by way of the 
Missouri and Columbia rivers. Maj. Pike traced its eastern border as he 
ascended the Mississippi river to its source about the same time. The re- 
ports of these expeditions published by the government, with the reports of 
the journeys of hunters and Indian traders through the territory, ipread 



BOUNDARIES AND AREA 23I 

knowledge of the remarkable beauty and natural excellence of this then 
far western region. When the Indians were finally subdued by the defeat 
of Black Hawk at the "Bad Axe" in 1833, and permanent safety was thereby 
assured to venturesome pioneers, settlements rapidly formed on the Iowa 
side of the Mississippi. No region, ever opened for settlement, ofiered 
more inviting advantages to home seekers, and they were rapidly embraced. 

In 1833 the area now comprising the state of Iowa was a part of the ter- 
ritory of Michigan. Its legislature organized two counties within what ia 
now Iowa, naming them Des Moines and Dubuque. Three years later, 
namely in 1836, Congress organized the territory of Wisconsin — Iowa con- 
stituting a part of that territory. In 1838 the territory of Iowa was consti- 
tuted by act of Congress, and Robert Lucas of Ohio was appointed to the 
oflQce of Governor. The first legislature of the Iowa territory assembled 
November 12th» 1838, at Burlington. Iowa, as a territory, embraced a con- 
siderable portion of what is now the state of Minnesota, and had almost un- 
limited expansion toward the setting sun. 

On the opening of Iowa for settlement in 1883 settlers rushed into the 
lead mining regions surrounding Dubuque, and that city was founded. In 
1836, three years after Iowa was opened for settlement, the population of 
the territory numbered 10,315. Two years later the population had in- 
creased to !i2,850. In the census of 1840, taken but seven years after the 
territory was opened for settlement, the population numbered 43,112. Six 
years later a state enumeration found the population to be upward of 100,- 
000. The star of empire was taking its way westward, the 
people of the timber-clad east had heard of the beauty and richness of this 
prairie land where a farm could be made in a season with a yoke of oxen 
and a plow, and were coming in by thousands to enjoy the beauty of its 
broad landscapes, the glory of its sunshine, the purity of its waters and the 
fertility of its acres. In 1850, but seventeen years after the building of the 
first cabin in its permanent settlement, the second national enumeration 
therein reported a population of 192,214 free men and women. December 
8, 1846, but thirteen years after its first permanent settlers entered 
upon its soil, Iowa was admitted into the Union. The fame of 
its wonderful natural meadows and the beauty and fertility of its 
prairies had spread, not only over this country, but had cros&e4 the seas and 
the people of other countries, as well as the states in the east were crowd- 
ing in to find homes in this richly inviting region of the prairie west. 

BOUNDARIES AND AREA. 

The constitution under which Iowa was admitted into the Union fixed 
the boundaries of the state as follows "Beginning in the middle of the 
main channel of the Mississippi river at a point due east of the middle of 
the mouth of the main channel of the Des Moines river, thence up the mid- 
dle of the main channel of the said Des Moines river, to a point on said 
river where the northern boundary line of the state of Missouri, as estab- 
lished by the ||constitution of that state, adopted June 12th, 1820 — crosses 
the said middle of the main channel of the said Des Moines river, thence 
westwardly along the said northern boundary line of the state of Missouri 



234 REPORT OF THE IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

as established at the time aforesaid, until the extension of said line inter- 
sects the middle of the main channel of the Missouri river; thence up the 
middle of the main channel of the said Missouri river to a point opposite 
the middle of the main channel of the Big Sioux river, according to Nic- 
collet's map;]thence up the main channel of the said Big Sioux river, ac- 
cording to the said map, until it is intersected by the parallel of forty- 
three degrees and thirty minutes north latitude; thence east along said 
parallel of^forty-three degrees and thirty minutes, until said parallel in- 
tersects the middle of the main channel of the Mississippi river; thence 
down the middle of the main channel of the said Mississippi river to the 
place of beginning." A closer study of its boundaries, shows that this 
state lies between the parallels of forty degrees thirty minutes and forty- 
tnree degrees thirty minutes north latitude, (a range of latitude 
possessing a temperate climate most highly favorable for agricul- 
tural production.) The area of the state covers on the forty-second parallel 
six ranges of townships east of the fifth P. M., the fourteenth merldau west 
of Washington and the ninetieth west from Greenwich, and on the same 
parallel forty-five townships west of that meridan. Estimating each town- 
ship at six miles the state has an extreme length east and west of 300 miles 
by a breadth of about 204 miles, including in its breadth thirty-four sur- 
veyed townships. C According to a report made by the Secretary of the 
Treasury to the United States Senate in March, 1863, it embraces 55,044 
square miles, or 35,220,200 acres — an area larger than Scotland, almost as 
large as England, four times the size of the kingdom of Denmark, five times 
as large as Belgium; three times as large as the kingdom of Greece, that 
made the world's pre-Christian history interesting by it glorious deeds and 
the splendor of its philosophy and architecture; and it is five times the area 
of the land of Judea, that gave to the world its noblest ethical code, and to 
the race its Redeemer. 

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION. 

An artist once represented Columbus as standing and surveying the 
North American continent. When his eyes rested upou the brightest spot, 
central in the vast expanse, that spot was named Iowa. Geographically it 
is centrally located in this union of states. On the forty-second parallel its 
•astern boundary is upwards of one thousand miles from the Atlantic's tide 
by Plymouth Rock, while on the same parallel from its western border to 
the Pacific's surf-beaten shore, fifteen hundred miles intervene. From the 
northern line of the state to the British possessions by the Lake of the 
Woods, the distance is four hundred miles, while between the southern bor- 
der of the state and the Gulf coast lie the states of Missouri, Arkansas and 
Louisiana, covering an expanse of 760 miles. A position so central in the 
richest, freest and most powerful nation of modern times, aud central in the 
vast system of river navigation connected with the great streams that form 
its eastern and western boundaries, and so situated that the principal lines 
of railway binding ocean to ocean must cross its territory, must ever possess 
incalculable advantages in the security its location affords, the markets it 
assures, and the commercial advantages that must ever accrue to its 
citizens. 



TOPOGRAPHY. 235 

TOPOGRAPHY. 

Iowa is not only princely in its area and highly fortunate in its geo- 
graphical location, but it is winsome in its topography. In the days of a 
geographical ignorance, which an intelligent world remembers now with 
smiles, Iowa may have been placed in school-book maps in '*The Great 
American Desert." But if this beautiful and fertile state was ever a desert, 
then surely it was that one of which the Lord's prophet spoke wheu he de- 
clared "The wilderness and the solitary place shall be glad for them and 
the desert shall rejoice and blossom as the rose. '^ * * * * * The 
glory of Lebanon shall be given unto it and the excellency of Sharon." No 
grander cedars ever grew on Lebanon than now adorn Iowa homes, and no 
more beautiful or fragrant roses ever bloomed along the sunny slopes of 
Sharon than now grow in this realm of Edenic loveliness. 

One of the more noticeable features of the topography of Iowa is the 
entire freedom of the state from barren, rocky elevations, or other waste 
lands. It has no Saharas, dismal swamps, nor fever-breeding everglades. 

From railroad surveys and other sources of information we have defin- 
ite knowledge of the elevation of the chief portions of the state. Low 
water in the Mississippi at the southeastern corner of the state, its lowest 
point, being 444 feet above sea level. 

The point recognized as its highest elevation is on the summit divi('t 
near Spirit Lake, Dickinson county, it being estimated at 1250 feet above 
low water at Keokuk, giving the highest point in Iowa an elevation of only 
1,694 feet; between these extremes in elevation lies all of Iowa. To show 
more clearly by comparison tho moderate elevations of this area, we notice 
that its highest point is 165 feet lower than the Union Pacific railroad grade 
in the Platte valley at Grand Island, Nebraska, the grade at that station 
being 1,860 feet above tide. 

The water in the Big Sioux river at the northwestern corner of the state 
is 1344 feet above the tide level. This is the descent from that point to the 
Gulf of Mexico via the Missouri and Mississippi rivers. 

The crest of the state or the summit forming the water shed between 
the waters of the Mississippi and the Missouri lies diagonally across the 
state; its general trend being from the northwestto the southeast. Entering 
Iowa from Minnesota where it separates the waters of the Des Moines and 
Little Sioux rivers, it leaves the state entering Missouri near the southeast 
corner of Appanoose county, there separating the waters of the Chariton 
river from the Fabius creek, having crossed in its course through the state 
Dickinson, Clay, Buena Vista, Sac, Carroll, Audubon, Guthrie, Adair, Madi- 
6on, Union, Clark. Lucas, Monroe and Appanoose counties. 

The altitude of this important ridge is shown by the elevations at 
which it is crossed by the five chief railroad lines crossing the state from 
east to west. The most southern of these lines is the Chicago, Burlington 
and Quincy. It touches this great water-shed twice. First at Chariton 
Lucas county, at an elevation of 1,080 feet, and the second time at "Murray, 
Clark county, thirty-seven miles west of Chariton at an altitude of 1,263 
feet. This line of road reaches its highest altitude in the state at Creston, 
Union county, 1,355 feet, on the divide separating the Fiatte and Grand 



236 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

rivers, affluetfta of the Missouri. The Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific 
railroad, the next line north of the one first named, crosses this watershed 
in the northwestern part of Adair county, at the town of Adair, at an eleva- 
tion of 1,389 feet. The summit of the divide at this point is fifty feet above 
the railroad grade. The Chicago and Northwestern railroad crosses this 
watershed at or near Arcadia, in Carroll county, at an elevation of 1,437 
feet. The Dubuque and Sioux City (Illinois Ceutral) crosses it at Alta, 
Buena Yista county, at an altitude of 1.521 feet. Thus the three roads 
named reach their highest elevations in the state at the crossing of this 
divide. 

The Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul railway crosses it at or near 
Ruthven, Palo Alto county, at an elevation of 1,424 feet, but this road 
reaches its summit elevation at Sanborn, O'Brien county, 1,537 feet above 
tide, on the divide separating the east and west branches of the Floyd river,. 

The facts here stated show the evenness of the altitude of the summit 
of the state and that there is a very moderate and easy descent across the 
Btate from the northwest to the southeast. From S.inborn to Chariton the 
descent is 475 feet. The distance is two hundred miles in a direct Une, the 
descent averaging 2.37 feet to the mile. 

Any map of Iowa will show that the rivers in that part of the state 
which lies east of the great watershed, trend toward the southeast and flow into- 
Mississippi, and that in the portion l3'ing west of that summit all the rivers 
flow into the ^Missouri with a southwesternly trend. The traveler crossing 
Iowa soon discovers that, although a prairie state, and lying under the 
moderate elevations given, it is not a breadth of swampy levels, but a realm 
of beautiful undulations, — in some places rising from the streams somewhat 
abruptly but seldom precipitously. The divides separating the numerous 
streams generally rising to an altitude of 175 to 250 feet, afford a constant 
succession of changing scenery. No country affords more graceful land- 
scapes, when clothed in summer's green or when its groves are dyed in. 
their autumn robes of silver, scarlet, gold and purple. Iowa landscapes are 
grandly beautiful, and the traveler sees a breadth of farm homes beautiful 
in situation and surroundings. The great fields of growing graio, in their 
season, add beauty to the delighting panoramas by every shade of green,, 
covering the broad and billowy areas over which the eye extends. In the 
summer season great herds and flocks feed amid blooming flowers and rich 
herbage, and add enchanting variety to the inviting picture. In that season 
the enriching, life-giving sunshine paints the floral gemmed-meadows with 
a brilliancy of hue that makes the broad landscapes over which the vision 
reaches, constantly discovering new charms, superbly winsome. Para- 
phrasing the language of inspiration we may truly say, "beautiful for situa- 
ion, and the joy of her people"' is beautiful, fertile Iowa. 

RIVERS. 

Iowa is a realm of beautiful, perennial streams flowing in deep chan- 
nels and with rapid current. Prof. White in the first volume of his report 
on the geology of the state, tabulates the descent of the principal rivers of 
the state according to railroad surveys and other sources of information 
which we here copy. 



RIVERS 



237 



Name 
OF River. 



Missifsippi . 
Missouri. ... 
Des Moines. 
Dee Moines. 

Raccoon 

North Raccoon 

Skunk 

Skunk 

Iowa 

Iowa 

Cedar .... 

Cedar 

Wapsipinicon . 

Maquoketa 

Turkey 

Upper Iowa... 
E. Nishnabotna 
W Nishnabotna 

Boyer 

Big Sioux. . . . 

Big Sioux 

Little Sioux. 
Little Sioux. 
Floyd 



Part of Course. 



From Lansing to the Confluence of the Missouri 

From Sioux City to Council Bluffs 

From Fort Dodge to Ottumwa 

From Ottumwa to its mouth 

From Forks near Yan Meter to mouth 

From Jeffert^on to Forks near Van Meter 

From Oakland to its mouth 

From Colfax Station to Oakland 

From Iowa Falls to Iowa City 

From Iowa City to its mouth 

From State boundary to Cedar Falls 

From Cedar Falls to Moscow 

From Independence to mouth 

From Manchester to the mouth 

From Crane Creek to the mouth 

From Decorah to the mouth 

FromC. R. I. & P. R. R. to mouth 

From C, R. I. & P. R. R. to mouth .^ 

From Denison to its mouth 

From Indian Creek to mouth 

From N. W. corner of State to Indian Creek.. 

From Cherokee to Smithland 

From Smithland to its mouth 

From fork of Willow Creek to mouth 



Elope 
PER Mile. 

FT. IN. 



Authority. 



J.E.Ainsworth. 
R. R. Surveys. 
R. R. Surveys. 
R. R. Surveys. 

Surveys. 

Surveys. 

Surveys. 

Surveys. 

Surveys. 

Surveys. 

Surveys. 

Surveys. 
J.E.Ainsworth. 
J.E.Ainsworth. 
R. R. Levels. 
R. R. Levels. 
R. R. Levels. 
R. R. Levels. 
R. R. Levels. 
Estimated. 
Estimated. 
R. R. Levels. 
R. R. Levels. 
J.E.Ainsworth. 



R. R. 
R. R. 
R. R. 
R. R. 
R. R. 
R. R. 
R. R. 
R. R. 



From this table it will be seen tbat the rivers of Iowa are not sluggish, 
stagnant streams. The Little Sioux has rapid fall from its source in the 
lakes in Dickinson county, on the summit divide, to Smithland. The stream 
furnishes m.any water powers in its course through Clay and other counties- 
Below Smithland it strikes the broad flood-plain of the Missouri, and so its 
small descent below that town is explained. 

The Skunk is perhaps the flattest stream in the state, yet it flows with 
a strong current in its labyrinth of bends through the broad flood-plain in 
which its channel is cut. The traveler who had to cross this river in early 
days will never forget the "Skunk bottoms." But now with graded and 
bridged roads, its wide bottom lands are grand pastures and wealth produc- 
ing properties. 

Lying in the peninsula bounded by the rivers forming its east- 
ern and western boundaries, Iowa is not situated to afford inter- 
ior navigable streams. Its largest interior river, the Des Moines, has 
its source in Minnesota, and flows with a southeasterly trend east of the 
great watershed and empties its volume into the Mississippi at the south- 
east corner of the state. From Fort Dodge to Ottumwa, a distance in a 
direct line of 150 miles, its descent of two and a half feet per mile gives it a 
rapid current precluding any great value as a navigable stream but render- 
ing it of great value for manufacturing purposes. At Bonaparte, Ottumwa, 
Des Moines and other places it is made to furnish important water power. 
Before the advent of railroads, steamboats plied on this river in the spring 
and early summer, an occasional small boat running up as far as Fort Dodge. 
Steam boats occasionally, in those days, plowed their way up the Iowa and 



238 REPORT OF IOWA COLUiMBIAN COMMISSION 

Cedar rivers, but the advent of railroad facilities rendered those streams 

unnecessary for navigation and they have been given up to manufacturing pur- 
poses. Many of the rivers of Iowa and their affluents furnish numerous and 
valuable water powers. Some are improved for grist and other mill pur- 
poses, but many of the most valuable yet invite improvement/ The Cedar 
furnishes water power of great value at Cedar Falls where the river de- 
scends about twenty-two feet in three-quarters of a mile. At Waterloo and 
also Cedar Rapids it furnishes important hydraulic power. The Iowa and 
many other streams also furnish valuable water powers at numerous places. 
The rivers of Iowa are classed in two systems. The one embracing the 
streams east of the watershed, the other the streams west of that ridge. The 
principal streams in the eastern system are the Upper Iowa, Turkey, Ma- 
quoketa, Wapsipiuicon, Cedar, Iowa, Skunk and the Des Moines and its 
affluents, the principal of which are South, Middle and North rivers, the 
Raccoon with its branches and the Boone. In the western system we name 
the Floj^d, Rock River, Little Sioux, Maple, Boyer, jSTishnabotna, Nodaway, 
Platte, Grand and the Chariton. These are mostly perennial, many of them 
serviceable in the milling and manufacturing power afforded. Along their 
course were many fine native groves that attracted early settlers. All flow 
in fertile valleys bordered by sloping uplands and are sources of pleasure 
as well as utility and add beauty by giving variety to the luxuriant land- 
scapes through tlieir course. 

LAKES. 

The people of Iowa do not boast of the magnitude of their lakes nor 
the surrounding grandeur of their "unsalted seas." Yet there are numbers 
of lakes with charming surroundings, several of which are becoming famous 
as places of resort for rest and pleasure. Iowa's lakes all lie in the central 
third of the northern half of the state, and its most elevated portion, where 
the watersheds are developed into broad table lands. None of her lakes are 
of value in aiding commerce by furnishing important water transportation. 
In the sporting season they aro inviting to sportsmen, as they are visited by 
immense numbers of migrating waterfowls, as geese, ducks, brants, swans, 
pelicans, cranes, etc., and furnish large quantities of fine fish, it being true 
of them in this particular that "The waters brought forth abundantly." The 
lakes are mostly bodies of clear, pure water. On the shores of many of 
them are beautiful groves of native timber, located in breadths of charming 
scenery and are specially inviting to rest seekers and those desiring health- 
giving recreation Clear Lake, in Cerro Gordo county, is about five miles 
in length by two in breadth. Rice Lake, Silver Lake and Bright's Lake in 
Worth county are small bodies of water from one to two miles long. Rice 
Lake lying partly in Winnebago county. Crystal Lake, Eagle Lake, Wood 
Lake, Lake Edwards and Twin Lakes are in Hancock county, Eagle Lake 
being the largest of the three. Lake Gertrude, Elm Lake, and Wall Lake 
beautiful bodies of water, lie in Wright county, the largest of the three. 
Wall Lake, being about three miles long by two broad Twin Lakes in 
Calhoun county are becoming a noted resort for fishing and pleasure par- 
ties; the Des Moines and Northwestern R. R. making them easily access- 
ible. The two cover a length of about four miles. They are separated by 



240 REPORT^OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

a narrow boll of land through which is cut a narrow stream. Some twenty- 
five miles from these Twin Lakes lies Wall Lake in Sac county, which is 
becoming a famous health and pleasure resort. 

The maps of Iowa show three separate lakes within the state denomi- 
nated Wall Lake, one lying in Sac county, one (the largest of the three) in 
Wright count}'', and one (the smallest of the three) in Hamilton county 
The idea has been entertained that at some time in the ante-historic period 
eome strange people built veritable stone walls along portions of the shores 
of these lakes; but that idea is a myth. Over that region in which those 
lakes lie, when vast icebergs or ponderous glaciers were exerting their 
mighty forces in forming the wonderful drift coverings of the region, great 
numbers of boulders were borne by these forces from the north country 
and deposited about these fresh water bodies. The forces of winter frosts 
and ice have lifted these boulders in the shallow portions of these lakes 
and have piled them by their shores. Fancy has conjured them into walls 
and so they have their name, and thus the stories of the "Walled lakes of 
Iowa" had their origin. 

In addition to the above named lakes we notice Swan Lake in Emmet 
county, which is one of the largest of Iowa lakes. It lies in the central 
portion of that county and is readily accescible from Estherville, the county 
seat. It is a beautiful pleasure resort. Storm Lake, one of the most beau- 
tiful lakes of Iowa, lies in Buena Vista county, on the line of the Illinois 
Central railroad and by it is the beautiful town of Storm Lake. The largest 
lakes in Iowa are Spirit Lake and the Okoboji, in Dickinson county. These 
lie on the great watershed and near the Minnesota line and being accessible 
by the B., C. R. & N. and the C, M. & St. P. railways have become very 
popular summer resorts. 

In the winter of 1857 a band of Sioux Indians passed southwardly 
through northwestern Iowa, and on their return passed through Sac, Chero- 
kee and Dickinson coimties. The winter was a severe one and in the first 
week of March the ground was covered with deep snow. The Indians had 
trouble with the few white settlers then dwelling in Sac and Cherokee 
counties, stealing and destroying the settlers' property. Reaching the 
Okoboji Lakes they perpetrated a fearful massacre of white settlers who 
were then dwelling in the surrounding groves. 

The few families settled in those groves, on account of the inclement 
weather and the deep snow covering the wide unsettled prairies of north- 
ern Iowa, were unable to seek protection from the distant settlements, there 
being no possibility of relief nearer than Fort Dodge, a hundred miles dis- 
tant. Upwards of forty persons were killed outright by those savages. 
The settlers' cabins were burned and their property destroyed, and some 
three or four females were carried off as prisoners. When the news of the" 
massacre reached Fort Dodge a force was immediately raised to go to the 
relief of these settlements. The sufferings of that brave band of civilian 
soldiers were terribly severe. Two of them were frozen to death. The In- 
dians immediately after the massacre lied into Minnesota and could not be 
overtaken by the pioneer force. . 

Perhaps the only battle ever fought on Iowa soil between United States 
troops and Indian warriors took place some thirty miles east of Spirit Lake. 



PRAIRIE 241 

A company of United States dragoons under command of Captain N. Boone, 
about 1842, while crossing the state had a skirmish with an Indian band. 
Iowa has but a brief history of the heroic in Indian wars, or the sorrowful 
in the massacre of its early settlers by Indian foes. 

PRAIRIE. 

Iowa was early known as a prairie state. Its broad, treeless areas were 
its glory. Its prairies were not in their natural condition vast marshes, or 
great breadths of sterile sand, barren of productive power, nor were they 
regions of cold barren clay. They soon became known as of the finest 
land, awaiting the plow to turn them into productive farms. On the fourth 
day after Monsieurs Marquette and Joliet entered the Mississippi they had 
their first view of an Iowa prairie in its summer dress of green and bloom. 
This great central region of the country was largely treeless then. How 
long it had existed thus is only known to Him who created it. Why, how, 
or when these breadths of fertile acres and beautiful landscapes became 
treeless, would be useless for us to inquire. 

Iowa's being so largely prairie favored its rapid settlement, its first 
settlers had known something of the toilsome, slow process of making 
farms with a mattock and an axe in a heavily wooded country. In 1845 a 
man went into northwestern Ohio, bought an axe and commenced on a 
piece of timbered land to make a farm. He found it slow work. He after- 
wards came to Iowa, bought a half sectic2 of "raw prairie," went upon it 
with a breaking plow and team and broke the first furrow made on the 
tract a mile in length without a rock, grub, tree or stumb to hinder the 
plow. That was a speedier, saying nothing about its being an easier, way tc 
make a farm. Then there was the continuous advantage of a stumplesa 
field. When he settled in the Ohio woods he could not have cui a ton of 
hay on a hundred acres of his land; when he came to Iowa he could go out 
on the prairie with a mowing machine, cut the finest of blue-joint and make 
all the hay he wanted; as fine as was ever fed a horse. He visited a neigh- 
bor, an old settler, and going into his hay-yard he asked: "How much hay 

have you there Mr. S ?" "I guess about 800 tons," was the reply. 

Every stem of it made from wild grass. The settler in Iowa soon saw there 
was a distinction with a difference between making a farm on eastera 
wooded lands and the prairies of Iowa. Infinite wisdom contrived seven- 
eights of Iowa's surface to be prairie that Iowa might the more speedily 
and easily be turned into a paradise. The prairies of Iowa did not invite 
settlers merely by the ease by which they were turned into fine farm homes, 
but the beauty of the views they afforded, the breadth and grandeur of the 
great natural meadows and pastures they offered, and the ease of communi- 
cation they provided between neighbors and neighborhoods were potent in- 
fli ences in inducing settlers from the heavily wooded east. 

The facility of intercourse ojfered by the Iowa prairie was no mean 
factor in inviting their rapid settlement. In driving across them there w-as 
no climbing over stumps and loo-s. A few trips indicated a road which waa 
soon worn, if not into a straight, at least into a fine smooth, traveled way. The 
Iowa farmer had use for a carriage from his first settlement on the prairie. 
The writer knows something from experience of opening and traveling new 



242 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

roads in the east. Talk about the settler there baring use for a carriage 
from its first settlement, he scarcely had use for such a vehicle in the first 
generation of its settlement. 

It has been objected that there are terrible blizzards and awful cyclones 
on these Iowa prairies. We admit that there are storms in Iowa, but are 
there no tornadoes, no terrible storms and blizzards in timber covered 
countries? We know there are tumults in nature's domain in all regions. 
Men are helpless before nature's forces in all places, but destructive tor- 
nadoes in Iowa, like destructive earthquakes in California, are of but rare 
occurrence. 

There have been severe winters in Iowa but they have been few in i ts 
history. There may have been danger for pioneer settlers in journeying 
across Iowa prairies from winter blizzards in the past, but those dangors are 
now matters of history. Iowa winters on Iowa prairies are desirable now 
for the benefits and pleasures which they afford. 

Tha prairies, yet beautiful, are not now as they were when the pioneer 
chased over them the agile deer and the fleeing elk. Their great breadths 
were then open commons with sloughs and streams unbridged. Fire, in the 
fall, swept off their summer vegetation and left naught to hold in place the 
falling snow. The settlers' cabins, built in grove or sheltered nook, were 
far apart. The great breadths of open prairie were houseless and many of 
the pioneer settlers were poor and thinly clad. Then there was noth ing to mark 
the traveled road in the winter's snow storm, and the traveler seeking to 
cross the broad prairie may have been in danger when such a storm over- 
took him, distant from his home or a shelter. But terrible, life-destroying 
blizzards have been of rare occurrence in our history, while mild, beautiful, 
healthful winters, giving months of delightful sunshine and the smoothest, 
possible roads for winter travel, have been common. 

Our broad prairies, originally beautiful, have been made more grandly 
so by human h andi-work, directed by cultured mind. Terrible prairie fires 
may be read about in our history, but they will never more be seen. Our 
great prairies now are broad realms of finely improved, or improving, pro- 
ductive and enclosed farms. Good roads are common and the farms dis- 
tinctly mark them. Streams and sloughs are bridged. Thrifty villages and 
thriving towns and cities are multiplied while the whole breadth of the 
country is flecked by beautiful artificial groves. Now, every where over 
Towa prairies there are human habitatious and the danger to a traveler in a 
winter blizzard is passed forever. 

But with all of this improvement and change made by human intelli- 
gence and industry there are some things pertaijiing to the prairies of Iowa 
which are unchanged. The depth, the richness, the porousness of the soil, 
qualities which give it superior excellence for agricultural productiveness, 
are yet unchanged. Proper culture never diminishes but increases its pro- 
ductiye power. The perennial streams coursing through these broad prai- 
ries, yet flow in the same channels cut deep into the earth, with the same, 
ever continuing, rapid current, yielding untold advantages in their sur- 
roundings. The prairies of Iowa, no longer grand in their wild luxuriance, 
have been made more truly beautiful by the art and industry inspired by 
our Cliristian civilization, and will ever be renowned for their agricultural 



GEOLOGIC AT, SURVEYS 243 

superiority. Beautiful, fertile and exuberantly productive, their possessors 
are truly a fortunate people. 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS. 

The first geological explorations in Iowa were made by Dr. D. D. 
Owen, under United States authority. His field of work embraced parts of 
Wisconsin, Minnesota and Iowa. His report was published, a large quarto- 
volume 

The first geological survey in the state was made under the direction of 
Professor James Hall, State Geologist, in parts of the years 1855, 1856 and 
1857, with J. D. Whitney as chemist and mineralogist. Their reports were 
published in two illustrated volumes by authority of the General Assembly 
of 1858. 

In the years 1866, 1867, 1868 and 1869 a second and more extensive 
geological survey of the state w^as made by Dr. Charles A. White, State 
Geologist, Orestes H. St. John, assistant; and Rush Emery, chemist. Their 
work is reported in two volumes printed by F. M. Mills, state printer, in 1870. 

The twenty-fourth General Assembly, deeming a new geological survey 
of Iowa desirable, made an appropriation for the work and appointed a 
commission to select a suitable geologist to make the survey. This com- 
mission selected Professor Samuel Calvin of the State University to take 
charge of the work. Dr. Charles R. Keyes, Assistant State Geologist and 
Professor G. E. Patrick, chemist. It is believed that this survey will lead 
to an enlarged development of the mineral interests of Iowa, and a fuller 
knowledge of the extent and value of its coal fields. 

A SKETCH OF THE GEOLOGY OF IOWA. 



By Charles R. Keyes, A. M., Ph. D., Assistant State Geologist. 



Iowa is so pre-eminently an agricultural state that usually her mineral 
resources are almost entirely overlooked. Yet her geological features are 
none the less interesting scientifically, none the less important from an 
economic standpoint. 

The mineral wealth of a community can only be developed through a 
liberal appreciation of its proper functions. Geology ranking first among 
the useful sciences, has for one of its leading objects the investigation of 
the natural resources of a region. It considers the characters of the differ- 
ent soils and their capabilities for agricultural purposes; the extent and 
value of the different deposits of coal and lead, iron and other ores; the 
distribution, properties and uses of the exhaustless beds of valuable clays; 
the accurate determination of the areas for artesian waters; the analysis of 
the mineral, well and river waters; the relative value and durability of the 
numerous kinds of building stones; and all kindred subjects which are of 
the utmost importance to the great body of citizens. 

Agriculture and geology are daily becoming more intimate in their re- 
lations. Nowhere has their inter-dependence been more clearly under- 
stood and nowhere have the benefits been more apparent than in certain 



244 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

European countries. Some of the older slates of the Union, especially 
those along the Atlantic border, have followed the same line of work with 
the most happy results. To-day it is almost universally conceded that 
a good geological map of a region is practically a soil map also. The proper 
comprehension of the close relations of the two sciences cannot fail, there- 
fore, to impress the truth of the statement. 

In pointing out the various mineral deposits a knowledge of the dis- 
tribution of the geological formations is of prime importance. Iowa pos- 
sesses a measureably complete sequence of strata. The Paleozoic beds, 
from the Cambrian to the Upper Carboniferous, are very fully represented. 
The Mesozoic deposits, of Cretaceous age chiefly, are found in considerable 
thickness. Over all spreads a thick mantle of drift or glacial debris. 

Below the soft, unconsolidated drift material the indurated sediments 
are everyw^here exposed through erosion. The complete vertical section of 
the rocks in the state show^s a thickness of about five thousand feet. 

ALGONKIAN ROCKS. 

Sioux Quartzite. The rocks exposed within the limits of the state 
which are usually regarded as the oldest geologically are those, called the 
Sioux quartzite or Sioux " granite," wliich form outcrops of considerable 
extent in the extreme northwestern corner of the state. While there is no 
doubt that all the stratified sediments of Iowa rest at no very great depth 
upon the fundamental complex of crystallines M'hicli probably support all 
the sedimentary rocks of the globe, the Sioux quartzite and its associated 
masses are the only truly metamorphosed or massive crystalline rocks hav- 
ing a surface exposure in the state. The common phase of the rock under 
consideration is a completely vitreous type not unlike red jasper in general 
appearance and properties. Other parts of the mass are less indurated; and 
still others are simply loose sand. In places the formation is distinctly 
conglomeratic. Although the quartzite has been rendered in places so 
thoroughly crystalline since its original deposition, uo igneous rocks have 
be-an noted in the vicinity until very recently. 

A few months ago Professor G. E. Culver found in the midst of the Sioux 
quartzite of southeastern Dakota, within a few miles of the Iowa boundary, 
a large exposure of black trap rock, which extends for more than a mile 
along one of the minor streams flowing into the Big Sioux river. Dr. W. H. 
Hobbs, who has made careful microscopical examinations of the rock, finds 
it to be a coarse-grained olivine diabase — a massive basic rock unquestion- 
ably igneous in origin. It seems not improbable that further search will 
reveal other masses of the same rock or even other types of eruptives very 
similar. 

In quarrying, the quartzite presents numerous diiflculties; but the 
labor in getting out the material is greatly reduced by the fact that it ia 
everywhere jointed and cracked in such a manner as to enable it to be re- 
moved readily in convenient sizes for handling. It is one of the most com- 
pact and durable building stones in the northwest. For architectural pur- 
poses it forms a very beautiful stone and is used for all kinds of construc- 
tion throughout the region. Some of the leading churches and oftice 
buildings in Sioux City, Omaha, Council Blufl^s, Des Moines, Burlington, and 
other places have been erected from this rock, with very pleasing efCects. 



A SKETCH OF THE GEOLOGY OF IOWA 245 

It has also been used witb good results as a paving material both in blocks 
and macadam. The chief quarries in Iowa are near Rock liapids, in Lyon 
county, where the development of the quarry industry, though not so great 
as a few miles northward and westward, is capable of great expansion, 
since the stone may be obtained in practicaly inexhaustible quantities. 

Reference has been made to the occurrence of igneous rocks near the 
state boundary. It may be of considerable interest therefore to mention the 
fact that in sinking a number of deep wells in different parts of northwestern 
Iowa the drills have passed completely through sedimentary rocks into the 
crystalline basement below, penetrating the latter in some cases to tho 
extent of several hundred feet. At one of the latest borings, at Hull, in 
Sioux county, several thick beds of flint-like rocks were passed through, 
the different layers being separated by sands and gravels. These flint-like 
layers were found to be typical quartz-porphyry, a truly igneous rock, or 
lava, very acid in nature and essentially identical with granite, but cooling 
under somewhat different physical conditions. 

The presence of these massive crystalline rocks is very suggestive of 
agencies that may have been involved to some extent in metamorphosing 
the old Sioux sandstone. 

CAMBRIAN. 

Saint Croix Sandstone. In the extreme northeastern corner of Iowa, at 
the base of the high bluffs along the Mississippi river and its tributaries 
there is exposed a thick unconsolidated sand bed, which has been called by 
Minnesota geologists the Saint Croix sandstone. Its greatest thickness shown 
in Iowa is about two-hundred and fifty feet; but it is known to have a 
thickness of not less than one thousand feet, as has been disclosed by 
borings. While for the most part it is a soft sandstone wearing away 
rapidly under atmospheric influences there are in places clay seams and 
thin layers of lime-rock frequently developed. In the neighboring states 
the calcareous and argillaceous beds assume a much greater importance 
and form shales and slialey limestones which are charged with the remains 
of trilobites. This sandstone has been called by most writers on the 
geology of the Upper Mississippi Valley the "Potsdam," and has been re- 
garded as the western extension of the formation known by that name Id 
New York, There is but little doubt, however, that the Saint Croix is very 
distinct from the Potsdam sandstone of the Appalachian region, though the 
fauna is possibly equivalent to the si miliar one of the New York horizon. 

Although the formation has such a thickness in Iowa no subdivision of 
it into minor beds has been attempted. It does not have so great an impor- 
tance in this state as in the neighboring regions of Wisconsin and Minnesota. 

As a whole the Saint Croix sandstone of Iowa is of little economic value. 
At Lansing and some other localities there are thin beds of this formation 
which are sufliciently compact to furnish building stones of inferior quality. 
These layers are as yet only used for rough masonry. As most of the sand- 
stone is very incoherent, it will furnish unlimited quantities of coarse 
and fine building sand; while certain light colored layers could be used for 
the manufacture of glass. 

SILURIAN. 

Oneota Limestone. The name of this formation is that proposed hj 



246 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

McGee for the rock usually known as the Lower Magnesian limestone. 
Though attaining a thickness of between two and three hundred feet it is 
exposed only over a small area in the northeastern portion of the state. 
Along the borders of the Mississippi it rises above the soft Saint Croix 
sandstone in bold escarpments and castellated walls. For the most part 
the rock is a rather impure dolomite with occasional thin sandstone layers 
in the upper part. In color it is buff to brown. It is often vesicular and 
cavernous. In Wisconsin and Minnesota the lower Magnesian limestone 
embraces other layers than those represented in Iowa. The principal beds 
thus referred to are called the Willow river limestone and New Richmond 
sandstone in Wisconsin and the Shakopee limestone and white sandstone 
in Minnesota. 

The Oneota limestone is quarried at Lansing, Waukon, McGregor and 
other places in Clayton and Allamakee counties. For all ordinary masonry 
it supplies unlimited quantities of good material. Lime of a very good 
quality is also manufactured from this rock at a number of places. In 
certain localities considerable amounts of lead ore are found, but as yet 
this mineral has not been mined to any great extent in the lower Magne- 
sian limestone. 

Saint Peter Sandstone. Overlying the Oneota limestone is a heavy bed 
of pure silicious sandstone, very friable and with few lines of stratification. 
It is sometimes somewhat indurated, but as a rule incoherent. This is the 
formation that has long been known in the Upper Mississippi region under 
the name of the "pictured" rocks, best exposed perhaps in the vicinity of 
McGregor. Along the boundary of the state northward thin limestone 
layers are often intercalated. In places this sand formation graduates 
downward by a rapid increase of calcareous matter into the Oneota lime- 
stone. Economically it is of considerable importance in Iowa. Many of 
the layers are very pure and form excellent material for the manufacture 
of glass. 

Trenton Limestone. Contrasting sharply with the other Silurian lime- 
rocks of Iowa the Trenton is an ordinary blue limestone instead of a dolo- 
mite. For the most part it is a very compact rock, and often fossiliferous. 
Owing to its difference in lithological characters as compared with the 
other Silurian limestones it is honeycombed in places by cavities and 
caverns of greater or less extent. "It constitutes a conspicuous feature of 
the Mississippi river bluffs from above McGregor to near Eagle Point, Du- 
buque, and occurs as the surface rock over all or part of the counties of 
Allamakee, Howard, Winnesheik Fayette and Clayton. The Trenton 
limestone is interesting to the scientist on account of the number and 
beauty of the fossil remains inclosed in some of the strata. Here occur the 
oldest types of life that have been preserved in any degree of perfection 
within the limits of the state. The old Potsdam trilobites are few and 
fragmentary, and their structural characters are very obscure. In the 
Trenton are found countless multitudes of organic remains literally 
crowded together, and retaining in absoiute perfection every structural 
feature even to the minutest detail. Owing to the slight southerly or 
southwesterly dip the strata pass successively below the level of the 
Mississippi river, and so just above Dubucpie the Trenton limestone dis- 
appears from view."' (Calvin.) 



A SKETCH OF THE GEOLOGY OF IOWA. 247 

The Trenton limestone is quarried in numerous places throughout the 
counties mentioned. Lime of very good quality is made of this stone. 
Certain of the clay shales afford good material for the manufacture of light 
colored brick. 

Galena Limestone. Overlyins: the Trenton limestone in northeastern 
Iowa is a heavily bedded brown dolomite which attains a maximum thick- 
ness of between two and three hundred feet in the vicinity of Dubuque, in 
many places it is very coarse, vesicular and unevenly textured. It frequently 
contains some cherty matter. The entire bluffs at Dubuque are formed of 
this limestone. Some sandy material is present in different portions of the 
formation. The partings are usually argillaceous and are more massive and 
important toward the top where the formation gradually passes into the 
overlying shales. As shown by Chamberlain, the conditions of the deposi- 
tion, in southwestern Wisconsin and vicinity were changed somewhat from 
those which had existed during the Trenton. 

One of the most characteristic features of the Galena limestone is the 
surface fissures which everywhere traverse this formation. Sometimes they 
are mere vertical cracks or horizontal partings of the strata, but often widen 
out into broad cavities. In these openings are found the lead and zinc ores 
of the region. The metallic ores taken from this limestone form perhapa 
one of the most important economic characters. It was in the Dubuque region 
that the lead ore of the upper Mississippi valley was first mined in a system- 
atic way. 

The Galena limestone furnishes a considerable quantity of good material 
for heavy masonry. The chief quarries are located at Dubuque, though every- 
where throughout its geological range the rocks are adapted and used for 
ordinary building purposes. A superior quality of lime is also manufac- 
tured from this rock. 

MaquoJceta Shales. Along the entire western slope of Turkey river 
and below the mouth of that stream on the Mississippi as far as Clinton 
county, there is exposed between the Galena limestone and the Niagara an 
extensive bed of bluish or greenish clay-shale. Disintegrating readily 
under the influence of weathering, these shales allow the massive overlying 
dolomites to form a bold, mural escarpment which extends the entire 
length of the river mentioned. The shales have not been reported north of 
the Iowa boundary. Beginning at a point in Winneshiek county about 
twenty miles from the Minnesota line the Maquoketa shales have a thick- 
ness of over a dozen feet or more. This thickness rapidly increases till at 
its southernmost exposure it attains a vertical measurement of more than one 
hundred and twenty-five feet. At Dubuque a few feet of these shales are 
seen in isolated patches in the summits of the bluffs. For the most part 
these shales form alternating bands of dark and light colored clays with 
occasional thin seams of impure limestone. On the upper Maquoketa where 
the typical locality is situated, the shales are highly charged with many 
species of fossils. This formation is of small economic importance, unless 
the clays can be utilized in the manufacture of brick and pottery. 

Upper Silurian. The " Niagara " escarpment which rises in great 
prominence on the western slope of Turkey river and continues southward 
along the Mississippi nearly to Davenport is one of the most important 



248 REPORT OF THE IOWA COLUMBIAN CO.MMISSIOX 

topographical features in northeastern Iowa. The upper Silurian lime- 
Btones which form this elevation in Iowa are massive dolomities yellowish 
or brown in color, having a very considerable thickness. Although pre- 
senting great uniformity in texture there are locally large amounts of cherty 
material in bands or irregular nodules. Silicious material is also often 
disseminated in fine particles throughout the rocks, but as a rule it is con- 
centrated into the masses already referred to. 

Chemical analysis of the limestone itself shows that most of the form- 
ation is a very pure magnesian limerock or dolomite with scarcely any 
foreign material. In different layers the percentage of lime and magnesia 
vary somewhat. In a few cases the latter is almost entirely wanting and the 
beds assume the condition of a normal limestone. 

From its southern exposure where it is thought to attain a thickness of 
more than five hundred feet it rapidly thins out northward until just beyond 
the Iowa-Minnesota line its vertical measurement is very insignificant. At 
the southern end it is heavily bedded. In many places the inclination of 
the beds is very considerable, sometimes as high as sixty degrees. Lying- 
directly upon the inclined strata are often seen perfectly horizontal beds. 
At first sight it appears as if there was a marked unconformity. But from a. 
careful examination of some of the exposures it seems probable that the 
apparent dip is in some cases due to false-bedding on a large scale. In 
other instances it may be that very decided disturbances have occurred in 
the strata. 

The exact subdivisions of the upper Silurian rocks in Iowa is yet some- 
what undetermined. Hall in 1858 regarded the limestone as made up of an 
upper member which he termed the Le Claire limestone and a lower por- 
tion which was regarded as the same formation to which in New York the 
name ]S iagara had been applied. With the exception of White, all geolo- 
gists who have examined the upper Silurian strata in Iowa regard these 
rocks as made up of at least two distinct formations. These subdivisions 
greatly differ not only faunally but in a less marked degree in stratigraph- 
ical and lithological characters. For the reason set forth above, Hall's Le 
Claire appears to be a desirable name for the upper member as now under- 
stood; while Niagara, for the present, will be retained for the lower mem- 
ber. For the latter term some other name will probably have to be substi- 
tuted after a further investigation of these rocks has been made. 

Perhaps no other geological formation in the state furnishes a better 
quality of building stone for general purposes than the upper Silurian strata. 
The great extension of these rocks both in thickness and surface area make 
the supply inexhaustible. They form also the best lime in the world. 
This industry has already begun to assume very considerable proportions in. 
this state. 

DEVONIAN. 

The broad belt of Devonian rocks in Iowa is traversed medially its en- 
tire length by the Cedar river, the beds of this age extending from fifteen 
to twenty-five miles on each side of the stream. The formation is made up 
chiefly of massive limestones with magnesian layers. These^rocks form 
one of tho most important geological horizons in the state, o Although 
widely known in a general way their details are as yet little understood, as 



A SKETCH OF THE GEOLOGY OF IOWA 249 

the various minor subdivisions recoguized by different writers readily show. 
Until much additional information has been obtained it seems desirable to 
recognize now only four sections of the Devonian in Iowa. Some of these 
formations will probably require further breaking up as the rocks become 
better understood. Eegarding the equivalents of the Iowa Devonian beds 
with the more eastern formations much has been written, but as yet no 
satisfactory results have been obtained. 

'^Independence Shales. For a long time the Devonian beds of Iowa 
were regarded as made up almost entirely of limestones. Hall and others 
found clay beds in the northern part of the state; while still more recently 
Calvin has discovered important shales layers at the base of the Devonian, 
in Buchanan county. The latter beds are made up of dark carbonaceous 
clays with thin bands of impure concretionary limerock. In places the 
shales are so highly charged with bituminous matter that considerable ex- 
citement has been caused at different times, on account of their supposed 
nearness to coal deposits. Remains of plants have been found scattered 
through these clays; and they have also accumulated so abundantly locally 
as to form thin veins of true coal. The shales also yield a very consider- 
able number of animal remains. 

Cedar Valley Limestones. As already remarked the greater portion of 
the Devonian in Iowa is made up of limestones, for which it seems desirable 
to revive Owen's old name of Cedar Valley. These limerocks present very 
considerable differences in lithological characters. Although for the most 
part they are ordinary limestones they pass rapidly into argillaceous, 
dolomitic or even bituminous phases. Many of the beds are very massive 
though others are somewhat shaley. Everywhere the rocks of this age are 
highly charged with fossils of many kinds. 

Some of the most valuable building and ornamental stones occurring 
in Iowa are of Devonian age. Perhaps the best limestones for heavy 
masonry found anywhere in the state are those quarried on the Iowa river 
north of Iowa City. The old state house at the place just mentioned, and 
the basement of the new Capitol building at Des Moines were both con- 
structed of this rock. Unlimited quantities of good building stone are ac- 
cessible in the Devonian throughout the exposed area. Abundant supplies 
for the manufacture of quick-lime are present everywhere but the quality 
of lime is not as good as that furnished by the upper Silurian strata. 

Montpelier Sandstone. This name is applied to certain arenaceous 
beds that are well exposed in Muscatine county, and which have been 
recently differentiated by Calvin from the lower Carboniferous sand-rocks 
found farther to the southward. They are Devonian in age, but were 
formerly regarded as being identical with the Kinderhook sandstone 
exposed in the vicinity of Burlington. The Montpelier sandstone lies- 
immediately above the Devonian limestone. The chief exposures of this 
rock are near the mouth of Pine Creek in the county mentioned. It ia 
composed of yellowish or brownish material, somewhat friable, but in 
places indurated sufficiently to afford blocks for common masonry. Large 
quantities of this rock have been quarried and used for the rip-rap which 
extends for many miles along the Mississippi above Muscatine as a pro- 
ection for the railroads from the waters of the river. 



250 REPORT OF THE IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

Lime Creek Shales. These beds have long been supposed to form the 
uppermost member of the Devonian in Iowa. They are well exposed in 
many places in Floyd county especially. Some of the most important out- 
crops being at Rockford and along Lime Creek. At the latter place there 
is exposed a vertical thickness of about one hundred feet of dark argilla- 
ceous shales which are highly fossilferous. They disintegrate rapidly 
under the influences of the weather, forming a plastic clay which will 
probably prove quite valuable for the manufacture of brick. The geo- 
graphic extent of these shales is not known at present; nor is their strati- 
graphic position fully understood. 

CAHBONIFEROUS. 

Lower Carboniferous or Mississippian Series. 

At the base of the Carboniferous rocks as represented in Iowa and 
formiiLg one of the most important geological formations exposed within the 
limits of the state is the great series of limestones which have commonly 
been termed the " Subcarboniferous." These rocks in Iowa form a sinuous 
belt twenty-five to forty miles in width midway between the Cedar and 
Des Moines rivers. The zone mentioned thus extends from the southeastern 
corner of the state northwestward as far as the Minnesota line.' 

In southeastern Iowa the lower Carboniferous rocks form percipitous 
bluffs along the Mississippi and Des Moines rivers and their tributaries. 
The Mississippian series as represented in the continental interior is made 
up of four distinct formations. Only three of these however are exposed in 
Iowa. They are the Kinderhook, Augusta and St. Louis formations. 

Kinderhook Beds. In the southeastern part of the state the Kinder- 
hook beds are largely hard clay-shales with occasional bands of limestone. 
At Burlington these shales attain a thickness of over two hundred feet, not 
ail of which, however, are exposed above the water level of the Mississippi 
river. 

Lithologically this formation as exposed at Burlington is a massive 
clay-shale, often highly calcareous and in the upper part contain silicious 
matter in the form of fine yellow sand which occasionally assumes the 
character of a soft sandstone. Below the sandy portion these shales have 
long been supposed to be destitute of fossils, but recent exposures have 
disclosed faunas of a most interesting and instructive character. A short 
distance below Burlington near the mouth of the Skunk river these shales 
disappear below the water-level. At Keokuk, as has been shown by recent 
borings, they are in the neighborhood of one hundred and fifty feet below 
the water-level in the Mississippi. At Burlington immediately beneath the 
Burlington limestone are several beds a few feet in thickness of limestone 
and oolite. These are separated by clay shales. The exact relation of these 
beds to the rocks farther southward in Missouri is not known at] present. 
Beyond the immediate vicinity of the Mississippi river the shales in 
question are not exposed at the surface in Iowa; but they apparently have a 
considerable geographical extent and are thought to be recognizable in a 
number of deep well sections in different portions of the southeastern part 
of the state. 

A hundred miles northwest of Burlington, in Tama and Marshall 



A SKETCH OF THE GEOLOGY OF IOWA. 25 1 

counties, rocks which have been referred to the Kinderhook are well exposed 
along the Iowa river and some of its tributaries, - The exact correlation of 
these beds with those of southeastern Iowa has not as yet been fully made 
out. As shown in the LeGrand quarries the formation is chiefly a rather 
soft, somewhat irregularly bedded, buff limestone, probably containing a 
considerable percentage of magnesia. It seems from an examination of 
the fossils contained in the Le Grand beds that a part of them at least 
correspond to the limestone at Burlington. 

In southeastern Iowa no good quarry rocks have been found in the 
Kinderhook formation. Occasionally the oolitic beds are used, but they 
withstand weathering only a short time. The clay-shales at Burlington 
nave recently been Drougnt Into prominence in the manufacture of paving 
brick. 

Toward the northern limit in Iowa the Kinderhook assumes a cal- 
cerous facies. It is extensively quarried at numerous places in Humboldt, 
Hardin, Grundy, Tama and Marshall counties. In the latter localities the 
rock is a fine-grained limestone and forms a very durable building stone.. 
It has been used largely for bridge piers and architectural purposes. 
Portions of it contain ferric-oxide in narrow veinings. It takes a fairly 
good polish and is extensively used for interior work in place of ordinary 
marble. The lower part of the Le Grand section is made up of very com- 
pact oolitic rock which withstands very well all weathering influences, as is 
ehown in the court house at Marshalltown which is constructed almost 
entirely of this stone. 

Augusta Limestone. The two formations commonly known as the 
Burlington and Keokuk limestones have recently been found to form 
properly but a single sequence of rocks. The Burlington and the Keokuk 
groups are called after the cities of the same name in southeastern Iowa. At 
these localities the rocks have been regarded as typical developments. A care- 
ful examination of the fossils contained and of the relations of the different 
beds indicate that the limestones under consideration which were formerly 
considered as two distinct formations should be included under a single 
term. The lower portion of the formation commonly known as the Burling- 
ton limestone is a coarse-grained, encrinital rock, usually white and very 
pure in certain layers. It often contains considerable ferric-oxide and con- 
sequently a reddish hue is imparted to it upon exposure. The lithological 
characters of this rock are remarkably constant over broad areas. There 
are also in certain places silicious beds, the lowermost of which have thick- 
ness of twenty-flve feet or more. They are made up largely of nodular 
masses and irregular bands of chert with some calcareous matter. There 
are other layers of flint of equal if not greater importance in the Augusta 
beds than those just mentioned. The so-called Keokuk limestones are 
essentially the same as the Burlington rocks. They are usually more com- 
pact, less fossiliferous and have a bluish cast instead of the pure white 
color. The upper portion of the formation also contains beds of clay-shales. 

The Augusta Limestones are quarried rather extensively; the chief 
localities being at Columbus Junction, Burlington and vicinity. Ft. Madison, 
Keokuk, Bonaparte, and Bentonsport. The rocks at Burlington are 
used for ordinary masonry; some of the layers, the more massive ones. 



252 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

forming fairly good material for building. Large quantities of good lime- 
could be manufactured, but at the present time only a few small kilns are- 
in operation. Farther southward in Missouri, the Burlington limestone is- 
quarried largely for the manufacture of lime as well as for ordinary 
masonry. The lower layers at Keokuk have been used for bridge work and 
all kinds of common masonry. A good quality of lime is burned at 
various points in the vicinities of the places just mentioned. The sandy 
magnesian layers at the top of the Keokuk limestone have been extensively 
used for building and a number of churches and other structures are com- 
posed of this material. Along the Des Moines river the rocks of this form- 
ation were formerly used in the construction of dams at the time when 
slack-water navigation was proposed for the Des Moines river. 

St Louis Limestone. The rocks of this stage have commonly passed 
under the name of Concretionary limestone. But they are the same as 
those developed at the mouth of the Missouri river which Shumard called 
after the city of St. Louis. .The northern limit of these rocks is one hun- 
dred miles beyond any known exposure of Augusta rocks. From this 
northern border nearly to the mouth of the Missouri river the limestone is 
comparatively thin; but southward from the latter point it thickens rapidly 
until it attains a measurement of more than two hundred feet. Everywhere 
over the northern area of the St. Louis, characteristic brecciated rocks are seen. 
In Iowa this formation has probably a surface exposure much greater than 
any other member of the Lower Carboniferous. It is usually a fine-grained, . 
compact, bluish rock breaking with conchoidal fracture. The upper por- 
tion of the formation is often covered by a white, highly fossiliferous marl. 

The St. Louis limestone is made up largely of pure calcium carbonate. 
Quick-lime is manufactured at numerous places everywhere throughout 
the range of the formation. At Tracey, and elsewhere in Marion, Wapello 
and Van Buren counties certain of the St. Louis rocks furnish excellent 
material for heavy constructional purposes, bridge piers and foundations 

COAL MEASURES. 

From an economic standpoint the most important geological formation 
in the state is that yielding coal. The strata of Iowa furnishing this valu- 
able product form the northernmost extension of the great interior coal 
field of the American continent. The beds occupy the southern third of 
the state and are distributed more or less extensively through one-half of 
the entire number of counties. The area covered by the Carboniferous > 
strata is therefore not far from twenty thousand square miles. It must not 
be inferred, however, that the coal is equally distributed over all this dis- 
trict, for such is not the case. The broad belt running southeast and north- 
west and traversed its entire length by the Des Moines river from Ft. Dodge 
to Keokuk has heretofore been found to be much more productive of coal 
than other parts of the region. Lately in many places outside of thr, belt 
named, coal has been discovered in abundance, often where its presence- 
was unsuspected before. 

Taken as a whole there are two kinds of beds, sharply contrasted, which 
go to make up the Coal Measures of the state. The first is marked by a- 
great predominance of clay shales and sandstones, often to the total ex- 
clusion of the limestone. The individual beds have usually a very limited. 



A SKETCH OF THE GEOLOGY OF IOWA. 253 

-extent and replace one another in rapid succession. On tlie other hand, 
the second class of sediments above mentioi>«'d is made up chiefly of cal- 
careous shales with heavy beds of limestone. The layers are evenly bedded 
and extend over very considerable' areas. 

As the conditions of deposition were evidently those of a slowly sink- 
ing shore the marginal deposits as a whole practically underlie the open 
sea formations, the former being regarded as the "Lower" Coal Measures 
and the latter as the "Upper" Coal Measures. At the same time it must be 
remembered that this does not necessarily imply that the "Lower" meas- 
ures are to be considered much older than the "Upper;" but rather that 
along the great and successi-ve planes of sedimentation different beds of the 
upper and lower divisions were laid down contemporaneously. The limits 
of the two formations in Iowa thus assume somewhat different lines from 
those that have commonly been recognized. 

It has been proposed, therefore, to divide the Coal Measures, or Upper 
Carboniferous, into: 

(2) The "Upper" Coal Measures, or Missouri Stage. 
(1) The "Lower" Coal Measures, or Des Moines Stage. 
The Des Moines formation represents the Lower Coal Measures or mar- 
-ginal deposits of the upper Carboniferous. It takes its name from the Des 
Moines river which flows for more than two hundred miles directly through 
the beds of this terrane. It extends into Missouri forming the northern 
-and western boundaries of the Ozark mountains and extends still farther 
southward into Kansas and Indian Territory. 

The Missouri formation corresponds essentially to the upper Coal 
Measures, representing the more strictly marine deposits. It is the form- 
ation typically developed in the northwestern part of Missouri. The Mis- 
souri river also winds its way for more than four hundred miles through 
the beds of this stage, exposing numerous fine sections on both sides of the 
stream throughout the entire distance. 

In the order of their abundance the rocks of the Coal Measures are 
•clay-shales, sandstones, limestones and coals. The secondary part that the 
calcareous beds play in the Coal Measures of the state, especially in the 
lower division, contrasts this formation with the other paleozoic rocks. 
Below, the Coal Measures rest on a great basement of massive limestones 
•with but few clayey or sandy beds of separation. Not less striking is the 
relative thinness, as a rule, of the individual layers which replace one 
another upwards and laterally in rapid succession. If the upper and lower 
divisions of the Coal Measures in Iowa were to be contrasted upon litho- 
logical characters alone it would be found that the former is prevail- 
ingly lime bearing; the latter largely clayey. 

Little need be said here coDcerniug the quality of the coals of the 
state. They are all of the bituminous variety and are fully described in 
another place. The carbonaceous seams vary from a few inches to seven or 
eight or even ten feet in thickness; the average of the veins at present 
worked is between four and five feet. These beds are deposited not in 
two or three continuous layers over the entire area, as has been commonly 
supposed, but in more or less lenticular masses varying from a few feet to 
several miles lu extent. 



254 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

The stratigraphical importance of the coal seams is not so great as has 
been generally supposed, since the bituminous beds are, with very few 
exceptions rather limited. Only a single case is at presefit known in which 
the geographic extent of a coal stratum is more than a few miles, and for 
a part of this distance the coal is but two or three feet in thickness. 
On the other hand, the amount of coal in the state, is probably very much 
greater than has been commonly supposed. 

For reasons which need not be stated in detail here, considerable 
diflBculty ha.s been encountered in working out the structural features of the 
Coal Measures of Iowa. The general inclination of the beds is to the south- 
westward. Careful estimates indicate that the greatest thickness of the 
Lower Coal Measures in the state is probably in the neighborhood of four 
hundred feet; and that the maximum vertical measurement of the upper 
division is thrice that figure. Erosion has removed much of the coal bear- 
ing strata of this district and the original thickness of these rocks is not now 
represented at any one place. 

The basal coal seams of the Lower Coal Measures of Iowa appear to be 
much more extensive than those toward the top, where they are only a few 
inches in vertical measurement and perhaps a hundred yards in 
extent. The coal may therefore be regarded as disposed in numerous 
basins of greater or less area, thickened centrally, but gradually becoming 
attenuated toward the margins. These are arranged in various horizons 
interlocking with one another, but separated by varying thicknesses of sand- 
stone and shale. Thus at any one point a dozen or more seams may be 
passed through in sinkibjj a shaft, several perhaps being workable. 

The disposition of the coal in numerous limited lenticular basins instead 
of a few layers extending oyer broad areas is of the utmost importance 
from a purely economical standpoint. In all mining operations and in all 
prospecting it is very essential that this fact be kept constantly in mind. 
With methods of boring more modern than those commonly in vogue 
throughout the western states there is every reason to believe that in the 
Lower Coal Measures especially the large majority of good coal seams 
twelve inches in thickness and over encountered in prospecting may be 
traced readily and easily to localities where they are thick enough for 
profitable working. 

3 In Iowa the restrictions upon the distribution of the individual seams 
are not numerous as compared with other regions. Yet there are disturbances 
of various kinds which break the continuity of the coal strata, locally 
interfering slightly with mining operations. They are referable to the 
three general agencies of deposition, erosion and dislocation. 

From careful estimates made from reliable sources the production of 
coal for the past year amounted to more than 5,340,000 tons, valued at $7,- 
750,000. By comparisons it will be seen that Iowa as a coal producer ranks 
first among the states west of the Mississippi river and lifth among the 
states of the Union. 

Throughout all of the Coal Measures in Iowa occur unlimited quantities 
of clay of excellent quality for the manufacture of paving, pressed, fire and 
other kinds of brick. An excellent quality of potter's clay and material 
for tiling, terra-cotta, and in fact nearly all other kinds of clay products, are 
plentiful. 



A SKETCH OF THE (iEOEOGV OF IOWA 255 

CRETACEOUS. 

Although formerly known to be exposed only over a small area near 
Sioux City, the Cretaceous rocks of Iowa have recently been found to 
occupy a very considerable district in the northwestern portion of the state. 
On account of a thick mantle of drift over all this portion of the state there 
is considerable difficulty in locating the exact boundary along the eastern 
margin of the deposits. From numerous borings, however, the Cretaceous 
beds have been recognized over more than a dozen counties, showing that 
the approximate eastern boundary is a somewhat sinuous line running 
through a point midway between Sioux City and Council Bluffs nearly to 
Fort Dodge and thence bending northward. Beyond the limits of this line 
numerous outliers have been recognized, some appearing more than fifty 
miles beyond the boundary mentioned. 

There are four formations in Iowa which are probably referable to th« 
Cretaceous, though the exact stratigraphical equivalents of two of these, the 
Fort Dodge gj^psum deposits and the Nishnabotna sandstone are at present 
somtnvbat doubtful. 

NIshnabotna Sandstone. Although the beds under consideration have 
usually been referred to the Cretaceous they have never been directly 
traced to the outcrops of the Woodbury shales. The geographical distance 
between the nearest exposures of the two formations as at present known 
is very considerable. If the iSTishnabotaa is Cretaceous it may be the 
equivalent either of the Woodbury shales or of the Niobrara chalk; which 
one it is cannot now be stated. In regard to the gypsum beds their form- 
ation indicates a saline lake deposit such as might be left by a retreating 
ocean. This fact taken in connection with the probable great eastern ex- 
tension of the Niobrara suggests that the Fort Dodge beds were formed dur- 
ing the retreat of the Niobrara waters through Iowa. At the present time 
it seems best not to attempt a specific correlation of the gypsum deposits, nor 
of the Nishnabotna sandstone, but merely to regard them as Cretaceous in age. 
The sandstones and loose sands that have been called Nishnabotna are to be 
regarded as shore deposits; along with numerous other beds of similar char- 
acter which occasionally are found as outliers through central and northern 
Iowa. 

The Nishnabotna as reported by White has a thickness of fifty to 
seventy-five feet; and is seen exposed in the southeastern part of Guthrie 
county, southern Montgomery county, and elsewhere in the western part of 
central Iowa. 

Quarries have been opened in these rocks at Lewis, in Cass county. In 
its lithological characters the formation is a coarse-grained, ferruginous 
sandstone, dark brown in color and usually quite friable. Occasionally 
thin clay seams are intercalated. 

Fort Dodge Beds. This name is applied to the gypsum deposits and 
certain associated beds which are well exposed in the neighborhood of Fort 
Dodge. The gypsum attains a vertical measurement of from two to thirty 
feet, its average thickness being perhaps about fifteen to sixteen feet. It 
occupies an area, in the central part of Webster county, of about twenty-five 
square miles. It is traversed north and south its entire length by the Dea 
Moines river and is cut through by many of this .''stream's Bniallcr tributaries. 



256 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

Probably more than one-half of the entire deposit has been removed 
through erosion by the chief water course. The most extensive exposures 
now open are about six miles below Fort Dodge. 

To some extent the massive gypsum of Fort Dodge has been quarried 
for building purposes. A number of buildings and foundations have been 
constructed of this material. It has also been used quite extensively for 
heavy masonry. Its most important use, however, is its manufacture into 
stucco and land-plaster. During the past year more than fifty thousand 
tons of these materials were prepared in the vicinity of Fort Dodge. 

Woodbury Shales. As already intimated, the typical outcrops of this 
formation are to be seen in Woodbury county along the Big Sioux river. 
The formation corresponds essentially with the Dakota and Fort Benton 
groups of Hayden. The beds represent shore deposits and it seems desir- 
able to retain the name in preference to the two proposed by Hayden. 
"Woodbury" as defined by White expresses more accurately than any other 
name yet proposed the lithological features of the rocks as represented in 
Iowa. 

The Woodbury shales are made up in certain places largely of the 
sandstone, which sometimes form hard concretionary masses not unlike 
quartzite. In some localities these masses are so near together that they 
may be quarried to advantage for building stone. The most important of 
these openings is in the vicinity of Sioux City and is now known as the 
Rees' Granite quarry. The rock has apparently all the qualities of the 
regular crystalline massive rocks. The greater portion of the Woodbury 
shales is argillaceous and afford inexhaustible quantities of good clay for 
the manufacture of pottery, fire and paving brick. 

Niobrara Chalk. These beds in their chalky facies have been ob- 
served in Iowa in the vicinity of the Big Sioux river. They are probably 
represented further eastward oy more strictly snore aeposits. They consist 
of fine soft calcareous layers appearing not unlike clay at first glance. 
These chalky layers in connection with the clays form excellent material 
for the manufacture of Portland cement. This industry has alread} begun 
under favorable circumstances on the Missouri above Sioux City. 

PLEISTOCENE, OR SURFACE DEPOSITS. 

Over all Iowa, covering the indurated rocks to a depth of from a few- 
inches to two or three hundred feet, is a mantle of loose incoherent material. 
This material is chiefly of three kinds; known as the drift, loess, and 
alluvium. The latter may be regarded as the deposits of the modern rivers, 
the two former as glacial debris. 

Alluvium. Little need be said here in regard to the alluviul deposits. 
They are the fine sediments laid down in the river valleys making up what 
is commonly known as the flood plain. Many of the river terraces are also 
alluvial. These materials will be treated at length in another place in con- 
nection with an account of the soils of the state. 

Drift. To the heterogeneous mixture of clay, sand, gravel and 
boulders which is seen everywhere throughout the state there has been applied 
the name of drift. Everwhere the proportions of these drift constitutents 
vary. It changes rapidly from place to place passing from one kind into 
another. The clays form by far the largest portion of the mixture and is 



CLIMATOrOGV OF IOWA 257 

usually mingled with more or leas fine sand. In color it has a characteristic 
trown or buff tint. When excavated the surface exposed quickly breaks up 
into small cubic or angular fragments commonly known as joint-clay. The 
sand and gravel often form considerable beds yet they are usually quite 
limited in extent. The boulders are chiefly of crystalline rocks of northern 
©rigin. They represent a great variety of eruptive and metamorphic types. 
v^ The drift is largely of glacial origin. It has been shown in Iowa to be 
made up of two sheets. The lowest or earliest drift forms a part 
■of the great drift mantle extending over northern United States. In the 
Mississippi valley it has its southern boundary along the line of the Ohio 
^nd Missouri rivers. The upper till belongs to a later glacial epoch and is 
included within the area bounded by what is known as the moraine of the 
Des Moines lobe of the second great ice invasion. This forms a narrow tri- 
angle in Iowa with its apex reaching to the city of Des Moines. 

Loess. This deposit is well displayed along the Missouri and 
Mississippi rivers and at numerous places throughout the interior of Iowa. 
It is a fine homogeneous clay-like material which seldom shows any tendency 
toward stratification. It is friable enough to be impressed with the finger 
but resists weathering in a remarkable way. 

The surface deposits of the state belong chiefly to the Quaternary age 
of geology. Over a great part of Iowa the soils are formed directly through 
these deposits. The purer clays afliord good material for the manufacture 
of brick; while certain portions afford sand which can be utilized in glass 
making. 

CLiriATOLOGY OF IOWA. 



By John R. Sage, Director Iowa Weather and Crop Service. 



The prime factors of agricultural prosperity are a fertile soil and a 
favorable climate, the latter being the more important. There are in this 
country millions of acres of soil, which, though abundantly supplied with 
the elements of fertility are comparatively worthless, because of unfavor- 
able climatic conditions. Nothing can fully compensate for the lack of 
rainfall in the growing season, for only a small portion of any arid region 
can be made productive by irrigation. 

The claim may be made in behalf of Iowa that in respect to these two 
essentials, soil and climate, it stands foremost among the agricultural states 
of the Union. There is no question as to the exceeding richness and depth 
of its soil, for it has maintained a large measure of its original fertility 
under a system of continual cropping which would have reduced to barren- 
ness the thinner soils of less favored sections. And its climate has served 
.as a fit complement of its soil in the production of those vast crops which 
have figured so conspicuously in me agncuiDural statistics ot the country. 

The establishment of the National and State weather bureaus has in- 
cited public interest in questions relating to the climate of the different 
sections of our greatly diversified country. And the census reports have 
^revealed the fact that the settlement of the country and increase of popula- 



258 REPORT OF IOWA COLU.MBIAN COMMISSION 

tioc bear a very definite ratio to the average yearly precipitation, mean 
temperature and the general climatic conditions afEecting crop production 
and the public health. People who are about to emigrate, to better their 
condition iu life, are largely influenced in their choice of a new home by 
such facts as they are able to obtain relative to climate. With the larger 
number this is very properly a consideration of chief importance. 

WEATHER HEPORTS. 

Fortunately we have at hand ample meteorological records to illustrate 
the constants of temperature, humidity, wind movement and the general 
characteristics of the climate of Iowa. Weather observations were begun at 
the military posts in the territory as early as the year 1820, and records were 
made with some degree of regularity under military auspices until 1849, 
when the Smithsonian Institution, aided by the general government, took up 
the work of systematic observation, establishing stations wherever intelligent 
observers could be secured. Since 1871 this work has been done under the 
auspices of the National and State weather services, v There is, theref ore^o 
lack of material^ in the form of official records, from which we may obtain 
a knowledge of the more important features of Iowa's climate. A careful 
study of the voluminous data will convince any one interested in the subject 
that for all-the-year-round residence, for the promotion of health, physical 
vigor and agricultural prosperity there is no more favorable climate in 
America than in this favored section of the great Mississippi valley. 

GENERAL CLIMATIC FEATURES. 

Situated near the geographical center of the United States, the climate 
is strictly continental. This term being used in contradistinction to marine 
climate implies that it has winters of considerable severity, and summers of 
unusual warmth, with large seasonal and daily temperature ranges, a 
generally dry and salubrious atmosphere, small percentage of cloudiness 
and large percentage of sunshine. The altitude of the State ranges from 444 
feet above sea-level at the confluence the Des Moines and Mississippi rivers, 
to 1,650 feet at a point near Spirit Lake; and as there are no mountain 
ranges nor extensive forests the physical conditions give to the State a 
homogeneous climate, with only such variations of temperature, rainfall and 
other meteorological elements as result from latitude and elevation. 

Despite its remoteness from the sea its climatic characteristics are re- 
markably constant; in fact, no section of the country enjoys a greater de- 
gree of uniformity of the conditions favorable to the production of the 
staple crops. In attestation of this it may be stated that, while there have 
been seasons of variable productiveness, there has never been a total failure 
of the principal crops in this State since the virgin soil was first broken by 
the plow-shares of the white settlers. 

The climate of this section is affected by the general topography of the 
continent, the great mountain ranges, and the oceanic and atmospheric cur- 
rents, Jill of which must be duly considered in a thorough study of the 
subject. A glance at the map of the continent will show a great central 
depression extending from the Gulf of Mexico to the Arctic sea, formed by 
the vast mountain ranges at the west and the lesser ^uplift skirting the 
Atlantic coast. This interior valley is much wider and somewhat lower at 



CLIMATOLOGY OF IOWA. 259 

the north than at. the south, and two-thirds of the drainage of the continent 
flows northward. The upper Mississippi valley, of which Iowa is a part, 
forms the water-shed about midway between the Gulf and Hudson Bay. It 
has been stated that in time of high water a canoe can be rowed from the 
Mississippi up the Minnesota to its source in Big Stone Lake, and thence 
across a slough to Traverse Lake, the source of the Red River of the North. 
The altitude at this point where the waters of the Gulf and the Arctic 
ocean are in touch is less than one thousand feet above sea level. 

Through this vast channel in ancient geologic periods the gfaciers 
pushed their way, forming the drift deposits, and laying the foundation of 
soil of the most productive empire on the surface of the globe. And now, 
in these latter years, this mid-continent depression gives free passage to 
the boreal breezes from the north and the humid winds from the south, 
which here meet and commingle to refresh the earth with copious showers 
in the season when they are most needed. It is easy to see what an impor- 
tant part is borne in the climate of the interior by the great physical feature 
herein described. If the mountain ranges crossed the continent east and 
west, instead of north and south, this central valley would be a veritable 
desert, instead of the garden and granary of the western hemisphere. The 
cool waves from the north and the vapor-laden winds from the south are 
equally important factors in making this a habitable, productive and pros- 
perous region. 

PRECIPITATION. 

The moisture precipitated over Iowa and contiguous portions of the 
Mississippi and Missouri valleys comes almost entirely, either directly or 
indirectly, from the Gulf of Mexico. The warm southerly winds, heavily 
laden with humidity from that source, drawn hither by the passage of low 
area storms from the west, deposit a portion of their moisture in advance 
of the storm centers as they move toward the Atlantic. Following in the 
rear of these depressions the cold and dry air from the northward condenses 
the remaining moisture in the rear quadrants of departing storms. These 
alternating currents flowing northward and southward through the valley, 
with their sharp contrasts of temperature, brought thus into a< tion by the 
passage of low areas across the continent, form the warp and ^'s^oof of the 
fabric of the weather of this section. And as the Gulf, which (S the great 
fountain of humidity whence our annual supply of moisture ii drawn, is 
permanent, and the atmospheric waves, of high or low pressu re are con- 
stantly passing, there is no danger that this region will becorie arid and 
unproductive. The people may safely bank upon the permanen ce of their 
climate and an ample supply of moisture. 

Various early historic publications placed the average yearly precipi- 
tation of Iowa at forty-four to forty-seven inches. These figures are too 
high, being obtained from insufficient data. The correct mean obtained 
from all available records, covering a considerable number of years in all 
sections of the state is about thirty-five inches. 

Blodget's rain chart for the continent shows the average annual pre- 
cipitation in the eastern and southeastern counties to be forty-two inches; . 
through the central belt from southwest to northeast it is thirty, and in the 
extreme northwestern section twenty-five inches. In the United Statea 



26o REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

Army Meteorological Register, published in 1855, Mr. Blodget, referring to 
the precipitation in the Mississippi Valley, says : 

' " There is an exceptional district in eastern Iowa having a great rain- 
fall, which requires some explanation, especially in its contrast with the 
small quantities at Lake Michigan. The exception is due apparently to the 
elevation of central Missouri in comparison with lower Iowa, causing an 
atmospheric eddy similar to that of the lower Mississippi." 

A careful study of meteorological data covering the period since the 
above was published does not show so wide a difference between the average 
annual precipitation of the eastern, central and western districts of the 
State. For example, the average at Keokuk, from 1872 to 1892, is 35.87 
inches; at Muscatine, 1845 to 1892, 39.21 inches; at Davenport, 1872 to 1892, 
34.70 inches; at Dubuque, 1874 to 1892, 37.00 inches; at McGregor, 16 years 
record, 34.97 inches. These stations are all in the eastern part of the State, 
and it will be seen the average is below the figures of Blodget's rain chart 
In the central and western sections of the State, the following averages are 
obtained: Des Moines, 35.06 inches; Sioux City, 25.58 inches; Council 
iUuffs, 33.36 inches; Logan, "35.50 inches; Sac City, 30.82 inches; Glenwood, 
S1.70 inches. These figures indicate that there is a more equable distribu- 
tion of rainfall than the earlier charts and tables showed. And it may be 
stated further that in the western half of the State the precipitation in the 
winter months is considerably less than in the eastern half, while the rain- 
fall in the summer months is greater in the western than in the eastern 
districts. 

COMPARISON WITH EASTERN STATES. 

The annual precipitation in Iowa is equal to the averages in the 
northern, central and western portions of New York, northern Vermont and 
New Hampshire, northwestern counties of Pennsylvania, northern Ohio and 
the larger part of Michigan. In fact it compares favorably with all the 
Atlantic and Middle States on the same latitude, except points along or near 
the sea coast, or in the mountainous districts. The following yearly 
averages are from the United States Weather Bureau tables of recent date : 

STATIONS. INCHES. STATIONS. INCHES. 

Charlotte, Vt 33.79 Fort Niagara, N. Y 25.52 

Hanover, N. H 30.94 Buffalo, N. Y 38.55 

Portland, Me 41.55 Pittsburgh, Pa 38.29 

Fitchburg, Mass 38.07 Cleveland, Ohio 37.90 

Woodstock, Vt 37.90 Toledo, Ohio 32.94 

Albany, N.Y 38.88 Detroit, Mich 33.83 

Cooperstown, N. Y 35.60 Alpena, Mich 36.00 

Madison Barracks, N Y 27.07 Escanaba, Mich 33.93 

Kochester,N. Y...,., 35.52 Marquette, Mich 33.93 

Ithaca, N. Y 31.73 Lansing, Mich 33.75 

Comparison of these yearly averages with the accompanying tables of 
annual precipitation at a large number of Iowa stations will show that the 
eastern states on this parallel have no advantage over Iowa in respect to the 
yearly supply of moisture. 

And it will be seen that these figures do not sustain the theory that the 
annual precipitation of a locality is affected by contiguity to the lakes or 
extensive forests. In fact, local evaporation, whether from marshes, lakes 
or forests does not materiallv affect the rainfall of the interior of the con- 



CLIMATOLOGY OF IOWA. 26l 

tinent. The following from the United States Army Meteorological Regis- 
ter is to the point : 

;" The lake district presents a somewhat anomalous result, in compari- 
son with the interior portions, as it has less rainfall than the valley of the- 
Mississippi in their latitudes. The effect of these bodies of water is clearly 
to diminish the quantity of rain for the whole period of the warm season. 
This deficiency appears very clearly in the mean for the spring, and it is^ 
conclusive proof that local evaporation adds little or none to the quantity of 
rain of these interior districts. The valley of the Mississippi, and its exten- 
sion in the Ohio valley, strikingly contrast with the rainfall in the lake 
districts. 

DISTRIBUTION BY SEASONS. 

A peculiar feature of the climate of the trans-Mississippi region is that 
it has its minimum of precipitation in the winter, and its maximum in the 
spring and summer, or in the crop growing season. This characteristic of 
the climate is of great economic importance, since it insures an abundance 
of food products even in years of the greatest variability in the distribution 
of moisture. In this respect Iowa has a most decided advantage over the 
eastern states which have a much heavier annual rainfall, for in this State 
two-thirds of the yearly moisture comes in the six crop growing months,, 
when it is most needed. Professor Blodget, in his American Climatology, 
refers to this feature as follows : 

" For the whole period of the warm months, in which May and Sep- 
tember should be included, the quantity of rain distributed over the Mis- 
sissippi valley is comparatively very great, and there is no great area so far 
in the interior which presents a similar result. The quantities are abso- 
lutely as Well as relatively large, and they considerably exceed those of the 
plains of the Atlantic coast in the same latitude. The line of fifteen inches 
for the three (summer) months goes only to 38 of latitude on the^ 
Atlantic coast, yet it rises nearly to 44 in the Mississippi valley, and 
occupies a very wide area below the fortieth parallel. The measure of 
twelve inches is equally more extensive in the interior, though neither of 
these stretches upon the plains beyond 100 west longitude." 

The fact here stated is undoubtedly due to the prevalence during the 
summer months of southerly winds laden with vapor from the Gulf, the 
great thermal fountain whence is drawn the bulk of the precipitation of 
the interior valleys. The following table gives, as a basis of comparison, 
the average rainfall for the four critical months of the year, viz : May, 
Jime, July and August, at a number of stations in the Atlantic states and 
in Iowa : 

EASTERN mCWES ^^^-^ TVrHF9 

STATIONS. INCHES. STATIONS. INCaES. 

Albany, N. Y 15.34 Des Moines 17.20' 

Rochester, N. Y 12.47 Council Bluffs 19.10 

Buffalo, N.Y 13.28 Logan 19.50 

Oswego, N. Y 11.66 Dubuque 17.35 

Cleveland, Ohio 14.68 Muscatine 18.50' 

Atlantic City, N. Y 13.88 Keokuk 16.30 

It should be noted that these four months make th® corn, as also the 
other staple crops of this region, excepting hay, and a glance at the figures 



262 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

of the above table will sliow the great advantage enjoyed by the Mississippi 
valley in the distribution of summer rainfall. The average rainfall of Iowa 
for the four months named is as follows : May 4.15 inches; June 4.95; 
July 4.30; August 3.60. Total for the four months 17.00 inches. 

But let us take the six crop months, adding April and September to 
the four above named, and we have a total average rainfall of 23.25 inches, 
or an average of 3.87 inches per month. This amount of moisture in the 
soil, and a mean 'summer temperature of 71 degrees, ^ive a hot-house 
development to the staple crops of this region. 

Dr. Gustavus Hinrichs, who originated the Iowa Weather Service and 
served over twelve years as its director, said in his last annual report : 
"While Iowa has a continental climate in regard to temperature, it enjoys 
the fertilizing advantages of a high and well distributed rainfall usually 
restricted to the coasts only. In fact there is no region in the interior of 
any continent that has a climate like that of Iowa, in which the extremes 
of temperature are coupled with an abundance of fertilizing moisture. 
Right close to the south, the immense boiler of the Gulf is furnishing 
vapor ; the heated continental expanse north causes the southerly current 
prevailing throughout the summer. These southerly winds carry the mois- 
ture of the Gulf all over the Mississippi valley, where it descends normally 
in great abundance, making it the best watered valley in the world." 

In Hall's Geology of Iowa the following statement occurs in the open- 
ing chapter; " The most marked feature in the distribution of moisture 
precipitated in the form of rain and snow through the year is a relative 
Increase in the quantity falling in the spring aud summer, and a very 
considerable dimunition in winter; which condition becomes more and more 
marked as we advance westward from the Mississippi. The dimunition in 
the quantity of snow, as compared with the eastern States on the same 
parallel, is one of the features of the climate which is practically most felt 
by settlers in that region." 

The climatic feature has a favorable effect upon the health and comfort 
of the inhabitants of this region, the relatively dry atmosphere enabling 
them to easily withstand the low temperature prevalent in the winter 
months. Those who have experienced the chilling atmosphere and " eternal 
drizzle" of the so-called milder climates of the sea coast region can 
appreciate the difference. 

CROPS IN DROUGHTY SEASONS. 

While a high average of summer rainfall has been recorded for the 
past fifty years, this State like all other sections of the country is subject to 
fluctuations or variability in the seasonal precipitation, and occasional 
droughty seasons have been experienced. But as a compensation there is a 
peculiar quality of the Iowa soil which enables it to withstand droughts and 
produce abundantly with an average summer rainfall that would be totally 
Insufficient in eastern and southern states. This fact was noted by Prof. T. 
B. Parvin some years ago, who in a contribution to the American Journal of 
Beience, Vol. XXIII, said: 

"In 1854 occurred the great drought in this and the western States 
generally; but owing to the porous nature of our soil tlie crops with us 
turned out much better than in the States east of the Mississippi." 



CLIMATOLOGY OF IOWA 263 

" 1856. This season was very dry; the total quantity of rain in the 
summer months was only 6.78 inches, or 10.20 below the summer mean. 
The crops were, notwithstanding, more than an average yield, both of corn 
and small grain; and the three or four dry seasons we have had abundantly 
prove that the soil and climate of Iowa are unsurpassed on the continent for 
farming purposes." 

These facts so well stated by Prof. Parvin have been remarked in the 
occasional dry seasons that have occurred since the above was written, justify- 
ing the assertion that there has never been any very near approach to 
absolute failure of crops in Iowa since its settlement by civilized man. And 
the years of severe drougJit in the summer months have been very few in 
comparison to the number suffered in some of the States which have a larger 
average annual rainfall. 

The severest drought in recent years, affecting the lower part of the 
Btate, occurred in the mid-summer of 1890. The average amount of rainfall 
in July was only 1.98 inches, and in August, 3.41 inches. And the severity 
of the drought was greatly increased by very high winds during the periods 
of high temperature. And yet in that year of untoward conditions, Iowa 
produced 239,000,000 bushels of corn, 71,368,000 bushels of oats, 2,979,081 
bushels of flax, 8,332,000 bushels of potatoes, 4,991,000 tons of hay, and over 
$50,000,000 worth of poultry products. There is no danger of a famine in a 
country, which, in the worst seasons, can produce such vast amounts of food 
Btuffs. 

The same porous nature of the soil which causes it to withstand severe 
droughts, also gives it the requisite quality to take up a considerable surplus 
of rainfall, making it fairly productive in abnormally wet seasons. These 
extremes, however, are exceptional, by far the greater number of years being 
normal and abundantly productive. The State is favorably situated in the 
heart of the valley, escaping frequent liability to the extremes of wet and 
^ry to which other sections are subject. 

Prof. W. I. Chamberlain, of Ohio, who served about five years as 
/)resident of the Iowa Agricultural College, gave the following unbiased 
testimony concerning the soil and climate of this state : 

"One thing has surprised me each spring and summer, viz: that the 
spring is considerably earlier here than it is a hundred miles further south 
in Ohio, and the summer is much hotter and surer to mature the corn crop 
before frost. The proportion of clear sky and hot days and nights is far 
greater, and the power of the sun's rays upon the black soil is immense. I 
believe Iowa to be on the whole the best and surest corn State in the Union 
the surface is more rolling, the soil more porous and sandy and better 
drained by nature than most of the prairie soils in other States. Hence the 
corn is not so subject to damage from too much rain here as in Illinois and 
Missouri. It dries out for cultivation quicker." 



264 



REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 












eS C 



<s o 

C; to 






1^ 

C V 

^ >» 

O u-i 

•M O 



co;oc50rHooo»eob-QooeoNi-iNeit-o-*< 



Iff* •© 1 



Oii22ISv?'=^??'55,-(coir;o in oo t- « co o: eo tji go .cc o ir; c; oo o; t}< cs — ccOTrto 



5 aC !?< ?i Tj< I- rH 

I N tH ci r-I r-J — ,-(' 1-i CI Oi ^ i-i i-i i-l' C^' -ji (M" r-i M rl' Ci r-l* ,-< Si N i-* ?! i-J r-I ,-l' «' ,-H ,-< 



•>* t- CJ ?< Ti .-I 

(^1 M li CO li cc li « 5* c< CO 50 id CO ?3 10 ci d s« co ?3> ct cd si ct ed ed eo oi C4 ci oi c< « 



c*iat-:=c:5;cci-«<c<rHco-^ooc-— Tj<;DaDcooit-iOWcoc:t-Oao-^co-^iCTt<»o 
cococo-<9'co?icccococo-^co?J-*-*cococo(:Ni'*rrcococococoT*'ir;cocoed'<3<-<*cc 



GOC»L--(r«:oco.-co:::aOTrinir;GO^COD;sx>;o-<j<rH?iaoo:coccx--;-wcot--<i'_ 
ed CO ed lO ed M id cd CO cd CO cd CO CO CO Tt< ed cd cd •*' ed sd cd cd ed Tji «) ?3 CO i» ed ed ed 



eOCO-<i<lO!^^■<J^'^0'S<COT*<COCOTJ<■^COCO'*•<S^■?^■Tt^■*T)^^■*COO;^CO^riT)«■*■*eO 



(Ni£5c;QOJ>o-^isco:st30iaxt-T-<j>r-t-(?Jioco?JC-J'* — :c-»£^^Tj<oc--cco-># 

ccC5:Ct-o:cOi-C5«5cOCaCJ>OvC-}t>-*.-iacCOC:(NX»COCc:co-«';scocOQOt- 



-<i<c:;ooooaot--^0'<s<-<i<c5;CTj<GOo;>-so>r3T(?ji-iCc;-*ocio:c.-c-*'iacoco«oco 
edTOcor><eOTi<eo-<i<T}<Ti>co'<i'Ti*iocoiOTMOOTtiTj<'>3<Tf*co-*co-<s<co-*-^cocoeo 



Oi(M(M«eO(?*(MSieO0*(MC«(MC<0*COeO(Mi-(IOC^NC*N'riCOIl(MC<CC<?iC«iNN 



1-i ci -i c< i-H ci 1-1 »-' ed ci (M r-( (M r-< T-J cj c* rn r-i n ,-" ci e* ci oi c« r-i « t 



>cioooc*j>Oi-ieoo»c«)(Me4iocoo.-io:iooaoc:ioQoo«oir-(£-— cicoo 



(Ni-'(NC0Oi000ON-<J<CiO(Nrt|05i0O-*«'*'tr«C0CrJ< 

OiriOi-^cit-eosTjOit-coTpoMint-osi-Hot-cot-ocow 



iT»<30l>05COOTj< t- 



30lQ»0O50N 



2g;2; 










5 0) 



55 

o > 

H<1 



CLIMATOLOGY OF IOWA 265 

SUNSHINE, CliOXJDINESS, ETC. 

Notwithstanding its copious rainfall and the abundant humidity of tha 
air in the growing season, Iowa has a large average percentage of sunshine, 
and a correspondingly small amount of cloudiness. A little over fifty per 
cent of the days are clear, or partially obscured by clouds, and the average 
annual cloudiness is not over 47 per cent. The rainfall comes largely in 
the form of evening showers, and it may be stated that nearly one-third of 
the summer storms occur between the hours of six and ten p. m., and more 
than 65 per cent of the precipitation falls at evening or during the night. 
The rising sun, increasing heat and expanding air of the morning hours, 
and throughout the larger part of each day, serve to dissipate the clouds 
and rapidly dry the surface of the fields moistened by evening showers. 
Fogs are of rare occurrence, and usually of short duration. At Des Moines 
the average number of days on which there is a fall of rain or snow amount- 
ing to .01 of an inch or more is 117 per year, and the average number of 
cloudless days is 126 per year. Prof. Parvin's thirty-two years records at 
Muscatine and Iowa City show an annual average of 116 clear days, 169 
variable and 80 cloudy. The average for the State is 115 clear days, 144 
partly cloudy, and 105 cloudy days per year. For the three summer months 
the average is 30 clear, 41 partly cloudy, and 21 cloudy days. That shows 
a very large average amount of sunshine during the season of crop produc- 
tion. The maximum of cloudiness is in March and December, and the 
minimum in July, August and September. 

TEMPEKATURE. 

In Iowa the summers are decidedly warmer, and the winters slightly 
colder than in the eastern States on the same parallels. The annual mean 
temperature is about 47 degrees, ranging from 42 at the more elevated 
northern points to 50 degrees near the southern line. The mean tempera- 
ture of spring and autumn very nearly correspond to the yearly average. 
And the normals of April and October also approximate very closely to the 
Bpring, autumn and yearly means. 

The temperature range of the State is quite high, averaging probably 
120 degrees from the minimum of winter to the maximum of summer. But 
the winters are relatively of much shorter duration than on the same lines 
of latitude in the Atlantic states. And the transition from winter to sum- 
mer temperature is usually very rapid, the average increase in April and 
May being a third of a degree per day. The average of the three summer 
months is as follows : June 69.2, July 74.1, August 71.0, giving a mean 
summer temperature of 71.4. The mean of the three winter months is 20.6; 
spring 46.5 ; autumn 48.5. 

The charts issued by the Signal Service, showing the isothermal lines 
of the United States, furnish a basis of comparison of the temperature of 
Iowa and the eastern States. In January the State lies between the 
isotherms 15° and 25'. The lines of 20'' passes diagonally through the 
northern half of the State from a point below Sioux City to the northeast 
corner, thence diagonally through Wisconsin to the northern part of Michi- 
gan ; and eastward through Kingston, Canada ; northern New York, Ver- 
mont and New Hampshire to Eastport, Maine. In February the 20° and 
80° lines cut the northwestern and southeastern corners of the State, and 



266 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

the 25° isotherm crosses the State on a nearly direct line from Sioux City to 
Dubuque, curving slightly northward across Wisconsin through Milwaukee, 
thence eastward with slight curvatures 'through Michigan and Canada, and 
along the southern shore of Lake Ontario, through northern New York, 
ending in Portland, Maine. And for the three winter months the normal 
temperature of Iowa corresponds very nearly with that of the latitude of 
northern Michigan, northern New York, Vermont, New Hampshire and 
Maine. The Iowa winters, however, are much more endurable and enjoy- 
able than the corresponding season in the regions above named, which have 
a much larger number of stormy days and heavier precipitation. ' 

In March the isotherms touching Iowa follow more nearly the parallels 
of latitude, with sharp curvatures to the southward in crossing the Alle- 
ghanies. In April the temperature of Iowa corresponds nearly with that of 
central Ohio, southern Pennsylvania, Washington, Philadelphia and New 
York city. In May and through the summer months the isotherms curve 
sharply southward on nearing the Atlantic coast, and the temperature of 
Iowa is as high as that of central Ohio, southern Pennsylvania, West Vir- 
ginia, Maryland and New Jersey. 

These comparisons show the wide range between the winter and sum- 
mer temperature of this portion of the Mississippi valley. In short, the 
winter temperature is like unto that of Montreal, and the summer heat is 
equal to that of Baltimore and Washington. 

The marked extremes of temperature above noted give to this region its 
marvelous productiveness, the cold as well as the heat being an important 
factor in the growing of crops. The myriad plowshares of Jack Frost pene- 
trate the earth to great depths, pulveyiiiing the soil and preparing it to 
respond to the quickening influences of the gentle rains and almost tropical 
heat of the summer months. The winter campaign is usually short and 
sharp, and the clear, pure air tones up the systems of all who have the vital- 
ity to withstand extremes. It is not exactly an ideal climate for invalids 
who need an equable temperature, but the tables of vital statistics show 
that it is remarkably healthful. 

THE SEASONS IN IOWA. 

The calendarj'year is divided into four seasons of equal length, but in 
matter of fact in this latitude the seasons are of variable duration. In Iowa, 
summer is the longest season, averaging about four months, during which 
the mean temperature ranges above 60 degrees. The average duration of 
winter, during which the mean temperature is below 30 degrees, is a little 
over three and a half months. The balance of the year is divided about 
equally between spring and autumn, the mean temperature ranging between 
80 and 60 degrees. On this basis the average dates of beginning and end- 
ing of the seasons in this State may be tabulated as follows : 

Winter— November 28th to March 17th. 

Spring— March 18th to INlay 20th. 

Summer — May 21st to September 23d. 

Autumn — September 24th to November 27th. , 

Spring and summer usually open from one to two weeks earlier in the 
extreme southern part of the State than in the northern and more elevated 
localities. There is, however, less difference in the opening of the winter 
•eason. 



CLIMATOLOGY OF IOWA 



267 



c: osioocco- 



=-<1£. 






= cr i^ M -^ 2. c 



■iWQcwao*-WCT{i— -jODoo^wioooscft 



GOOQOOTMl-'^003tO-3«Dt3*-OSCC'-0000*-'00-Q-3M»a 



!^5Ji^2J2^gg»?gg»^S?SggSgJ2S!^§^ 



<!Oa!*>--3COC5Gci-'ocx)OComrfi.a5(W)-'*>.-c!0! 



toGCrfi.ooo'towiacoco^jiai-'oocOiF'-CTOMOo— CTcsrf*- 



COO>0'CCO-3C>5t3COH-M05?OliC»0;OiQOCDOOOi-'OiOOCO 



)-'t0t54^C0O:0i-'t0OcS-5-30;oOO— 05;S-3»^:0; 

t-i '-01 OS CO GO CT 'rf». o be !-i "-d Qc 'as 'o io '05 'to "o "*^ 'or 'os 'o bs 'ot ^ 



li:C>-rfi-aCOQOOtOOOOO:OCOIo:OQ0005=COOD-3acco 
OTO5l-i-qi--'iek(^CT^0Dt-'-3i^i-it5'co<o'>*^i-''t3'>*^Oi-QtO-3 



OtSMClOi-'^CCh-'— ►P».03 00C5CO><^tOOOOrfi-Wrf»-CO>*>.CO 



r to » or rf». 05 iO O t 



- ■ ■) J— to 
iCTOi-'OT'cCTOsCTCOtSOCi^ 



cc M w -3 to is H- to 02 05 h-i o !o w I-* 05 tv- *■ 00 to J-" *-> o o to 

'oc to 'cS 'h-i It^ 'o ')(^ -3 i-" O 05 OTi-i '-1 H* 05 -1 to CO CT I-" O CO o; >f^ 



0*>--3t003»-'05QOI-'OSlOI-'09-QOOOGOI-'QOeiS-33;00-ltO 



ii » 

C ™ 



O50i05050SOSCC&5*«.&5O50505OS&SO5O505lO050505C0O5C0 

CT c: s: o :n 05 05 01 o w 05 I-' cc 00 1-' a; ;;' ;<! CO wi _i*^ I-" ^f-* _i-' _o 

l^l^'i^'o;'>-»Co'c;»C5005tOCOiOt505COi^05tOlOCO>^i-»03— J 



'h- '^c '*i. 'i— CO '(-''p-' bt"Qo"ai'-Qb9*>'«o'»o c »-''o'»*»-'o ►-''oioo 'toco 



S0CCO'-'05C:0500CO-3Cif^OTOCQ'3— I^tO-lOSt^CCOT-l 
'o O *• 00 CO '>«^ 'O CO <D 'OJ -3 'o ►-» '00 'o CO -1 CO b« (3 CO ia OS i^ >^ 



CT(— icotOtO*— *tOH-*t— *03»— *»-^'-^tO''^tO *^ > 

H0t0-5*^OC:^-30:cOH-'C000©c0OC0«t-'i 



i I 

3 n 

"S 30 

s > 

I H 

3 C 

5' ^ 

on? O 

CD "^ 

p > 



268 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

LATE AND EARLY FROSTS. 

On an average there are 140 to 150 days between the latest damaging 
frost of spring and the first killing frost of autumn. The latest of spring 
occurs on an average, about the last week in April or the first week in May; 
and the earliest damaging frost of the fall is about the 25th of September. 
Light and comparatively harmless frosts occasionally occur between those 
dates, but as a rule there is in every season ample time to produce a well- 
matured crop of the best varieties of western dent corn, which with favor- 
ing conditions may be grown in 100 to 110 days after germination. Prof. 
Parvin's very complete records, covering the years fpom 1839 to 1869, show 
the mean dates to have been for the latest frost May 4, and for the earliest 
September 24. This would give an average exemption from hurtful frosts 
of 142 days. Prof. Parvin, writing in 1870 said : 

" It has happened but once or twice in the last thirty years that the 
froat has, over a great extent, seriously injured the corn crop. When the 
spring is late, the fall is either quite hot or lengthened, so as to afford time 
for the crop to mature." 

This has been the result of observation in the years since this paragraph 
was written. A careful study of all available records leads to the con- 
clusion that Iowa has, on an average, as long a period of exemption from 
killing frosts in the crop season as any State within the same parallels of 
latitude in the eastern part of the United States, except possibly within a 
few miles of the coast. 

DESTRUCTIVE STORMS. 

In common with nearly all portions of the United States east of the 
Rocky Mountains, Iowa is subject to the occasional visitation of violent 
atmospheric disturbances, in form of wind-squalls, hail and thunder 
storms. The more destructive effects of these disturbances, however, 
are purely local, and limited to small areas compared with the extent of 
territory benefitted by the storm. Being well watered, it cannot escape 
these almost universal conditions. 

The Gulf is the great thermal fountain of humidity, and the boreal 
regions send down the valley the titanic forces which wring fertilizing 
moisture from the vapor-laden winds of the south. The Gulf and the Arctic 
sea are the positive and negative poles of the battery which propels the 
alternating life currents through this favored region. And the earth is 
watered and made fruitful by this conflict of elements, which at times 
becomes so intense and violent at local points as to cause destruction to life 
and property. But the more violent storms which occasionally sweep over 
small areas of the State are the incidental ills resulting from conditions 
which promote the general good. Hail-storms, thunder storms, tornadoes 
and wind-squalls are the exceptional products of the benign elements of 
heat and moisture which make this valley a paradise of abundance. If the 
course of this great valley had been east and west instead of north and 
south, with the mountain ranges at right angles with their present direction, 
the interior of the continent would be exempt from atmospheric distur- 
bances of this character ; but it would be an uninhabitable desert instead of 
the garden of the world. There are regions of wide extent which enjoy 



CLIMATOLOGY OF IOWA 269 

almost perfect immunity from the class of storms above referred to, but 
they are deserts or arid sections which must needs be irrigated to yield 
even a scanty support to their inhabitants. The climate of this State, with 
•all its drawbacks and incidental disturbances is vastly to be preferred to 
the deserts or semi-arid regions, notwithstanding their exemption from 
destructive storms. 

The reputation of Iowa's climate has been injured among people who 
^re not well informed on the subject, by exaggerated descriptions of the 
occasional severe storms incident to this latitude ; and the idea has pre- 
vailed to some extent that this section is alternately plowed by tornadoes 
and harrowed by blizzards. This has resulted from the fact that newspaper 
reports of wind-storms are often highly over- wrought, from indulgence in 
the American passion for sensationalism. And, unfortunately, some of 
these exaggerated reports have been embodied in oflScial records to the 
detriment of the State. Using these highly colored newspaper reports as a 
basis, there was published a few years ago in the American Meteorological 
Journal, a so-called "Iowa Tornado Chart," giving the tracks of alleged 
tornadoes for the period of fifty-two years. The total number charged to 
the account of this State was 128, and the year of greatest frequency was 
1886, which year was credited with a crop of twenty-six veritable tornadoes 
raised on Iowa soil ^ A careful investigation showed that the bulk of these 
disturbances were merely wind-squalls accompanying thunder-storms of 
some local severity. The aggregate of damage from storms that year was 
very light. The tendency to exaggerate the importance or violence of local 
phenomena causes certain newspaper reporters to apply the term "cyclone" 
to every wind gust which is powerful enough to demolish some of the frail 
structures which were very common in this State in the pioneer era, and 
which are yet quite numerous. But the people who have resided in Iowa 
through good and evil report have learned that it is as safe as any other 
flection within the temperate zone. 

And despite the exaggerated reports it may be positively affirmed that 
veritable tornadoes are quite infrequent li this State. Since its settlement 
by the whiles, there have been in Iowa two notably destructive tornadoes 
which are entitled to rank with the great disturbances of like nature at 
Lawrence, Mass,, Reading, Pa., and Louisville, Ky. 

Dr. Gustavus Hinrichs, in his annual report of the Iowa "Weather Ser- 
vice for the year 1888, published a very complete refutation of the exagger- 
ated statements that had been given currency relative to Iowa tornadoes. 
Gen. Greeiy, Chief Signal Oificer, in his book on American Weather, says 
that three thousand persons haye been killed in the United States by this 
class of storms, and the loss of life has been greatest in relative order in 
States as follows : Missouri, Mississippi, Iowa, Illinois, Minnesota, Wis- 
consin and Ohio. The loss of property aggregates several millions, and has 
been fixed in round numbers, as follows : Ohio, over eight millions of dol- 
lars ; Minnesota, six millions ; Missouri, three millions ; Mississippi, two 
millions ; Iowa, one and a half millions ; Wisconsin, over one million. 

In his report for 1890, Gen. Greeiy gives a statement of the relation 
between the total area visited annually by violent storms of all classes to 
the area of the State, with the following resuli: In Alabama, one S(|uare 



270 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

mile of limited destruction to each 8,866 square miles ; Arkansas, one to 
14,418 ; Georgia, one to 6,696 ; Illinois, one to 8,162 ; Indiana, one to 6,210 ; 
Iowa, one to 7,164 ; Kansas, one to 9,720 ; Missouri, one to 5,336 ; Ohio, one 
to 4,554 ; Wisconsin, one to 12,042. Gen. Greely adds : 

" It appears that in no State may a destructive tornado be expected 
oftener, on an average, than once in two years, and the area over which the 
total destruction can be expected is exceedingly small, even in the States 
most liable to these violent storms." 

And he further concludes that, dangerous as are tornadoes, they are 
not so destructive to life as thunderstorms. This accords with observations 
in Iowa, as it is evident that, in the aggregate, very many more deaths have 
been caused by lightning strokes than by any class of wind-storms. 

WIND MOVEMENT. 

The State is suflQciently well ventilated to make it healthful. On an 
average the wind movement is ample to secure immunity from malaria and 
the germs of disease which arise from decaying vegetation, and to furnish 
mechanical power for the pumping of stock water and the grinding of feed. 
The mean velocity of the wind over the State accords very closely with the 
average for the United States. The average hourly movement is 7 to 8 
miles. At an early period, when the prairies were comparatively treeless, 
the effects of winds were more apparent than now, their force having been 
greatly modified in recent years bj' artificial groves, hedges and timber 
belts. The prevailing winds are southerly in summer and westerly at other 
seasons. 

IS THE CLIMATE PERMANENT ? 

All the recorded weather observations of the past fifty years answer 
affirmatively. In recent droughty seasons fears were expressed by certain 
writers that through tillage, ditching and tile drainage, and from the effects 
of clearing away extensive forests in the northwest, the climate of this 
portion of the Mississippi valley has been materially changed by decreasing 
the humidity and seasonal rainfall. But the records prove absolutely that 
there has been no diminution in the humidity and rainfali within the last 
decade as compared with any preceding decade, nor within the last twenty 
years as compared with any preceding score of years since the States was 
settled by civilized people. There have been seasons of excess and 
of deficiency all along the line of recorded observations, but the shortage 
has been no more serious in the eighties and nineties than in the fifties and 
sixties. 

No, there has been no appreciable change in any essential feature of 
the climate. It is as stable as the everlasting hills, and as permanent as the 
inflow and outflow of the currents of the Gulf, by which it is so copiously 
watered. 

In concluding this chapter tlie writer desires to acknowledge his 
indebtedness to the Chief of the Weather Bureau for voluminous records 
relating to the climate of this State, and to Dr. Geo. M. Chappel, Local 
Forecast Official and Assistant Director of the Iowa Weather and Crop 
Service, for very efficient aid in the arrangement and tabulation of meteor- 
ological data. 



NATURAL RESOURCES 271 

NATURAL RESOURCES. 

Nature gave to Iowa a better dowry than mines of diamonds or moun- 
tains stored with silver and gold. Its more valuable resources consist in 
water, sands, rocks, coal and timber, and above all it? deep, porous wonder- 
ful soil. Gold, silver, nickle, zinc, iron, aluminum, and natural gas have 
been found ; but whether they exist in remunerative quantities is to be 
determined by future efforts for their development. 

WATER. 

We class water as one of the natural resources of this productive state. 
Go west — cross the continent to the Pacific — and you ask why those great 
deserts which you pass in your journey. They are desert because the rain- 
fall, the natural irrigation essential to vegetable production, is withheld. 
Here fructifying showers nourish, invigorate and perpetuate vegetable life. 
In the three score years of our written history no pen has ever written of 
Iowa's fields being made barren by burning drouth, or of her people suffer- 
ing the pangs of famine because the essential rainfall was withheld until 
crops were parched and starvation befell them. The beneficient Creator 
gave to Iowa a wealth of resources of more priceless value than mountains 
of the precious metals, in her ever duly recurring showers, and her numc- 
ous springs and perennial streams. 

M^.DICINAL WATERS. 

We have valuable healing waters in Iowa. Streams flow from unfail- 
ing fountains that give strength to the weak, ease to the pain-ridden, and 
healing to the sick. We can speak only of a few of such fountains. 

The Lake View Mineral Spring — This is a natural spring near the 
western shore of Wall Lake, a body of water lying in Sac county and fur- 
nishing fine opportunities for boating, fishing and pleasure driving in ita 
vicinity. Circumstances have led to the improvement of the surroundings 
of this healing fountain that has now wide reputation for the cure of many ©f 
the ills to which mortal nature is subject. We give the following analysis 
of its water made by Prof. Walter J. Haines, of Rush Medical College 
August, 1888. 

Each gallon of 231 inches contains : 

* GRAINS. 

Chloride of Sodium 1.124 

Sulphate of Potassium 285 

Sulphate of Sodium 1 .566 

Bicarbonate of Calcium '8.111 

Bicarbonate of Magnesium 9.47S 

Bicarbonate of Sodium 336 

Bicarbonate of Iron 032 

Phosphate of Sodium ... ; Trace 

Alumina 150 

Silica 1.180 

Organic Matter Trace 

Total 82.284 

TH E SARATOGA OP THE WEST. 

Who has not heard of Colfax, the famous health resort of Iowa, and its 
waters that have won a fame that has crossed oceans ? This now famous health 



272 



REPORT OF IOWA COLU.MHIAN CO.MMISSION 



and pleasure resort is in Jasper county, on the main line of the Chicago, 
Rock Island and Pacific railroad. '^ 

Some fifteen years ago an enterprising citizen surmising that t>. paying 
vein of coal lay hidden under the high wooded hill east of the village, 
procured a drilling apparatus and started the tools downward in quest of the 
desired treasure. By slow, laborioas process he put his drill down about 
four hundred and fifteen feet when a sudden bursting forth of a fine stream of 
water caused a stoppage of his work. He was not pleased with what he 
then considered ill luck, but his complaints interposed no check to the 
gushing stream. It continued its bright and abundant flow. The workmen 
and spectators sipped thereof to investigate its quality. Its taste at 
first peculiar, after a little use was not unpleasant; those who drank freely, 
however, were soon admonished that it possessed unusual qualities, and a 
quantity of the sparkling fluid was sent to an educated physician at Daven- 
port for examination. Acting on his recommendation a quantity was for- 
warded to Prof. Heinrichs of the State University, who reported the follow- 
ing analysis of the fluid: 





GRAINS PER GALLON. 


Millogrames per litre 
or parts per million 


NAMB OP COMPOUND. 


American Gallon of 
231 cubic inches. 


Imperial Gallon of 
70,000 Grains. 


Sodium chloride 


3.85 

78.86 

.41 

31.87 

13.07 

17.51 

.67 

.29 

Trace 

7.18 


4.62 

94.57 

.49 

38.22 

15.68 

21.00 

.81 

.35 

Trace 

8.61 


66 


Sodium sulphate 


1,351 

546 
224 


Potassium sulphate 

Magnesian sulphate 

Calcium sulphate 


Calcium carbonate 


300 


Iron carbonate 


11.5 


Silica alumina 


5 


Lithia 


Trace 


Carbon dioxide 


123 


Total 


153.71 


181.35 


2,633.5 



Other borings have been made and similar fountains have been reached 
in that locality. Their analysis varies but slightly from that above given. 
The "Colfax Springs" running " abundant, free and clear" are already of 
great value. Their healing virtues have been tested by thousands of visitors 
from our own and other states who came to them enfeebled by disease, but 
went from them with radiant cheek and buoyant step to proclaim their 
health restoring power. 

DES MOINES MEDICINAL WELLS. 

Several artesian flows of water have been struck in and near the city of 
Des Moines that are reputed to have medicinal value. Tlie water from one 
in the central part of the city has been used quite extensively with great 
benefit to many persons. 

At Cherokee, Lineville and other places in the state there are waters 
reported to be of considerable medicinal value. 

THE CLINTON WELLS. 

The city of Clinton is finely supplied with pure health giving water, 
obtained from artesian wells, drilled into the Potsdam sandstone. Of the 
source and abundance of th* supply, Superintendent Highlands of the city 
water works reports as follows : 



NATURAL RESOURCES 273 

" It might not be amiss in this connection to say something about the 
€Ource of this magnificent water supply. In this locality the Potsdam sand- 
stone is reached by the drill at 1,475 feet, or about 1,400 feet below low- 
water line in the river and this is the source from which the water is derived. 
This stratum of sandstone is covered over with 1,100 feet of limestone and 
300 to 500 feet of shale. The 400 to 500 feet of limestone immediately oyer 
the sandstone was broken up by some convulsion of nature and whenever 
the drill strikes one of these crevices the water will flow to the surface, with 
the same pressure, but with less volume, as if the drill had penetrated the 
sandstone. In drilling well No. 3 the drill penetrated three such crevices. 
The pressure of water from each of those crevices or apparent veins waa 
carefully tested by packing off the water above them and it was found 
exactly the same as when tested at the depth of 1,600 feet. The fact that 
the water will only raise 68 feet above the river, shows conclusively that 
the water does not come from any point near the head waters of the Missis- 
sippi river, and it is also equally plain that it could not enter the ground on 
the line of the river where it is only 68 feet above us, for the reason that in 
80 short a distance it could not have penetrated through the shale and lime- 
stone into the sandstone. The only alternative is that it m ust come from 
the Lake Superior region where the sandstone crops out." The difference 
in levels between this and Lake Superior would seem to bear out this 
opinion . 

Speaking of the city wells he says : "The rise and flow of our wells 
now are as follows : 

" No. 1, eight inch bore, 1,450 feet deep ; daily flow 700,000 gallons. 

"No. 2, five inch bore, 1,335 feet deep ; daily flow 400,000 gallons. 

" No. 3, eight inch bore, 1,675 feet deep ; daily flow 900,000 gallons." 

These three wells are drilled within a radius of 200 feet and the flow 
and pressure seem to remain constant. 

The city mains are connected with three other wells, one owned by the 
<;rty of Lyons and the other by private parties, and the total supply at com- 
mand is thus stated: "Our mains are also connected with the pumping 
stations of the Lyons waterworks, W. J. Young & Co., and C. Lamb & Sons' 
Chancy mills. The total pumping capacity for fire protection is as follows : 

GALLONS PER DAY. 

Clinton station 9,000,000 

Lyons station 3,000,000 

W. J. Young & Co 6,000,000 

G. Lamb & Sons 4,000,000 

Total 22,000,000 

" As our maximum daily consumption rarely reaches 2,500,000 gallons 
per day this would leave 19,500,000 gallons per day for fire protection, or 
Tvater enough to supply eighty-one inch fire streams with 100 pounds of 
pressure through 400 feet of hose ; or if any one of the stations were dis- 
ftbled it would be very easy for the other three to afford adequate fire 
protection." 

The quality of this abundant supply is shown by the following analysis, 
made by B. Q-. Smith, Professor of Analytical Chemistry of Beloit College, 
Wisconsin : 



274 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

SOLID KESIDUE IN PARTS PER 1,000 OF WATER. 

Silica 0105 

Sulphuric acid 0640 

Chlorine 0692 

^^^^^^^ 0003 

Ferric oxide 

Lime 0663 

Magnesia 0345 

Soda 1499 

Carbonic acid, etc 1182 

.5129 
Less Oxygen equivalent to chlorine 0156 

.4973 
Total solids from 1,000 parts of water actually weighed after drying 

at 140c 4980 

Or to state it in another manner as showing grains per gallon it would 
show thus : 

GRAINS PER GALLON 231 CUBIC INCHES. 

Sodium Sulphate 6.6266 

Sodium Chloride 6.6616 

Sodium bicarbonate 0.2824 

Calcium Bicarbonate 11.2291 

Magnesium Bicarbonate 7.4267 

Alumina q^,^^ 

Ferric acid 

Silica 6124 

38.8552 
At the city of McGregor there are two artesian flows from the same 
source. The largest one flows a large volume, the bore being put down 
1,008 feet. The Potsdam stone here lies many hundred feet higher than 
the stratum lies at Clinton, the stratum cropping out at the former place. The 
water in the McGregor wells appears to be more highly medicinal than the 
Clinton water. We cannot give any reported measurement of the flow at 
McGregor, but the facts that we have given indicate that abundant supplies 
of the purest water can be obtained in the cities along the Mississippi 
wherever the Potsdam sandstone can be reached. 

SOIL. 

Soil, sunlight and water are the great essentials to the production of 
the bread, meats and fruits that feed our race. Iowa has world-wide 
fame for the depth and richness, the mellowness and productive quality of 
her soil. Prof. White, in his report as State Geologist, speaking of the soil 
ef Iowa said : 

"After careful consideration of the results of my examinations, I do not 
hesitate to thus publicly aauounce my estimate that 95 per cent, of the 
surface of Iowa is tillable land. The state being without mountain ranges* 
hills or <ther barren surfaces and everywhere covered with a soil of such 
fertility and depth, its agricultural capabilities are almost beyond 
computation." 

The theory of geologists that the soil of Iowa is formed largely of 
decomposed rocks floated over the portion of the State the drift covers, may 
be true or not. Its depth and productive qualities are the matters of our 



NATURAL RESOURCES 275 

chief concern. There are but few places in this remarkably productiv& 
state where a plow can turn up barren subsoil; the fertile soil is found 
through the state ranging in depth from one to one hundred feet. This is 
more fully described in the chapter on the Geology of Iowa, by Prof. Keyes* 
One great advantage of our soil is its porousness. It is easily pulverized 
is light and warm and the roots of growing crops easily penetrate it. This 
characteristic not only makes farm labor inviting on account of the crop 
produced, but doubly so by the ease with which the cultivation is done. We 
hear nothing in Iowa of soil being worn out. It cannot be worn out with 
any proper farming, hence there is wealth for the ages in its fertility and 
productive power, and there is perpetual comfort in the ease with which 
agricultural operations are performed. 



This species of earth is important in essential manufactures. The 
savage may build his wigwam frame of poles and cover it with grass or 
skins or barks. The pioneer will build his cabin of logs or sod, but by 
industry and economy he soon provides the means for better things. The 
brick maker and mason's services are soon needed and openings invite the 
pottery and the tile factory, and search is made for suitable clays for these 
manufactures. 

In all parts of Iowa, clays suitable for the manufacture of excellent 
brick is easily obtained, hence the brick industry is obtaining large 
dimensions. The demand for building brick, paving brick and the finest 
quality of pressed brick is having yearly increase. 

The day of building cheap, perishable shanties for residences, and 
structures of cheap combustible and perishable material for business uses 
is outgrown in this State. Three to eight story solid, stately business 
blocks now grace our cities, and solid brick and stone residences are found 
in our numerous thrifty villages. Our cities and towns now mostly have 
their " fire limits," and the indulgence of a false economy in the erection of 
cheap, unattractive, combustible structures in our business centers is largely 
prohibited. This wise provision encourages improved architecture and the 
use of building material of substantial quality, and so the brick makers art is 
encouraged and his business enlarged. No better clays can be found for 
the manufacture of the finest quality of pressed brick than are now ob- 
tained in numerous places in this state. 

Superior clays for the manufacture of stoneware and finer forms of 
pottery are found in numerous places. During the year 1892 several 
hundred carloads of clay, for the manufacture of tableware were shipped 
from Hardin county to Sheboygan, Wisconsin, Milwaukee and elsewhere. 
Tests of this clay have been made at Liverpool, Paris, and Wellsville, Ohio, 
Terre Haute, Indiana, Perth Amboy, IST. Y., and elsewhere with most satis- 
factory results in the manufacture of white ware. Large deposits of this 
quality of clay are found. 

With the taking up of the wild iands and the consequent increased value 
of lands the demand for tile to drain springy, spouty places aud waste 
sloughs is rapidly increasing, and the manufacture of tile for drainage 
purposes has already assumed large proportions. Excellent clays for thia 
manufacture are found throughout the state. 



•276 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

The settlement of the country -with its increasing population and wealtk 
makes good roads more important and leads to road improvement The 
growth of flourishing towns and cities, and care for their cleanliness and 
healthfulness provide enlarging markets for sewer pipe, and its manufacture 
\s becoming an important and growing industry. 

SAND. 

According to slang phrase, is a valuable quality in the mental consti- 
tution. It is an esseDtial element in our industries. Many important 
mechanical and manufacturing operations demarT.d its use. The people of 
Iowa have rich endowment of the mental element expressed by the term, 
and nature has provided numerous banks of this material in suitable quali- 
ties and quantities for mechanical operations. The builder readily finda 
suitable sand. The brick maker and iron moulder find sands suitable for 
their operations, while glass factories and smelting furnaces export 
*ands in quantities from our state for their work. 

STONE. 

Iowa is not a mountainous nor rocky State, but the exact reverse. Yet 
there is abundant supply of stone for building, the manufacture of lime and 
other uses. The general distribution of railroads throughout the state, 
makes these supplies, that the Creator liberally provided, everywhere avail- 
able. 

Census bulletin No. 78, Census of 1890, devoted to Mines and Mining, 
treating of limestone, gives important figures respecting this important 
natural commodity. 

The whole number of limestone quarries reported in the country was 
1,954. Of these 143 were in Iowa. These Iowa quarries had a reported 
value of $530,863. 

The product of these 143 quarries in this state was reported as 6,380,727 
<;ubic feet of stone for building purposes, valued at $236,792. Lime burned 
365.394 barrels of 200 pounds each, of the value of $170,043. For street 
work 1,732,630 cubic feet of the value of $70,387 were produced. These 
products of the 143 limestone quarries of Iowa, having a reported value of 
$477,222. Relatively among the states of the Union Iowa has fair rank in 
the production of this useful and valuable stone. In the number of lime- 
Btone quarries having fifth place ; in the number of employees working such 
quarries seventh place ; in amount of wages paid tenth place ; in amount of 
stone produced, twelfth place ; and in the aggregate value of the product 
of limestone quarries tenth place. 

The limestone beds of Iowa are not found in one corner or in one 
locality of the State merely, but have quite general distribution over its area. 
L A further description of the rocks of the State is given in his chapter 
by Prof. Keyes. 

GYPSUM. 

Is found in large deposits in Webster county, along the Des Moines 
river. All the operators in its production in 1889 had their headquarters at 
Fort Dodge. All the deposits or beds of gypsum being found near that city. 

To quite a large extent gypsum has been used in Fort Dodge for build- 
ing Durposes. When first quarried it is easily dressed with an axe or saw, " 



NATURAL RESOURCES 277 

hardens when in the wall and makes a solid strnctnre. Prof. White, in his 
geographical report, wrote in 1870 of a residence built of this rock in 186/, : 
"Its walls appear as unalfected by exposure and as beautiful as they were 
when first erected." ' 

In the year named gypsum was produced in California, Colorado, Iowa, 
Kansas. Michigan, New York, Ohio, South Dakota, Utah, Virejinia and 
Wyoming. Iowa ranking third in the quantity produced and third in the 
total value of the product. In that year the industry at Fort Dodge gave 
employment to 59 men. 

Part of the product is sold and used as a fertilizer, 14,484 short tons of 
the Iowa product being sold in 1889 for that purpose 7,550 tons were calcined 
for stucco. The product of the mines and factories that year in Iowa was 
valued at $55,3^0. ( 

The deposits are found in the blu^s of the Des Moines river, covering 
an extent of about seven miles along the river valley. 

Prof. White gives the thickness of the deposit at Goss' Mill, then its 
known southern extremity^ as ten feet. At the Cummins quarry, six miles 
northward from the Goss Mill, as twenty feet. The deposit is sufficiently 
large to be virtually inexhaustible, but is formed in soraev,'hat irregular 
Ikyers, Prof. White pronomrces tt of "as good quality as any in the coun- 
try, even for the finest uses." 

Iowa gypsum manufactured into stucco, was very largely used in the 
manufacture of "staif," the material used for the external covering of the 
exhibition buildings in Jackson Park. 

COAIi. 

The coal product of the country is of the utmost importance to the 
public prosperity. While this statement is true in regard to the whole 
country it is energized when we apply it particularly to a prairie State. 
Iowa may not be far known as a mining State, yet the productions of her mines 
are no mean interest. Few suppose that she has place in the list of States 
jear to the top in any mining production. But she has high rank in the 
production of bituminous coal. The United States census of 1890 reports 
twenty-seven coal producing States and their entire production is 95,729,026 
tons. It reports the following five States as producing for the year 1889, 
the amounts given below, they being the five leading States : 

STATES. PRODUCTION. 

Pennsylvania 36,174,089 tons 

Illinois 12,104,272 '* 

Ohio 9,976,787 « 

West Virginia 6,231,890 " 

Iowa 6,095,358 " 

Iowa ranges tenth in population but fifth in the production of bitumi- 
nous coal, producing in 1890 one bushel in every twenty-two bushels of the 
product of the country. 

The state mine inspectors in their last biennial report to the governor 
of the State, report production of coal in twenty-three counties. The State 
has three mining districts. We copy tables given by the several inspectors 
tshowing the number of mines, production and other interesting items rela- 
ting Jo this business in each county named : 



278 



REPORT OF IOWA COLU.MBIAN COMMISSION 



Showing number of mlnea, annual output, number of miners and other employes, vala* 
of product, etc., in District No. 1, for the year ending June 30, 1891. "» 



«AME or COUNTY, 



o o 



^ 



s 


<v 




>> 


Q 


o 






fi 


p. 


«w«3 


ti 


O <» 




>^ 












^ {X 


♦J 


ss 


o 


o ® 


^ 


^ 


<1 






g 00 



a 



4* 5? C 

:^ 

.00 $2.04 
"" 1.37 
1.58 
1.26 
1.23 
2.41 
2.02 
1.30 
1.40 
1.80 



.2 = 



Adams 

Appanoose 

Davis 

Lucas 

Monroe 

Page.... 

Taylor 

Wapello 

Wayne 

Warren 

Total 

Jasper 

Jefferson , 

Keokuk , 

Mahaska 

Scott , 

Van Buren 

Total 

Boone 

Dallas. 

Guthrie , 

Greene , 

Marion 

Polk 

Webster 

Total 



14,872 

393,255 

3,272 

136,722 

355,477 

2,700 

13,420 
169,290 

31,578 

15,604 



1,193 
17 

187 



$1.34 

.95 

.91 

.76 

.72 

1.63 

1.37 

.75 

.90 

1.04 



20,031.42 

368,924.61 

2,972.00 

103,400.00 

255,773.84 

4,400.00 

18,405.00 
120,376.27 

28,252.00 

16,303.61 



2,296 

60,256 

180, 

6,600 

95,508, 

500, 

4,013 
44,404 
10,875, 

2,797, 



1701,136,190 2,721 687$ .83$ 938,838.75 $ 227,430.37 $ 1.32 $1,507,012.06 



29,384.00 

540,767.10 

5,160.50 

172,190.00 

536,172.58 

6,590.00 

27,120.00 
217,737.28 

44,172.00 

27,809.60 



DISTRICT NO. 2. 



146,091 

2,933 

363,617 

J 963,558 

10,534 

46,764 



283 

18 

665 

1,105 

47 



851$ 125,134.25 

2,714.49 

269,102.04 

719,976.14 

10,195.32 

39,596.00 



97 1,533,496 2,211 754$ .76 $1,166,718.24 $ 290,715.04 $ 1.32 $2,009,916.77 



$ 30,328.67 

556,36 

37,269.95 

214,440.06 

1,180.00 

6,940.00 



$1.43 
1.80 
1.40 
1.25 
1.75 
1.31 



$ 208,587.96 

5,247.20 

509,230.03 

1,207.099.08 

18.441.50 

61,288.00 



DISTRICT NO. 3. 



19 


189,577 


480 


128 


$ .94 


« 


43,324 


106 


34 


.93 


16 


11,993 


87 


15 


1.48 


4 


74,544 


158 


32 


.85 


27 


210,061 


347 


132 


.75 


18 


397,833 


652 


217 


.88 


20 


124,963 


273 


96 


.84 


110 


1,052,295 


2,103 


654 


.84 



$ 177,003.75 
40,278.40 
17,770.00 
63,592.79 
158,679.32 
821,048.73 
104,360.09 



60,364.41 
14,450.00 
2,260.00 
14,558.03 
43,341.19 
97,544.26 
44,628.17 



84$ 882,732.76$ 277,146.06 1.57 $1,657,465.56 



$1.86 
1.78 
2.50 
1.59 
1.30 
1.53 
1.61 



351.826.31 
76,933.40 
29,982.50 
118,173.29 
275,300.31 
604,921.25 
200,328.50 



SUMMARY. 





a> 


o 


£ 


S 


S3fl 


s 


s , 


"S 


6 


HUMBER OP 


a 


11 


a 


3, 


^a 
Is 


si 
P. 


u 


is 


o a 




o 


o'g 


«»Ht3 

o « 


i\i 


§ . 


5 « 




Sa 


DISTRICT. 




. f^ 


^- 






a£ 


i o ® 


<v'^ 


2« 




© 




s-5 


ji 


top. 


03 33 




tieo <v 


























i 


11 


as 

3 0) 


o 


^sa 


la 










;zi 


^ 


'^ 


< 


<i 


H 


H 


< 


^ 


District No. 1 


170 


1,136,190 


2,721 


687 


$ .83 


$ 938.aS8.75 


$ 227,430.37 


$1.32 


$1,507,012.06 


District No. 2.... 


97 


1,533,496 


2,211 


754 


.76 


1,165,718.24 


290,715.04 


1.32 


2,009,916.77 


District No. 3.... 


110 


1,05S,295 


2,10;^ 


654 


.84 


882,723.76 


277,146.06 


1.57 


1,657,465.58 


Total 


377 


3,721,981 


7,035 


2,095 


$ .81 


$2,988,280.55 


$ 795,291.47 


$1.39 


$5,174,-394.39 



This summary of the three mining districts of the State includes reports 
from 377 mines. It reports the production of 3,721,981 tons of bituminous 
coal, being 1.94 tons per capita to the population of the State. It shows that 
this industry gave employment to 9,130 persons, paying to those employes the 
sum of $3,783,572.02. That the coal produced was valued at upwards of 
five million dollars. No further elucidation is necessary to prove that Iowa 
has highly important and valuable mining interests. Her producers of 
"Black Diamonds" add greatly to her prosperity. It may be remarked that 
many mines operated only in the winter months are not reported by the 



NATURAL RESOURCES 279 

inspectors, and coal is mined in six counties not included in the above 
tables. Hence the discrepancy between the census and state mine inspec- 
tors' reports. 

Iowa coal is not anthracite. It may not be a fine quality of coking 
coal. It may not be renowned for its excellence as a gas coal, but it is an 
excellent fuel coal, a fine steam producer and is of great value to her peo- 
ple for household use, for locomotive consumption and for all industries 
using steam power. 

Coal is found and mined in the following counties not named in the above 
tables, namely, Cass, Adair, Fremont, Lee, Hardin and Hamilton counties. It 
will doubtless be found by deeper prospecting in counties where it is not now 
known to exist. The field now as developed, extends from Scott county on 
the Mississippi on the east, to Fremont county on the Missouri on the west, 
a distance of upwards of 200 miles. While in the opposite direction it 
extends from the Missouri line into Hamilton and Hardin counties, a dis- 
tance of 140 miles. Nature has stored away in the deep and hidden cham- 
bers of this vast field, supplies of fuel to furnish heat and light for Iowa's 
millions. 

THE MINERAL RESOURCES OP ALLAMAKEE COUNTY, IOWA. 

Iron Ore We know that it is not in accordance with the arrangement 
of geological strata as usually seen that a bed of iron ore should exist in 
this part of Iowa, and the imperfect surveys heretofore officially made of 
the State have either ignored, or unjustly misrepresented their existence. 
We know, also, from years of personal examination, the many test pits that 
have been dug, varying from a few to thirty-two feet deep, and the bottom 
of the ore not yet reached, all through an almost solid mass of iron ore, 
lying below one to four feet of surface soil, though cropping out above the 
ground in many places, and from the hundreds of tons of ore that have 
been mined, that it exists here in vast quantities. One bed about one and 
one-half miles northeast of Waukon, covers three hundred or more acres. 
It has been estimated that 500 tons daily could be taken out for 100 years- 
Its quality is a brown hematite, is quite porous, permitting heat to per- 
meate the center of the mass, making its reduction easy. On the north and 
west sides it laps on Trenton limestone ; on the south and east sides on St. 
Peter's sandstone. It lies on top of one of the highest points of land in the 
county, about 700 feet above the Mississippi, and about fourteeo miles dis- 
tant from that river. A railroad could be run right into its sides, and up a 
valley into its very center so that loading would be all down hill. Several 
analyses have been made ranging from 52 to 60 per cent. One analysis 
was as follows : 

Sesquioxide of iron 52.751 

Besquioxide of magnese S.Oot 

Sesquioxide of cobalt 280 

Alumina 1.777 

Li^ae 1.090 

Magnesia 37 i 

Sulphuric acid 047 

Phosphoric acid 4.092 

Water and organic matter 13.134 

Silicious matter 10.631 

100.000 



28o 



REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 



Another test made by Prof. Fisher, analytical chemist, of Milwaukee 
Wis., from ore taken by himself from the mines, gave these results, as he* 
reported to the writer : 





Black. 


Yellow. 


Constituents of 
average ore. 


Metallic iron 


58.59 
4.00 


54.79 

5.12 
11.92 
.131 

.70 




Oxide of iron 


76 74 


Silica 


11 02 


Water 


11 92 


Phosphorus (PhosphoricAcid) 

Sulphur 


.30 


Lime 


70 






Total 






100.68 



Magnesia, trace. Alumina Trace. Manganese, trace. 

These deposits were first discovered by Mr. C. Barnard' about fourteen 
years ago, who soon after called the attention of the writer to them, who 
with him made personal and extensive examination of the same, though 
neither one ever has had, nor has to-day, a dollar's worth of interest in the 
lands in any form. Our aim has been to develop the resources of this 
county. These lands have been leased at three different times to outside 
parties. The changes in the tariff in 1883 caused a suspension of their 
development at that time. Again they were being opened and on the point 
of successful development when the principal capitalist and promoter 
interested, died. And since they have been leased by parties who seem to- 
hold them in abeyance while they are devoting immediate, personal atten- 
tion to the Lake Superior newly developing iron regions. There is not 
local capital to open and work them. It is not desirable that they should 
fall into the hands of speculators, because we believe that we have the 
quantity and the quality here for the development of a great industry on a 
solid foundation. It advertises itself best by a personal examination by 
experts and competent judges. 

Other extensive beds of iron ore exist in the county. 

Lead also is profitably mined in large quantities five or six miles north- 
west of Lansing, and is also believed to exist in paying quantities near 
Dorchester in the northern part of the county. 

ZINC. 

This metal is mined in the vicinity of Dubuque and quite extensive 
works are being erected in that city for the preparation of the metal for 
commerce. 

While Iowa has mineral interests that are of great value, and give 
promise of enlarged development and commercial importance in the near 
future, the tools of the farm more than the mine have been the chief instru- 
ments used in her great wealth production. It may be conceded that this 
State will never lead some others as a mining State, but her mining and 
manufacturing interests are becoming important factors in her industrial 
enterprises, and will hereafter add largely to wealth acquisition. 

COMMERCIAL FACILITIES. 

We have already intimated something of the commercial opportunities 
and facilities of Iowa. We find the state situated in a position to command 




_f!i:^Si^^^lM 



SaT' VLONG. W.,r^FBOM pAeen 

\i. 



•tXea; 



xS^/. 



Mona 

zStaeeyo'Wei 

rlZLo VVOrplfara 



.t'-^l 



lockw 



^TiotaSpr\VFrtyrd 3^, 
—--iBuddWl. 

PAUL 

Charlc; 

>oUo' 




^^ » Tripoli^ 



ts_J|^o^ ^l 



):jBforU 






. B U T L e"v«v 

A olington. Pykersburgl 












J>* •5K«J^.ina;^o^T,<«,':^dgewor>a_ 



acl:Tf. g»»ll V; H A Vl A 






^^ <^^\^iabec5*y^[ La Porte City 



r<^V*1i 






JSelena Ic 









B e/n T^O N 



«,N»-^ ^*^« 






i^BBe x^ 



liewton . 



yictor -ffbo>67 O^ri 

pVoweshieKI I o»'w*7A 



f.PiJo<o\ 



J -^ Ci K ?-v O N 
aldwin ^■y- Preto 



.Ely V^ StanwooSv " ^ 
XowdcnT 



•Q Nation *4Ip-B^ 



^^•yshuei/ville o,^^lou 



Shiloh; 



Charlot4u>>' 4tl 
- - 'V'e7(o yLySnJ 

"*' ^ DeWitt\_l_S<<itwMoorf' 



SharQtv Cinir 



^ I Noel 









Pne* oJDMin 

E 0/ K y k1 .0' 



-2, -«'>-oNy 

= ->^-^-bigT\^ Wapello 



^ 






cy/lo! 









^-^ 



-^^^^ 



sency 



'rflcldl 



J E F FE r/s O N*t •=" n!>^„. ti 



orisT 



Unioi 
cinnati 






"^Yarmo xthtrf-^ediapolis|c.| ^ XyUft / ■^ 



•'A? 



liddle^ 



V A No: 

^_ Hiil»'^n> <-—,-, — \- ,> «^ 



ionvill65* 

U t/;N- A il^SsCHlUYLER 






Tson ^^ 
E '^''py\ ^B^Iowa Junc'. Y -^ 



t^-44JMr^ 



-CLARKl 



Perris 




COMMERCIAL FACILITIES 281 

the advantages of 20,000 miles of inland water navigation. No transporta. 
tion can be so cheap as that carried on the great water channels formed by 
the Creator. 

Our great rivers are permanent fixtures ; the lakes and springs pouring 
their flows into the Mississippi and the snows of the mountains sending 
their streams into the Missouri must ever maintain these great rivers aa 
navigable thoroughfares. As the years roll on and population and wealth 
increase, public interest will demand still greater outlays to perfect thos© 
great channels of interior communication and transportation, and their 
benefit to this commonwealth will increase with each succeeding gener- 
ation. Those divinely formed channels of trade and transportation are 
indispensible to Iowa. They will yet bear a large proportion of the pro- 
ducts of her farmSi orchards, dairies, mines and shops to distant markets, 
and bring in return immense supplies of commodities and material that her 
industries and her people will demand, and by their competitive position 
will keep the cost of transportation to the lowest figure possible. The vast 
development of wealth in the country will yet be interested in providing 
for the safety, enlarged capacity and consequently cheaper transportation 
on those channels that must ever be free as air to commercial interests. 
The country is moving in behalf of cheap transportation, and the people of 
Iowa are in position to gain great commercial advantages from the consum- 
mation of these moyements. 

We have spoken of the development of steam as a motive power on the 
rivers of the country. That success led to experimenting as to the appli- 
cation of steam as a motive power on land, and at the time of the com- 
mencement of the settlement of Iowa, the invention of railways and trans- 
portation thereon by steam power was, thousjh yet in crude condition, prov- 
ing successful. It was not until twenty years after the founding of the first 
permanent settlement in Iowa that a locomotive reached the Mississippi 
river. 

THE RAILROAD FACILITIES OF IOWA. 

The first settlers of Iowa came from the east by teams. The first move- 
ment in the interest of railroad construction culminated in a convention at 
Iowa City in the winter of 1848. It projected two roads, one from Keokuk 
to Dubuque, the other to span the state from Davenport via Iowa City to 
some point on the Missouri at or near Council BlufEs. The first organiza- 
tion of a company to construct a railroad in this state was organized to build 
the proposed road from Davenport to Council Bluffs. Petitions were sent. 
to Congress asking for grants of land to aid in the construction of the pro- 
jected road, but soon there was heated contention respecting the lines oa, 
which the projected roads should be located. The petitioners of that day 
could not foresee the Iowa they were making, ribboned with tracks of steel 
as it is now. The road from Keokuk to Dubuque was never built. 

In February. 1854, the Chicago & Rock Island reached the Mississippi 
and the enthusiasm for railroad building was intensified In May, 1856, the 
national Congress made its first grant of land in aid of railroad building in_ 
this State. That act was approved by President Pierce the fifteenth day of 
that month. It made grants to four roads as follows. We quote from the- 
act: 

19 



282 REPORT OF THE IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

" Sec. 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of 
tiie United States in Congress assembled, that there be and is hereby ojranted 
to the State of Iowa for the purpose of aiding in the construction of rail- 
roads from Burlington on the Mississippi river to a point on the Missouri 
river near the mouth of the Platte river, from the city of Davenport via 
Iowa City and Ft. Des Moines to Council Bluffs, from Lyons City north- 
westwardly to a point of intersection with the main line of the Iowa Central 
Air Line Railroad near Maquoketa, thence on said main line of the Iowa 
Central Air Line as near as practicable to the 42d parallel across the State of 
Iowa to the Missouri river. From the city of Dubuque to a point on the 
Missouri river near Sioux City, with a branch from the Tete des Mortes to 
the nearest point on said main line, to be completed as soon as the main 
line is completed to that point, every alternate section of land designated by 
odd numbers for six sections in width on each side of said road." 

This legislation further provided that when the lines of these roads 
should be definitely fixed, if it should appear that the United States had 
sold any section or part thereof, granted as aforesaid, or the right of pre- 
emption had attached to the same, then the roads, by agents duly appointed 
by the governor, might select, subject to the approval of the Secretary 
of the Interior, from the lands of the United States nearest to the tiers of 
sections above specified, so much land in alternate sections or parts of 
sections as shall be equal to such lands as the United States have sold or 
otherwise appropriated or to which the rights of pre-emption have attached 
as aforesaid. The lands so located to be in no case farther than fifteen 
miles from the line of said road. 

Some other grants of land for internal improvements in Iowa followed 
this first grant. Under these land grant acts the several aided roads in 
Iowa received land as follows : acres. 

Burlington & Missouri River (now C. B. «& Q.) 287,095.24 

Mississippi & Missouri River (now the C, R. I. P.) 550,193.57 

Iowa Central Air Line; (now C. & N. W.) 775,454.19 

•Dubuque & Pacific (now Illinois Central) 1,226,558.32 

McGregor & Missouri (now C, M. & St. Paul) 372,293.27 

Sioux City & St Paul 407,879.31 

Des Moines River Improvement Company 1,105,967.88 

The grand total of land bestowed by these grants aggregated 4,674,- 
744.88 acres. It is true the gift was princely but it is equally true that the 
benefits sought in return were commensurate. Iowa was then without 
railroads, its interior unsettled and unless railroad advantages were secured 
it would largely remain unsettled. The reader should remember that these 
grants were made forty years ago. Then much of the land entered or pre" 
empted in the interior of the State had been taken by speculators. The few 
settlers in those interior counties who were trying to improve homes were 
laboring in privation, difficulty and poverty. The surplus they raised had 
to be wagoned over unbridged sloughs and streams to far away markets. 
Millions of acres about them were in market to the first taker at $1.25 per 
mct^ but were taken slowly at that price. There was no wealth in the 
State to provide the transportation facilities that every settler desired, and 
those pioneer settlers far out from market, in great breadths of sparsely 
settled prairie were willing that Congress should give out of its immense 
domain what seemed to them at that time a mere pittance, in order that 
they might secure facilities of transportation that were absolutely essential 




m 

i 



284 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

alike to their prosperity and happiness. They figured the value of the land^ 
not as we figure it now, with daily railroad trains speeding through every 
neighborhood, but as they figured it when the nearest railroad yet lingered 
by the Mississippi, one or two hundred miles from them, and the millious- 
of acres of this seemingly boundless west were awaiting purchasers at the 
government price. But though the land was granted and railroad surveya- 
were made the railroads did not come. The financial crash of 1857, pros- 
trating business all over the country, followed. Before the country fully 
recovered ^from that disaster the civil war broke out and its horrors en- 
grossed the thoughts of the people. It was not possible to proceed with 
the building of these great lines of road until the pageant of the laurel 
crowning of the victors in that terrible conflict was made possible by the 
supremacy of the olive branch through the surrender at Appomattox. 
Soon thereafter work was begun to push the construction of railroads across- 
lowa. 

The Chicago & Northwestern, first to cross the State, reached Council 
BlufEs in 1867. The Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific and the Chicago, Bur- 
lington & Quincy reached that city early in 1869, and connection was made 
to the Pacific coast. Then the commerce and travel of the Orient heard of 
a shorter route to Occidental Europe and the great highway of travel 
between the empires of the far away east and the Kingdoms of Europe 
turned a cross this grandeur of vale and hill the world soon learned to know 
as Iowa. 

We will not ask what Iowa would be now had no railroads been built 
in her territory, we will rather endeavor to comprehend what she is today 
with her lacework of railroads that has brought to her every neighborhood 
commercial advantages unsurpassed, and now secure grace to her homel- 
and wealth to her people. 

The report of her railroad commissioners for 1892 publishes the fact 
that Iowa now has 8,513.76 miles of railroad within her boundaries or one 
mile of railroad to every 6.46 square miles of her area. There is not 
a county in Iowa without railroad facilities, and but one county seat of her 
99 without a railroad, and yet that county — Pocahontas — has four lines of 
railroad within its borders and seven railroad towns. If we estimate these 
8,513.76 miles of railroad with their rolling stock, side trackage, depots and 
other terminal facilities, to have cost but $25,000 per mile, then we have an 
expenditure of $212,844,000.00 for this great property interest. The expen- 
diture of this sum of millions in Iowa in railroad construction with the 
general distribution of market facilities brought to every locality in the 
State, with the development of mines, quarries and other interests made 
possible by their construction and the encouragement thereby given to 
agriculture, has been a potent factor in the material development made in 
Iowa in the last two decades, and the wonderful advance in property values 
that have been effected. 

The advantages of railroad transportation are equally distributed 
and farmers in all parts of the State have easy access to railroad markets. 
Five of Iowa's ninety -nine counties have within their area from 150 to 172 
miles of railroad, twenty-six have from 100 to 150 miles, fifty-three have 
from 50 to 100 miles, while there are now only fifteen lowacouuties that 



THE RAILROAD FACILITIES OF IOWA. 28^ 

have less than 50 miles of railroad and but six that have less than 40 miles 
of railroad line, and but two counties having fewer than five railroad stations, 
namely, Ida, four and Emmet, five. 

Thei-e are 1,150 railroad stations in the State. The railroads are divided 
ikto three classes for taxation and charges for freightage and railroad 
fares. They are under the supervision of a board of three commissioners 
elected by the people and are being wisely controlled. 

A glance at the State map found in this volume will reveal that all our 
farmers are within easy range of railroad markets. We doubt the 
possibility of a farm being now found in Iowa, the occcupant of which in 
fair weather and with fairly good roads, cannot start with his team from his 
home in the daylight hour of the morning and returning from his market 
reach his home ere the twilight of th<* evening has declined into the darkness 
of the night. While the majority of Iowa farmers are so situated that with 
their teams they can haul off at least two loads of produce in a day. We have 
heard it said " no farmer is so far from market as he who has nothing to 
sell." The farmers of Iowa do have produce to sell and have market places 
and good markets of easy access. 

TONNAGE CAimiED. 

The total tonnage carried by the railroads of commodities moved from 
place to place in Iowa is difficult to obtain. Last year the two great roads, 
the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy 
made no report in this matter. The roads reporting their business to the 
Board of R. R. Commissioners moved the following tonnage : tons. 

•Grain ^ ^ 3,457,688 

Flour 369,004 

Live stock 1,208,271 

■Coal 2,783,965 

Lumber 1,470,903 

For the two great roads failing to report, alike for their main line and 
numerous important branches, the mileage controlled by these two roads 
aggregating nearly one-fourth of the mileage of the State, the commis- 
sioners estimated an addition of one-fourth to the above tonnage in the five 
items named. This would make a total of upwards of eleven millions tons 
of those five commodities for the year, largely produced or consumed by 
the agricultural population of the state. Facilities furnished for the rapid 
and cheap movement of such a mass of commodities are a solid factor to 
our business prosperity. 

EAKNINGS. 

The total earnings of the roads of Iowa for passenger service in the 
state for the year ending June 80, 1892, was $10,387,247.89. The total freight 
earnings of Iowa business was $26,359,095.00. Total earnings on Iowa busi- 
ness $37,405,473.32. Total operating expenses $25,076,828.00, leaving as net 
earnings the sum of $12,328,645.22 

EMPLOYES AND SALABIES. 

The whole number of employes in this service was 30,193, salaries paid, 
$17,807,915.89. Nature made it possible to bring those great aids to agri- 
cultural, mining, manufacturing and commercial pursuits into every locality 



286 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

and community in the State, and tlie enterprise and liberal spirit of our peo. 
pie has so encouraged the improvement of these favoring opportunities that 
in the grand threadwork of iron track-ways now flecking the state, every 
business pursuit and every community enjoys those facilities absolutely 
vital to its prosperity. No state of the Union can show these essential 
advantages more general and equably distributed than they are now in 
Iowa, But the work of railroad building is not complete. Some localities 
yet need better railroad facilities, and the work of railroad building 
will go on till the demands of all for the best possible railroad advantages 
are met. 

POSTAL FACILITIES. 

In this age postal conveniences are important to the business interests 
and social life of every community. No agricultural state in the central 
portion of the country has more complete and convenient postal facilities 
than the people of Iowa enjoy. 

We have shown that there are 1,150 railroad stations in Iowa. These 
places all have daily mail facilities. Many country postoffices have also 
daily mail. Postoffices in Iowa with only a weekly mail are obsolete. 

Under date of January 17th, 1893, the First Assistant Postmaster 
General informed us that January 1st, 1893, there were 1835 postoffices in 
the state. That of this number 179 were presidential offices namely : 1st 
class 7 ; 2nd class 23 ; 3rd class 149 ; other postoffices 1,556. 

The whole number of mail routes in the State was then 834. Their 
total length being 13,484 miles. Number of miles of travel required yearly 
to carry the mails 13,229,678. 

The gross amount of postal receipts in this State for the year ending 
June 30, 1792, was $1,949,847.05. 

These figures show that the people of Iowa are large patrons of the 
postal department. Her people read newspapers and write letters. 

TELEGRAPHS AND TELEPHONES. 

These modern inventions for the speedy conveyance of intellegence are 
established throughout this State and are largely patronized by the people 
aiding business transactions and facilitating communication. 

BANKING. 

the growth of wealth in Iowa has brought enlargement of business, has 
developed new lines of business pursuit and incited the founding of new and 
important business enterprises. 

The banking business is an essential to commercial transaction and 
accommodation in this age of quickened activity and communication. The 
interests of commerce and security of the patrons of banking institutions 
incorporated under our State legislation demand a careful, legal supervision 
to secure their wise management. This is provided by our banking laws. 

Provisions are made by our laws for the incorporation of two classes of 
banking institutions denominated severally. State banks and Savings banks, 
both classes being banks of exchange and deposit; National banks being the 



INSURANCE 287 

only banks of issue. Hon. J. A. Lyons, Auditor of State, in his annual bank 
report, June 80, 1892, returned 104 Savings banks, and 141 State banks. The 
Savings banks having a capital of $5,304,000.00, and holding deposits to the 
amount of $26,115,384.25. The 141 State banks were reported as having a 
capital of $7,430,000.00, holding on deposit $16,361,011.34, The total capital 
of these two classes of banks being $12,784,200. The total deposits held by 
them $42,476,395.79. 

PKIVATE INSTITUTIONS. . 

The Comptroller of the Treasury, Hon. A. B. Hepburn, reported June 
80, 1892, eight incorporated loan and trust companies doing business in 
Iowa. These had a capital stock of $2,122,028 and held deposits amounting 
to $1,001,399. 

At the same date the same officer reported 185 private banks in the State 
with a capital of $5,404,914.00. Individual deposits $10,928,893. 

NATIONAL BANKS. 

In the same document that officer reported 154 National banks in this 
State, having a capital stock of $14,325,000, and holding on deposit 
$30,491,755.68. 

That officer estimated the population of the State June 1, 1892, at 1,964, 
000 persons. He reported the total banking capital in the State at $44,586, 
152. Individual deposits held by the several classes of banks above named, 
$84,899,443,227. 

The total sum of deposits in the several institutions enumerated 
averaged $43.22 per capita, to the estimated population. Surely a people 
with such an amount of cash per capita at command in banks if not 
rich are at least in that happy condition desired by Agur: "Give me 
neither poverty nor riches, feed me with convenient food for me, lest I be 
full and deny thee and say who is the Lord? Or lest I be noor and steal 
and take the name of my God in vain." 

INSURANCE. . 

The insurance business has assumed large dimensions and like the 
banking business it is placed under strict legal supervision. It is operated 
under two lines, namely, stock and mutual companies, all subjected to the 
same strict supervision. 

There were in the State 141 Co-operative or Farmers' Insurance com- 
panies, carrying December 31, 1891, risks to the amount of $93,291,790. They 
paid for losses during the year 1890, $103,912.75, doing their business at an 
average cost of $1.57 per $1,000 of insurance. Insuring nothing but farm 
property or what are strictly detached dwellings in towns their losses are 
light, and doing business strictly on the mutual plan and without expensi%'e 
agencies their expenses are very low and insurance is carried in them at the 
lowest possible rate. 

There are nineteen other companies incorporated under the laws 
of Iowa, doing general fire insurance business. Of these eleven are joint 
stock companies holding a paid up capital of $875,000. Seven are mutual 
companies. The eighteen companies have a total of gross assets of $3,890,- 
463. Their total income in 1891 was $1,883,461.25. They wrote risks during 
that year to the grand total of $97,785,403.87, and paid in losses $784,386.31. 



288 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

FOREIGN COMPANIES. 

All foreign companies before they can do business in Iowa must make 
satisfactory showing of their condition to the Auditor of State. There 
were 108 of such companies doing business in Iowa in 1890, namely, 1 Ger- 
man company, 2 Scotch, 14 English, 2 Canadian, 7 Connecticut, 27 New 
York, 6 Massachusetts, 4 New Jersey, 1 Maryland, 1 Pennsylvania, 14 
Wisconsin, 4 Colorado, 1 Michigan, 3 Rhode Island, 3 Illinois, 5 Tennessee, 
1 New Hampshire and 2 Minnesota. Three foreign countries and fifteen 
other states are represented in the fire insurance business in this state. 
These do a large business. 

LIFE INSURANCE. 

The life insurance business is carried on by home and foreign com- 
panies. Including both classes twenty-nine life insurance companies were 
authorized to do business in this State in 1892. Of these companies four 
were home incorporations and twenty-five were foreign, namely, five Con- 
necticut, nine New York, one each Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, 
Vermont, Wisconsin, California, Nebraska, Ohio and Maine and two Penn- 
sylvania incorporations. 

The total number of life policies in force December 31, 1892, was 38,- 
302. The total amount of life insurance in force at that date was ^78,356,- 
022. The total premiums received during the year 1891 was $2,237,42.5.99. 
Amount of losses paid $659,922.69. 

DEVELOPMENT OF WEALTH. 

Iowa, in regard to her rank in the accumulation of wealth, occupies a 
position of which her citizens may well be proud. In the census of 1850 
thirty-two of the thirty-three states then forming the Union exceeded her 
in wealth, />^r capita ; a fact that at once proves that her pioneers were 
men in very moderate circumstances. In the census returns of 1860 thirty 
of the thirty-six States of the Union exceeded Iowa in per capita wealth. In 
1870 Iowa had reduced the gap between her place in 1860 and the head of 
the list by passing ten of the thirty states that had outranked her in this 
particular in 1860. In 1880 she had surpassed others until by the census of 
that year, but six states east of the Rocky Mountains exceeded her; and 
but five in the Union, namely. New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois and 
Massachusetts outranked her in aggregate wealth. In this respect Iowa is 
still gaining, and in the past twelve years has outstripped others of her 
sister states in the development of wealth, pe?- capita. That Iowa has 
enjoyed such material prosperity and that her people are in thriving con- 
dition are facts which we gladly record. 

A HISTORIC RESUME. 

Sixty years ago, a space of time embraced in the life of men yet active 
in business, Iowa was devoid of the essentials of a civilized State. There 
was not a charitable institution, public building, postoffice, church, school, 
mill, bridge, orchard, farm, or scarcely a scjuatters cabin or barn within 
its boundaries. The whole region was then traversed only by Indians. 



A HISTORIC RESUME 289 

The only dwellings, save a few cabins in Lee county, being the tepee or 
wigwams. The means of interior transportation in aid of trade, were the 
shoulders of the squaw, the Indian pony or canoe, or the pack horse of an 
occasional venturesome hunter. 

Consider further the greatness of the change made in these three score 
years, a mere hand-breadth of time in the life of a nation. Look at the 
110,000 miles of broad, largely well constructed, open highways, with their 
innumerable culverts and thousands of substantial bridges which now carry 
those highways across our streams, furnishing ready means of communica- 
tion and transportation to all. Look at the 215,000 grand farms in Iowa, 
with their barns and other outbuildings, many of them costly structures; 
the grand pastures flecked with feeding herds and flocks of noblest blood 
and finest form; the spacious orchards and gardens of fruit, the stately 
artificial groves which grace those fine farm homes. View the 370,000 
family dwellings, the homes of comfort and elegance of our two millions of 
intelligent. Christian citizens, thousands of those homes being spacious 
dwelling places, palatial in architecture, luxurious in furniture, and royal 
in their surroundings. Then view the beautiful, prosperous towns and 
cities which have sprung up as though thrown forth by magic all over our 
broad prairies; and the shops, the mills, the mines, the manufacturing 
plants, the bazaars of trade, teeming with life and activity, the halls of 
art, the public schools, with their 13,375 fine school houses, the private and 
parochial schools, the academies, seminaries, normal schools, colleges, 
technical and professional schools and the universities which now give grace 
and culture to our social life. Extend your vision and take in the 4,500 
church edifices, many of them majestic temples, standing everywhere with 
open doors, inviting all to enjoy their sanctifying associations. Then look 
further at the noble charitable and reformatory institutions, the great 
schools and asylums for our unfortunate classes, our homes for the maimed, 
the infirm and the poor. View these and consider that all have been con- 
structed and are maintained either by means voluntarily donated or by 
taxation which has been generously and freely voted. Then consider that 
in addition to the outlays essential to the construction, maintenance and 
improvement of the institutions mentioned our people have made a large 
accumulation of private wealth. Surely such gains attest not only that 
Iowa has an industrious, economical citizenship, but also that her gener- 
ous soil has great wealth producing power. 

THE DEMONSTRATION OF FIGURES. 

We are not left merely to rhetorical statement to express the growth 
of wealth in this inland State. The rapid increase in valuation of taxable 
property in Iowa shows an almost incomprehensible growth of wealth. In 
1850, 13,733,000 acres of land were assessed for taxation. Its average 
assessed value was but ^3.54 per acre, and the aggregate valuation $4S,- 
611,280, the total valuation for the purpose of taxation tnar year being 
$58,007,121. This was only two score and three years. 

In 1860, 24,386,217 acres were assessed for taxation, their aggregate 
value being $133,447,181, or $5.06 per acre. The valuation of personal 
property assessed that year was $30, 147,858. The total aggregate assessed 
valuation in 1860 was $153,539,116. 



290 REPORT OF IOWA COLU.MBIAN COMMISSION 

In 1870, 33,018,604 acres of land were assessed for taxation. Of this 
amount only 9,869,467 were reported as improved land. The average 
assessed value per acre was $5.50, and the aggregate valuation $181,881,953, 
while the total taxable valuation that year had reached $294,532,250, the real 
wealth in the State had according to the United States census, grown to the 
sum of $717,644,750. 

In 1880 the aggregate value of taxable property within the State had 
grown to the sum of $409,819,020, the area of assessed lands being 34,- 
569,858 acres. Only 19,860,514 acres, or little more than one-half the area of 
the State, were reported as improved lands, but the average taxable valuation 
of the lands that year was $7.11 per acre. 

In 1890 the taxable lands had increased to 34,734.579 acres, and their 
valuation to $272,847,509, which was an average of $7.85 per acre, the total 
taxable valuation in the State that year being $523,862,858. 

But these remarkable figures fall far short of showing the true growth 
of wealth in this prosperous State. The flight of time has not been more 
rapid than has been the advance in all lines of improvement, in labor saving 
machinery, modes of transportation, and business facilities. Railways, 
telegraphs and telephones have extended their conveniences and industrial 
inspiration through every county. Hamlets have grown into thriving towns 
and thrifty towns have developed into large and prosperous cities. Yet as 
wealth has grown the ratio of the taxable to the true value o! propert}^ has 
been reduced. The assessments in 1850 and 1870 were nearer the true value 
of property than were the assessed values of 1890. We give a few instances 
in support of this statement. 

In 1870 cattle were assessed at an average of $12.67 per head, in 1S90 at 
only $7.11. 

In 1870 horses were assessed at an average value of $42.67 per head, in 
1890 at $25.64. 

In 1870 swine were assessed at an average value of $3.09 per head, in 
1890 at $1.64. 

Nearly the same reduction in ratios of the assessed, to the true values,, 
has obtained in all lines of property. As shown above, the average assessed 
value of lands throughout the State was $5.50 per acre in 1870. Then there 
were but 9,369,467 acres of land, or only one-fourth of the area of the State, 
reported as improved lands. In 1880 the improved land had more than 
doubled in area, being that year reported as 19,866,541_^acres. The value of 
the improvements on the land had largely increased. In 1870 we had but 
2,683 miles of railroad, in 1890 there were 8,436 miles, traversing every 
county in the State. While land has increased several times (a hundred per 
cent.) in value, its assessed valuation has only increased from an average of 
S5..50 to ST. 85. 

Well informed judges of property-value in this State believe that ihe 
present taxable valuation does not exceed twenty per cent, of the real v:due 
of the property of the people. Taking this figure as a factor in the calcu- 
lation, it will be seen that the real value of property is now in exce8» of 
$2,700,000,000. In the brief period of sixty years property values have 
grown from nothing to the immense sum named. 



A HISTORIC RESUME 29I 

It is worthy of mention in this place that this vast aggregate of wealth 
has been developed from the soil of Iowa. Xone of these thousands of 
millions have been washed from glittering ri'ver beds. Iowa has scores of 
"sunny fountains " but none of them 

" Roll down their golden sands." 

Nor have any of these millions been mined from argentiferous or giirif- 
erous rocks, in which hundreds of golden millions lie, awaiting the work- 
man with his picks and drills; they have been won almost solely in agri- 
cultural pursuits. The tillers of the soil and herdsmen have been theii 
chief producers, and the plow, the harrow and the corn cultivator, the 
mower and the reaper the chief implements used in their acquisition. 

The healthfulness of Iowa for man and beast, through the earlier as well 
as the later years of its settlement has had important bearing on this gain of 
wealth. Iowa has ever been rightfully recognized as a healthy State. 

co:mparative growth of population and wealth. 

"^Ve take the following figures from the returns of the several enumer- 
ations of population and wealth made in Iowa by the National Census 
authorities, placing the same in concisely tabulated form, not only to pre- 
sent still more clearly, if posssble, the fact of the great development of 
wealth, but also to show how the growth of wealth has outran the growth of 
population in the history of the State. 

The first national census in Iowa was the sixth of the country. It was 
taken in 1840. The population of the territory was then returned as 43,113 
persons. Of the real wealth of the territory at the time of that census we 
iire not informed. 

COMPAKATIVE GR0V:TH OF POPULATION AND WEALTH. 



FEARS. 1 POPULATION. 


PER CT. INCREASE. 


TRUE WEALTH. 


WEALTH PER CAPITA 


18.50 

1860 
1870 
1880 
1890 


192.214 

574.913 

1,194,752 

1,624,615 

1,911.826 


288. 
251. 

96.91 

36. 

17. 


S 23,714,638 

247,338,265 

717,644,750 

1,721,000,000 

2,700,000,000 


S 123.39 

366.46 

640.89 

1,059.00 

1,412.00 



The fact that this development of wealth has come from the areable 
fields, the pastures and meadows of Iowa, and that it has been developed 
while large areas of the State have been but sparsely settled, and while 
but little more than one-half of its area has been " tickled with the plow,'* 
unmistakably demonstrates the excellence of her soil, the richness and 
healthfulness of her sunshine, the fertilizing potency of the rains that fall 
upon her lands, and its pre-eminence as a field for successful agricultural 
industry. Such vast development of wealth in a State of the population, 
area and age of Iowa, having neither ocean commerce, nor great fisheries, 
flor forests, nor rich bonanzas of precious metals, will ever be one of the 
marvels of history. 

FINANCE AND TAXATION. 



Iowa is in happy financial condition. The State has an elegant^ 
commodious, solid Capitol of stately proportions, located in the city of Dea 
Moines ®n a commanding site. It has numerous other public building* 



292 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

providing accommodations and educational advantages for unfortunate 
classes, as the blind, deaf and dumb, the feeble minded; reformatory school! 
for the unruly of both sexes, insane asylums, orphans home, a home for 
aged and needy veterans, penitentiaries for the punishment of criminals, 
the Normal school, Agricultural college and State university. All these great 
properties have been built up and millions paid for their maintenance. All 
expenses for State government have been met, yet taxation has been low — 
the assessed valuation has ever been far below the cash value of property. 
Taxation for all purposes has been less than one per cent, on the true value 
of property; and yet Iowa occupies the proud position occupied by only 
three other States in the American Union, of having no State debt either 
bonded or floating. According to the figures given in Census Bulletin No. 
64, its total debt, State and county, in 1890 was but $1.91 per capita. In 
1880 it was $3,10; a pleasing reduction for the ten years. On the ninth page 
that bulletin shows that only three of the States of the Union have a less 
State and county indebtedness per capita, namely Vermont, $.46; Rhode 
Island, $1.22 and West Virginia $1.81, while the State and county indebted- 
ness of the States adjoining Iowa range from $2.21 to $10.04 per copiYa. 
The average State and county indebtedness for the States of the Union is 
$5,83. Although the cry, that the farmers of Iowa are overwhelmed by 
mortgage indebtedness, is raised by uninformed persons, there are but few 
farmers in Iowa distressed on that account. It cannot be expected that in a 
new State, in which within the twenty years last past so great an area has been 
improved and such great improvements in farm homes, schools, roads, business 
structures and machinery have been made, that there would be no debt con- 
tracted, but that there has in the ten years last past, been a rapid reduction of 
the mortgage indebtedness against the people of Iowa, is a fact not only shown 
by the census of 1890, but one well known to all intelligent observers. The 
reduction in the three years that have elapsed since the taking of the last 
census has been very large. The prosperity of the people during those 
years has been unequaled in any previous period in the history of this, or 
any other State. 

On page 7,Census Bulletin No. 16, census of 1890, the mortgage indebt- 
edness on the farms of Iowa is given at $149,457,144. The total mortgage 
indebtedness on the entire reality within the State being $199,774,171. The 
•whole number of mortgages on farms was 171,441. Considering each as a 
first mortgage, then the figures indicate the number of farms mortgaged. 
The average amount of these mortgages was $876. The records however 
■do not show the fact that many of them were nearly paid, and that on others 
the debt secured was largely reduced by payment made thereon, but not 
shown on the record. Nor do they show the fact that the major part of these 
mortgages were given for purchase money on lands, or to raise money to 
buy more lands, to improve lands or to purchase stock where-by more money 
might be made on lands occupied. Estimating the farms covered by those 
171,441 mortgages at eighty acres each, then we have 13,715,220 acres of 
mortgaged land. Further estimating their average value at $25 per acre, a 
moderate estimate, and we have for their total value the sum of $342,882,- 
000, — certainly a good security for the sums owed; while there remains 
22,000,000 acres of farm lands free from mortgage with upwards of $208,- 
000,000 of live stock, the increase of which is applicable to the reduction of 



FINANCE AND TAXATION 293, 

this indebtedness. It should not be forgotten that the dairy and poultry 
products alone would wipe out the mortgage indebtedness on Iowa farma 
within two years. The farmers of Iowa may not do all of their business on 
a cash basis but they certainly do it on a very safe one. The large sums 
held on deposit by the banks, as shown in the chapter on "Banks and Bank- 
ing," much of which is money made on Iowa farms and subject to check 
by Iowa farmers, shows that very many of the farmers are money lenders 
rather than borrowers. 

The assessments of real and personal property for purposes of taxation 
are made by local authorities, each civil township and incorporated town 
and the several wards in cities electing the assessors. Personal property ia 
assessed each year and real property biennially. The township trustees 
and town and city councils, the county boards of supervisors and the 
Executive Council of the State constitute boards of equalization. The 
Executive Council assesses the railroads, telegraph and telephone lines. 

Taxes are low when compared with the true value of property. The 
valuations of property for taxation as equalized by the several boards for 
the year 1890 were reported by Hon. J. A. Lyons, State Auditor, as follows : 

Lands, 34,734,579 acres and town lots $374,753,112 

Personal property 105,543,264 

Railroad property 42,962,264 

Telegraph companies 502,874 

Telephone companies 162,000 

Total taxable valuation , $523,862,858 

The lands within the State were assessed at $8.18 per acre ; cattle at 
$7.11 per head; horses $26.46; mules $28.80; sheep $1.18, and swine at 
$1.64. Cattle, horses and mules under one year old and sheep and swine 
under six montns are not listed or valued for taxation. 

The taxes levied for the year 1890 were reported by the State Auditor 
as follows : 

For purposes of State government $1,207,872.85 

For county purposes 5,107,000.27 

For insane fund , 348,098.27 

For support of common schools 6,021,758.68 

For municipal government 2,405,156.65 

For special purposes 384,098.27 

Total $15,563,974.04 

Taking the estimate of the real value of property within the State at 
the moderate figure of $2,700,000,000, the taxes levied for the year for all 
purposes aggregated the small figure of .71 of one per cent. The interest 
on county and municipal indebtedness, and provisions for sinking funds 
are provided for in tht taxes levied as above given. In no State in the- 
Union are the people less burdened with taxation. 

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVENESS. 

^owa has world wide fame for its agricultural productiveness. Its soil, 
produces all the standard grains, grasses, vegetables and fruits, successfully 



294 



REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 



grown north of the Ohio river. The figures required to express the vast 
production of grains, vegetables, meats and fruits within this region are of 
surprising-magnitude, but the capabilities of Iowa's thirty-five millions of 
acres to produce foods are yet uncomprehended. With the cultivation of 
her yet unimproved acres, better drainage of her wet lands and the more 
perfect cultivation of her arable fields, meadows and orchards the products 
of this superlatively fine farming region will have a wonderful increase. 

Iowa does not owe the greatness of her food productiveness to the 
extent of her area In this regard she has but 20th place in the list of the 
States of the Union. Michigan, Minnesota, the Dakotas, Nebraska, Kansas, 
Missouri and Illinois, her near kin in locality and climate, all outrank her 
in this particular Compared with Texas and California, she ranks respect- 




MAIN BUILDING IOWA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 



place in the rank of States. She also held the tenth place in 1880, in respect 
to persons engaged in agricultural occupation, so that her larger agricultural 
productiveness is to be found in other causes than the greater number of 
her agricultural laborers or her larger area. In the census just referred to, 
thiS'^Ctate ranked fifth in the number of farms, sixth in the production of 
whent, sixth in the production of potatoes, fourth in the production of bar- 
ley, second in the production of Indian corn, second in the production of 
oats, second in the production of hay, second in the production of all grains, 
third in respect to the number of horses, second in respect to the number of 
cattle, and first in respect to the number of swine. Although this State then 
ranked second in the production of all grains, second in the production of 
beef animals, and first in the production of swine, only 19,866,541, or a trifle 



AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES 2g5 

more than one-half of her thirty-five million acres were reported as being 
improved. Iowa, then largely unimproved, was outranked by only three 
other States in the total value of her agricultural productions. The four 
leading States compared then as follows : 

STATES. VALUE OF AGRICDLTFRAL PRODUCT. 

Illinois $203,980,137.90 

New York 178,025,695.00 

Ohio 156,737,152.00 

Iowa. 136.103,473.00 

The above schedule clearly establishes the fact that an agricultural 
laborer in Iowa's climate and working Iowa soil effects larger production 
than an agricultural laborer in any other climate and any other State of the 
Union. This one fact accounts for its unequalled development of wealth. 

In the annual report of the National Department of Agriculture for 
1888, Iowa is placed second in the list of States in the production of prota- 
toes, her production that year being over 16,000,000 bushels. New York 
alone led Iowa in this important crop; but the reported yield per acre in 
Iowa, largely exceeded that of New York. 

The same high authority gave Iowa for the same year second place in 
the production of hay, her production being 5,972,783 tons. The crop of New 
York, the only State then leading Iowa was 5,462,667 tons, or only 143,984 
tons more than the product of Iowa. 

The National Department of Agriculture reported that 9,506,716 acres 
of Iowa farms in 1891 were cultivated in "corn, "and reported their aggregate 
products at 350,878,000 — an excess of 115,993,000 bushels over our neigh- 
boring state on the east, then the second in rank in the corn producing states. 
If corn is " king " then surely Iowa is the prime province of his kingdom. 

Since 1886 Iowa has been the largest corn producing State in the Union. 
No region on this earth of the same area furnishes such vast prodi: tion of 
this most important cereal. • ' The production of corn in Iowa for the years 
1888, 1889, 1890 and 1891, according to the report of the National Depart- 
ment of ^ agriculture, aggregated 1,221,305,000 bushels on a total of 34,- 
963,753 acres. This is an average production for the four years of 33.4 
bushels per acre. A few special yields of this cereal in this famous^ com 
Btate may properly be mentioned in this connection. v. 

In the winter of 1890-1 Mr. Henry Wallace, editor of the Homestead, an 
agricultural paper published in Des Moines, offered three prizes for the 
best three acres of corn grown within the State in the season of 1891. It 
will be noticed that the competitors came from nine counties, these counties 
covering one-half of the State from south to north. 

Wm. M. Husted, Des Moines, Pclk County 364 bu., and 65 lbs 

James Pemble, Wapello, Louisa " 315 " 65 lbs 

J . W. Rynearson, Yorktown, Page " 300 " 5 lbs 

A. F. White, DeWitt, Clinton " 291 

Frank Wright, Anamosa, Jones " 285 " 34 lbs 

A. D. Belknap, Amber, Jones " .217 " 55 lbs 

A. D. Zimmerman, Avoca, Pottawattamie County 277 " 20 Iba 

A. D. Irving, Madrid, Boone " 270 " 3 Iba 

J. H. DeFord, Mt. Sterling, Ya n Buren " 269 " 30 lbs 

J. C. Frazey, Shelby. Shelby «• 263 " 14 Iba 



296 



REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 



The largest yield was 115 bushels and 45 poands per acre, the smallest 
87 bushels and 18 poands per acre, for the three acres. 

*** The immense importance of tibe corn crop in Iowa agriculture is evident 
to all. Secretary Shaffer of the State Agricultural Society in the report for 
1891 said: "Iowa's single product of corn is worth more than the entire 
output of all the gold and silver mines of all the states combined." 

President Harrison in returning from his journey to the Pacific coast, 
having seen the land of "the orange and the palm," and having reached on 
that return the great fields of "golden ears," in his address at Omaha, said : 

" I have seen the orange groves and all the fruits which enrich and 
characterize the state of California. I have seen the summit cities whose 
mining camps are on the peaks where the men are delving into the earth 
to bring out the rich stores there ; but I return again to the land of the corn 
Btalk with an afliection that I cannot describe. I am sure those friends who 
have delighted us with visions of loveliness and prosperity will excuse me 
if my birth and earlier training in Ohio and Indiana leads me to the con- 
clusion that the states that grow corn are the greatest states in the world." 

The directors of the Iowa State Agricultural Society in their report for 
1891, by their Secretary, Hon. Jno. R. Shaffer, present the following table 
estimating the agricultural products for Iowa for that year and their values : 



AGRICULTURAL PRODUCT OP IOWA FOR 1891. 



Corn, bushels 

Wheat, bushels 

Oats, bushels 

Rye, bushels 

Barley, bushels.. 

Buckwheat, bushels , . . . 

Potatoes, Irish, bushels.... , 
Potatoes, sweet, bushels.... 

Grass seeds, estimated 

Flax seed, bushels 

Hay, tame, tons , 

Hay, prairie, estimated 

Broom-corn, tons 

Sorghum, gallons 

Butter, pounds 

Cheese, pounds 

Wool... 

Horses, number 

Mules, number 

Sheep, number 

Hogs, number 

Milch cows, number 

Other cattle, number 

Orchard and vine products. 

Hive products 

Poultry products 

Small fruits 

Timber 

Miscellaneous 



335,031,598 

33,151,488 

115,810,800 

2,051,400 

4,528,669 

414,000 

25,620,350 

207,900 



3,154,016 

5,582,800 



3,480 

2,092,485 

168,690,715 

5,000,000 



1,312,079 
41,648 
452,000 
5,921,100 
1,278,612 
2,680,247 



VALUE. 



100,509,479 

25,741,039 

26,636,484 

l,333,4ia 

1,411,467 

276,00a 

5,380,271 

207,900 

1,750,000 

2,523,212 

83,497,340 

6,800,000 

270,570 

904,718 

83,738,158 

450,000 

3oo:ooo 

91,911,188 

2,459,988 

1,430,750 

29,475,236 

23,973,975 

47,038,847 

8000,000 

550,000 

5,600,000 

750,000 

3,000,000 

10,000 000 



Total $ 464,219,308 

In Iowa in 1892 there were 565,031 head of sheep, 4,011,233 head of 
cattle, and 7,105,820 head of swine and flocks innumerable of turkeys, geese, 
ducks and other barn yard fowls. At least 5,000,000 head of finely fatted 
Bwine were supplied for slaughter, furnishing fifteen pounds, per capita, 
of the best pork to the whole country, while at least 400,000,000 pounds of 
finest beef was furnished to the markets of the world, These figures of 



THE OLDEST LEGENDS OF THE ORIGIN OF MAIZE 2q7 

moderate estimate, are given to convey some idea of the abundance that is 
found in this most fertile region. Iowa farmers not only feed well all of 
Iowa's people, but feed also millions in other states and countries. In grain 
and meat production Iowa, but sixty years removed from absolute wilder- 
ness state, now stands without an equal. 

THE OLDEST LEGENDS OF THE ORIGIN OF HAIZE. 

Maize (zea mays — L) derives its name from a Greek word zea, meaning 
spelt. There are many varying opinions as to its first home. It never 
occurs naturally, but is a native of all tropical America, and probably 
indigenous there. Humboldt says it is an American Plant. Some older 
writers, however, claim that it originally came from Asia, going thence to 
America, from which country it was first brought into Europe. Gerard in 
the " Herbal" written in 1597, calls it " Turkey Corn," and says, " This kind 
of grain was first brought into Spain, and thence into other provinces of 
Europe out of Asia, which is in the Turke's Dominions, as also out of America." 
No corn is found in Egyptian tombs, but the plant is represented in an 
ancient Chinese Book in the French Library at Paris. There is a variety 
known in Chili, (Zea Curagua) which has small grains, some of which are 
often found in tombs. The Chilians are superstitious about these, as they 
split so as to image a cross on their inner surface. This corn is called Caru 
in Quichua, and it is to the kind suggestion of the great Americanist, Count 
de Charencey, that I owe the statement that many similar names are given 
to rice in various Asiatic tongues, probably referring to the small eared 
corn, (Cha-rang, among the Rodongs of Napaul, Chasrak in Chungthansia, 
Sila in Nachhereng, Sera in Chourasya, and Seri in Kolunyga.) These 
facts, heretofore unnoticed, so far as I know, would seem to indicate the 
Asiatic origin of the grain. Several tribes of the Nepaul hills call Sorghum, 
Mazyi. 

But we may find a legend of Asiatic origin to account for maize, which, 
however foolish it may seem in its details, is significant, as indicating a 
knowledge of this plant at an early period. The legend is from the Manch 
Maya, a Javanese legendary poem of unknown date. It relates that the body 
of a certain maiden who died from the too ardent embrace of her pursuing lover. 
Sang Yang Gum, (the personification of man) was buried in a wood; from 
the head, sprang the cocoanut; from the hands, the plantain tree; and from 
the teeth, Indian corn or Maize. 

This legend, referring the origin of corn to the teeth of the buried 
woman, carries us back to the antique fable of the armed men springing 
from the dragon's teeth, and it is a curious fact that in central Illinois the 
sharp kernelled variety is popularly known as " Horse-tooth corn." 

"We may, however, find legends among the American Indians which 
bears a close resemblance to the old Javanese story of the origin of corn. 
Dr. Brinton relates an Iroquois myth of loskhea, the dawn-hero, one of the 
great American culture-heroes, which accounts for the appearance of Maize 
among the Indian tribes. The heavens are here said to have been peopled 
by a race of supernatural beings, and one of these a woman, Atalensia, fell 
through the sky, As a result of her fall, being pregnant, she died, after one 
of her twins loskhea, had burst from her arm pit into the world. Her bodj 

'40 



298 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

was buried, and from it sprung the vegetables; from the head, the pumpkin; 
from the breast, maize, (hence the milk;) and from the limbs, the bean. 

We may also have a key to both of these myths, which seem to express 
the operations of nature in promoting the growth of so beneficial a plant 
As Dr. Brinton says, plainly expressed, "The sense of the story is that the 
orb of light moves daily over the water {Atalensia, sea, water) proceeded by 
Its child, loskhea, (light, dawn.) 

Still another legend, from a different tribe, ascribes the origin of com 
to the body of a woman. This Cherokee myth is reported by James Mooney. 
Two boys, one the child of a hunter living at Looking Glass Mountain 
{Tsuwaklda) in North Carolina, the other issuing from the water, from the 
blood poured into it by the hunter, kill the hunter's wife because she was 
a witch, they having seen her rub corn out of her body. She tells them: 
"When you have killed me, clear a large piece of ground in front of the 
house, and drag my body seven times around the circle. Then drag me 
seven times over the ground inside of the circle, and stay up all night and 
watch, and in the morning you will have plenty of corn." They kill her 
with clubs, cut off her head, and set it on the tent-pole, then clear away the 
ground. Instead of all of it, they only clear seven little spots, and this is 
why corn only grows in certain parts of the world. Then they drag the 
body of Nela around the circle and where her blood falls, corn springs up. 
Instead of dragging it about seven times, they do so twice, and this is why 
the Indian only works his crop twice. In the morning the crop is ripe. 

Instead of the body of a mortal, the body of an animal has been substi- 
tuted in an Osage legend, reported by Rev. J. O. Dorsey. In this tradition, 
four Buffalo bulls came by, and as each rolls upon the ground he dropped 
from his left hind leg an ear of corn and a pumpkin: red corn came from the 
first, spotted from the second, black from the third, and white from the 
fourth. Therefore, when a child is named in the Tsicu Gens, the head man 
of that Gens takes a grain of each kind of corn, and a slice of each variety 
of pumpkin, which he puts into the mouth of the infant. 

The early Spanish conquerers found the native tribes here in possession 
of this esculent vegetable, which sustains life among so many indigenous 
tribes of our Hemisphere. They endeayoredto find the history of its origin. 
As might be expected, they found nothing but legends to account for this 
as well as other plants. One of them is given by Brasseur de Bourbourg, 
from a Caqciquel manuscript of Mexico. It is a legend of the creation. 
The primitive Gods of Mexico and the world becoming discouraged for lack 
of food Gueatzalcoatl, the Culture hero, decided to visit the interior of the 
Country and of distant lands, to find some alimentary food. The legend 
relates that he found some of the people of a distant country bearing stalks 
of maize, which he received from them, and brought back to the Mexican 
valley. The region was called "Paxil Calaya", the place of divided waters, 
to a hill known as "Tonacatapetl ", "or the hill of our Subsistance." It has 
been named as a sort of Terrestrial paradise, says the Abbe, throughout all 
antique America. 

Another Mexican myth reported by Sahagun, relates not to the origin, 
but to the mysterious connection of maize with the Gods. Tezcatlipoca, 
disguised as an old woman, parches maize, and the odor of the savory com 



THE OLDEST LEGENDS OF THE ORIGIN OF MAIZE 299 

attracts the Toltecs, whom she then destroys. One of the names of Quetz- 
alcoatl was Ce-acatl, "one reed", a corn stalk (possibly phallic also). A day 
in the Mexican calendar was named after him, and this day, Ce-acatl, was a 
most unlucky one, as he was the God of Storms . • Persons born on this 
corn-stalk day would lose their possessions by having them blown away. 

In Aztec, elotl is milky corn, mumnehtl ripe corn in the ear, tlaxcaeli 
corn cakes, and atoeli hasty-pudding. Oentestl is the Mexican Maize 
Goddess, and sometimes bears a corn-stalk in her hand. A stalk of grain 
carried by a bird-headed I>eity, signified the winds. South American In- 
dians, and those of Central America, also know the value of maize. Many 
of them use it as food, but more ferment it as a sort of beer. Sometimes 
it is mixed with other substances, such as quinoa seeds, to make a fer- 
mented drink. D'Orbigny says the Guarany Indians of Brazil attribute the 
discovery of maize to Tamaui, a Culture hero. 

A Quichua legend, according to Comara, relates that Con, son of the 
"Sun and the Moon, gave maize to man. 

One of the four Maya Gods (Bacubs) was Hohnil, the Belly. His 
habitat was the South, and he was of the color of ripe yellow corn, and 
was favorable and propitious to man. Stalks of maize-colored red were 
expressive of generative force. The spirit of the South brought maize to 
the Iriquois. 

Mr. A. M. Stephens relates the following curious legend of the Snake 
order of the Moquis Indians. Many years ago, several bachelor brothers 
lived together in a house. Their names were, in the order of their ages, 
Ked Corn, Blue Corn, Yellow Corn, Green Corn, Spotted Corn, and Black 
Corn. When the last attained his majority, the others told him to find a 
bride. He was dissatisfied at this, not knowing where to find a suitable 
one. He started out on a journey with four feather plume sticks and a bag 
of sand meal. He finally came to a stream by a lake, where he was told by 
Dawa, the sun-chief, to throw his plume sticks into the water. They im- 
mediately grew into a raft on which he embarked. He came to Napa Tcua 
(Big Kattlesnake) after a four days sail, his raft again becoming plume 
sticks, after wafting him ashore. A snake fiend approached him, and gaye 
him a bag and stick. His name here changes suddenly to Kueteat-ri-yi 
(White Corn), without any assignable cause. Finally, after many miracles 
have been performed by the aid of the bag and stick, he arrived in the 
presence of the Snake King, where he obtained a beautiful bride, first 
obtaining a snake skin dress for himself. He then learned the many songs 
and ritual still practiced by this gens of the tribe. After this, he returned 
to the South, with his wife Tcua-wati. 

Among all the Indian tribes of the Southwest, corn has a peculiar sig- 
nificance. Its connection with their religious ceremonials will be alluded 
to again. 

Schoolcraft, who chronicled many Indian legends now unattainable, 
relates the following "Algic" story of the advent of maize. 

Kitchimonedo (the Creator) first made men who looked like men, out 
were really worthless. He put them and the world into a great lake, and 
drowned them.' From the water he then made a very handsome young man 
iind afterwards he sent a sister to live with him, as he was lonesome. After 



300 



KEPOKT OF IOWA COLUAIBIAN COMMISSION 



some years, -tMs young man had a dream, after which he told his sister 
"Five young men will come to your lodge door this night to visit you. The 
Great Spirit forbids you to answer or even look up and smile on the first 
four, but when the fifth comes, you may speak and laugh, and show that 
you are pleased." She acted accordingly. The first of the five strangers 
who called was Itsaman, meaning tobacco, and on being repulsed, he fell 
down and died. Wapako, or pumpkin, was next. Eshkorsini, the melon, 
third, and fourth Kokseels, the bean. All these perished, but when Tamin, 
or Montanin (Maize), presented himself he was admitted. From the union 
of the maiden and Montanin sprang the Indian race. This legend, how- 
ever, is not so well known, as another related by Schoolcraft, which, through 




Its being utilized by Longfellow, in his poem "Hiawacha", has been wide 
spi ^ad. The legend is here given, condensed from the diffuse story as 
published. 

The son of a poor Indian hunter (in another version it is Massuaniium, 
<jr Manalozho, the magican), on attaining the age of fifteen, built a fasting 
lodge in the forest, and sset about his task of fasting for several days, as all 
young Indians did at that age. Ho was a serious young man, and got to 
thinking how he could be of service to his people. On the third day, he 
became too weak to walk, aud kapc his bed. He fancied as he lay there 
that he saw approaching a handsome young mtin dressed fn green with 
green plume*- on his heads 



THE OLDEST LEGENDS OF THE ORIGIN OF MAIZE 3OI 

"And lie saw a youth approaching 
Dressed iu garments green and yellow. 
Coming through the purple twilight, 
Through the splendor of the sun-set, 
Plumes of green bent o"er his forehead 
And his hair was soft and golden." 

This young man bade him arise, weak as he was, and wrestle with him, 
"telling him that he might benefit his whole race. After three trials, each 
resulting in failure, the seventh and last day of his fast came, and the 
stranger returned to a final struggle. He told the young man that he would 
.prevail, and then instructed him what to do. Let the poet again speak : 

"Make a bed for me to lie in, 
Where the rain may fall upon me, 
Where the sun may shine and warm me; 
Strip the garments, green and yellow, 
Strip this nodding plumage from me; 
Lay me in the earth and make it 
Soft and loose and light above me, 
Let no hand disturb my slumber, 
Let no weed nor worm molest me, 
Let not Kahgahgee, the raven, 
Come to haunt me and molest me.'* 

The young man, as the story goes, obeyed this injunction and carefully 
"buried the young man after he had conquered him. He still kept the 
■secret, partook sparingly of food, and tended the grave, keeping it inviolate: 

*'Till at length a small green feather 
From the earth shot slowly upward, 
Then another and another, 
And, before the Summer ended, 
Stood the Maize in all its beauty. 
With its shining robes about it, 
And the Ions, soft yellow tresses, 
And m rapture Hiawatha 
Cried aloud. It is Mondamin, 
Yes, the friend of man, Mondamin." 

Schoolcraft, who gives in this beautiful tale in prose-guise, almost as 
'the poet has made it, says of Mon-da-min, "It is^the spirit grain." I cannot 
forbear quoting the closing lines of the poem which appeals to every West- 
ern man from the Corn Belt : 

" And still later, when the Autumn 
Changed the long green leaves to yellow, 
And the soft and juicy kernels 
Grew like wampum hard and yellow, 
Then the ripened ears he gathered, 
Stripped the withered husks from off them 
As he once had stripped the wrestler, 
Gave the first feast of Modamin 
And made known unto the people 
This new gift of the Great Spirit." 
Many of the Indian tribes had, and some still have, extended religious 
-ceremonies connected with corn. Several have a Green Corn Dance, some 
«, dance at corn planting, and others at the harvest time, wniie corn or its 
products is used in nearly all the ceremonies of some of the tribes of the 
Southwest. 

The Chahta-Muscogees of Florida held their Busk or Green Corn 
Dance when the corn was just old enough to use. They then held a feast 
•of several days. 



302 REPORT^OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

Hawkins, an early traveler, describes it. Several purging plants were- 
used, and an elaborate dance was held. 

Among the Iroquois, the Green Corn Dance was proceeded by a four 
day's hunt, during which the corn was parched by the squaws. At the end 
of this time, a feast was held, and the especial feature was that of gambling, 
in which all indulged, as well as partaking of the pudding of corn, beans and 
bear's meat. 

Seven days were given up to the corn planting feast, the first four were 
spent in council, all the chiefs making boastful speeches in turn. On the 
fifth day, the chiefs took hold of a belt of wampum, and made a sort of a 
lame confession of their sins. On the sixth day the other warriors did the 
same, and on the seventh, there was a feather dance — quite an elaborate 
ceremonial — and a feast of dog-meat. 

At Corn gathering, the last public feast of the year, corn tassels, silks,, 
and leaves were worn as ornaments by the dancers. 

Among the Seminoles, and other Southern tribes, the Green Corn Dance 
was a great event. 

The Omahas have a Hunting Feast in which, after a Buffalo hunt, they 
have a certain formula of songs, which reproduce in mimicry the growth of 
maize. These songs are called: 1. I clear the land. 2. I put in corn. 
3. The corn comes up. 4. It has blades. 5. The ears appear. 6. The 
ears have hair on. 7. At length we try the corn to see if it is ripe. 8. At 
length it is ripe. 9. At length we pull the ear from the stalk. 10. At 
length we husk the ear. 11. At length we shell the corn. 12. At length 
we eat the corn. A feast follows these songs. 

All the various colors and kinds of corn have different names among 
these and other Indian tribes. The Omaha names are, Watazi-ska, white 
corn; Wata-zi-sko, blue corn; Wata-zi-zi, yellow corn; Wata-zi yscije^ 
spotted corn; Wata-zi-tsijde, reddish blue; Wata-zi-jiveghi,red; Wata-nyaan» 
figured yellow and red stripes; Wachstya, sweet corn. 

The Hopi, or Moqui Indians of Arizona, in making certain rounds, re- 
quired by their religious ceremonies, use corn-meal, which is sacred in the- 
Southwest among many tribes, sprinkling it on the sand. Ears of corn are 
also placed at the extremities of lines drawn to the four points of the com- 
pass, with the tips pointing in. Meal is also sprinkled to these cardinal 
points. The corn is afterward washed hy the priest. 

Among the Tusayans, in the same neighborhood, corn is even more 
extensively used in religious observances. Corn husks fillets are worn on- 
Ihe heads of the novices and meal plentifully scattered on the shrines. The 
novices carry corn in their hands at certain times during a dance, and a 
quantity of corn is shelled, the kernels being stuck all over clay images. 
The standard of one of the clans has corn plumes at the top, and the helmeta^ 
of two of these men are made of a mosaic of split corn ears. A magic altar 
was made and at its six corners and sides, corn, feathers, and pebbles wer*" 
laid, always keeping the colors as here indicated for the corn: 

1. Northwest, yellow corn. 

2. North, black corn. 

3. Northeast, white cori^ 

4. Southeast, red corn. 
6. South, sweet corn. 

6. Southwest, blue cori^ 



THE OLDEST LEGENDS OF THE ORIGIN" OF MAIZE 303 

Among the Navajos, corn meal is also used in sacred ceremonies. It 
is sprinkled on the sand-pictures made in these ceremonies, carried in fawn 
skin bags by carriers of sacred heralds, and used by them in incantations. 
The priest who instructs them says, " Sprinkle meal across a little valley, 
across a big arroyo, across the roots of a tree sprinkle meal, and then you 
may step over. Sprinkle meal on a flat rock." 

In the mythical journey taken by the ancestors of these Indians, they 
came to the first Corn Palace — a house built of corn pillars, with a door of 
daylight, a ceiling supported by four spruce trees, and rainbows over the 
house. Corn meal and pollen formed their food here. The account of this 
is given by Dr. Washington Matthews. 

In the ceremony commemorative of this journey, some sick person is 
usually introduced, to be cured by the rites of the Hoshkamn dance. This 
sick person carries corn meal, and sits in a sand picture, where a corn stalk 
is drawn. This corn stalk is in the hands of a white bodied figure, repre- 
senting the Southeast — the symbolism of color always being carefully pre- 
served. A corn cake baked in a hole in the heated earth is given to the 
attendant priests during the ceremonies. The white bodied figure alluded 
to above is accompanied by three others typifying the bean, the pumpkin 
and the tobacco, the four sacred plants. . Among the Zunies, meal is also 
sacred in many ceremonies. A pinch of it forms the heart of a dummy 
rabbit used in the Kok-ko initiation, as described by Mrs. Stephenson. 

The novices, as they come from the north, present yellow corn to the 
priests. Those from the West, blue corn. Those from the South, red, and 
those from the East, white. 

In the Navajo prayer to the Gods, the priest says, "I give to you food 
of corn pollen, etc." 

One of the Tusayun Gens is the corn Gens. The 4th Gens of the 
Moquis, the 7th of the Zunis, the 5th of the San Felipe Puebloes, the 6th of 
the Santana Pueblo, the 9th of the Cochiti, the 1st of the Isleta, the 3rd of 
the Jemez and the 4th of the Zia Pueblo, are all Corn Gentes, according to 
Capt. Bourke's list. 

Tradition says that corn was planted by the Navajo Chiefs in the prim- 
itive migrations, and that it would grow by night of the same day. The 
stem, roots, leaves and ears are all used in the ceremonials of certain 
Gentes. 

A line of meal is spread upon the floor of the house in the dance Has- 
jalia Daljis, also on the debris from it, while the soles of the feet, the hands 
the knees, the breast, the shoulders and the head of the officiating priest. 
A deer is smothered to death as a sacrifice, and in its mouth corn pollen is 
put and a line drawn from mouth to tail along the breast. Corn pollen is 
sprinkled on little balls, and on blankets used in other parts of the cere- 
mony. Meal is sprinkled in the water used on the second day of these 
ceremonies. Corn husks containing beads are placed on blankets on the 
east side of the house on the third day. Medicine tubes of corn husks, 
sprinkled with meal and pollen are also used. 

One of the mythical sand figures is composed of five grains of corn put 
on a sand bed, one white, one yellow, one blue, and two variegated oaes 
arranged in quincunx order. 



304 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

Corn pollen is put on the soap suds used in purification by the priests, 
and the waters are sprinkled with pollen. Dried and ground as gruel it ii 
given as medicine. In the sand paintings, which are a part of these extended 
ceremonies, the stalk appears frequently. The red of the bodies means red 
corn. The goddess is clothed in corn husks, and ten ears of yellow corn 
wrapped in pinion leaves are placed at the girl's feet in certain ceremonies. 
Superstitious usages with reference to planting or harvesting corn, or 
caring for the crop, among our farmers are not abundant. The old custom 
of corn huskings celebrated by Longfellow in Evangeline and Hiawatha, is 
almost entirely in abeyance. As these lines may not be in sight, it will not 
be amiss to quote them: 

" And whene'er some lucky maiden 

Found a red ear in the husking, 

Found a maize ear red as blood is, 

Nushka cried they altogether, 

Nushka, you shall have a sweetheart, 

You shall have a handsome husband.'* 

"And when e'er a youth or maiden ''' 

Found a crooked ear in huskin:;, 
Blighted, mildewed or mis-shapen, 
Then they laughed and sang together. 
Crept and limped about the corn fields, 
Mimiced in their gait and gestures. 
Some old man bent almost double, 
Singing singly or together; 
Wagemin, the thief of corn fields, 
Pancosaid, who steals the maize ear 1*' 

These scenes are also borrowed from Schoolcrsfft who describes them 
in much the same terms. Wagemin means " crooked," and Pamosaid, "He 
who walks", both being taken as meaning a thief in the corn field. These 
words, he said, from the basis of the cereal song, which, however, is not re- 
peated. In the same song is a description of blessing the corn field based 
on these lines of Schoolcraft. "It was the practice of the hunter's wife, when 
the field of corn had been planted, to choose the first dark or over-clouded 
evening to perform a secret circuit sans habiliments around the field. For 
this purpose, she slipped out of the lodge in the evening, unobserved, to 
some obscure nook where she completely disrobed, then taking her mal- 
checota, or principal garment, in her hands she dragged it around the field. 
This was thought to insure a prolific crop and to prevent the assaults of in- 
sects and worms upon the grain." 

Among Pennsylvania Germans, Dr. Hoffman tells us when corn and 
beans are reserved for the next year's planting, the cob, husks and stalk 
must be carried out into a field or highway and quickly destroyed. Should 
they be burned, the next crop would be attacked by the black fungus 
(Brant). 

Contributed by Lieutenant Fletcher S. Bassett, U. S. Navy, Sec'y, Chi- 
cago Folk Lore Society, author of "Legends and Superstitions of the Sea" 
"Folk Lore Manual", etc., etc. A former resident of Burlington, Iowa. 

THE LIVE STOCK INDUSTRY. 

To show the growth and present magnitude of the live stock industry 
In Iowa we present the following table which we compile from the United 



THE LIVE STOCK INDUSTRY 



305 



States Census Reports and the report of the secretary of Agriculture^ tlh^ 
figures for 1892 being given from the report last named : 



Year. 


No. Horses 


No. Mules. 


No. Neat 
Cattle. 


No. Swine. 


No. Sheep. 


Value. 


1850 

1860 

1870 

1880 

1892 


38.563 

175;088 

433,642 

792,322 

1,314,360 


754 

6,734 

25,425 

44,224 

41,029 


136,621 

540,088 
1,006,235 
2,612,036 
4,011,233 


323'247 

934,820 
1,353,908 
6,034,316 
7,105,320 


149,960 
259,040 
855.493 
455,329 
565,031 


$ 3,689,275.00 
22,476,293.00 
82,987,133.08 
124,715,103.06 
208,768,191.00 



In 1891, according to the report of Hon. J. M. Rusk, Secretary of Agri- 
culture, the total value of the wheat, oats and corn products and the live 
«tock of the six leading states of the Union were as follows : 

IOWA. 

Orain products S^154,269,430 

Live stock 181,967,670 



Total $336,236,100 

ILLINOIS. 

Orain products $147,843,414 

Live stock 169,151,563 



Total $316,994,977 

MISSOURI. 

Grain products $105,800,269 

Livestock 121,217,095 



Total $227,017,364 

OHIO. 

• Grain products $ 89,878,403 

Live stock 109,516,961 



Total $215,603, 173 

KANSAS. 

Grain products $ 98,321,629 

Live stock 109,516,961 



Total $207,838,590 

INDIANA. 

Grain products $ 99,121,446 

Live Stock 103,255,029 



Total $202,376,475 

These figures gleaned from the high authority named, establish the fact 
that these central prairie States are the great food producing States of the 
country, and in this respect Iowa, though but fourth in area — Illinois, Mis- 
souri and Kansas all being larger — leads all in the value of her grain pro- 
duction, and exceeds all in the value of her live stock. With such perma- 
nent agricultural productiveness, Iowa must ever be one of the wealthiest 
States of the Union. 

In 1892 Illinois ranked first of the States in the number and value of its 
horses, and Iowa second. In the number and value of milch cows New 
York ranked first, and Iowa second. In the number and value of work oxen 
-and other cattle Texas ranked first, and Iowa second. In the number and 
value of swine Iowa ranked first and Illinois second. In the total value of 



306 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

live stock Iowa stands at the head, leading Illinois, the next in rank, by the 
grand sum of $22,000,386. 

But the superior quality of the live stock of Iowa may be seen by an 
examination of the values reported by Commissioner Rusk. Kentucky, 
with her famed blue grass and her generations of fleet horses, leads Iowa in 
the average value of her horse stock only in the ratio of 69 to 66, while Iowa 
leads Texas in this matter in the ratio of 66 to 41. Iowa farmers have not 
given so much attention to breeding fleet animals for sport on the track as 
they have given to the breeding of animals for service on the road and 
farm ; yet Iowa's pastures, grain and atmosphere have produced Axtel and 
Allerton to win world-wide fame by their speed qualities, and thousands of 
massive Percherons, Clydesdales, Belgians, Shires or Cleveland Bays of 
noble form, fine stylish coach animals or fleet standard-breds are found in 
every locality. No country nor State need desire finer horses than are seen 
at our county fairs, or are shown in the great displays at Iowa's famoua 
State fairs. 

CATTLE. 

In this department of the live stock industry Iowa knows no superior. 
The best beef and milk breeds are all encouraged by the votaries of these 
different interests, so that all the improved breeds, as Shorthorns, Herefords, 
Galloways, Polled Angus, Polled Durhams, Dutch Belted, Swiss, Devons, 
Holsteins, and the butter producing Alderneys, Guernseys, and Jerseys are 
all bred in Iowa to perfection. In her pastures thousands of full-bloods thrive 
and add wealth to their fortunate owners, while herds of fine grades are seen 
on every farm. The longhorned rangers of the wilderness and the bony, 
coarse and scrawny "scrubs" no longer waste Iowa grass unless in some 
chance way such a bovine specimen is imported from some distant State. 

SHEEP. 

By the table given above it is shown that the sheep husbandry in Iowa 
declined largely from 1870 to 1880. Formerly, for various reasons, sheep 
were found to be inconvenient stock. But Iowa farmers are now enclosing 
and subdividing their farms with good fences, and more attention is given 
to sheep raising and wool growing and flocks are rapidly increasing in num- 
bers. Animals of the fine and long wooled breeds are being largely im- • 
ported. Iowa's climate, soil, pure waters and nourishing pastures are finely 
suited to this industry, and the State in the near future will become as 
famous for her wool and mutton production as she is now for her corn, 
butter and pork. 

SWINE. 

Iowa excels, not only in the number of swine yearly productd and 
marketed, but also has no superior in the quality of the blood and breeding 
of her herds. Swine production has been a potent factor in Iowa's develop- 
ment of wealth, and will long remain so. Iowa soil, from the richest spot 
in the flood-plain by the river's brink to the summit of her highest "divides," 
will grow corn ; and corn fed to Poland Chinas, Chester Whites, Berkshires, 
Durocs and Victorias, is turned into pork of as superb a quality as ever 
graced the board of Norman or Saxon lord. The markets of the world are 
now open to pork and lard from this interior west, and the farms of Iowa 



THE DAIRY INDUSTRY 307 

can furnish supplies in quantities which the world will almo«t deem 

Incredible. 

THE GRASSES. 

Grass is a natural product of Iowa prairies. Kentucky's blue grass pas- 
tures have world-wide fame, but Iowa farmers now enjoy as rich, abundant, 
healthful, nourishing and beautiful blue grass pasturage as was ever found 
in Kentucky or any other State. Everywhere in Iowa blue grass has 
become a spontaneous product. 

Timothy, the clovers, millet and other grasses thrive luxuriantly in 
Iowa sunshine and soil. In all parts of the State great clover fields are 
plentiful. Timothy meadows produce surprising crops, and large quantities 
of grass seeds are annually exported. The power of Iowa soil to produce 
grass will ever make stock raising a highly remunerative industry in Iowa 
husbandry. 

FLAX. 

But little attention was devoted to this crop in the early years. It was 
ever found to be productive, but the absence of machinery or mills for 
working up and giving value to the fiber, precluded its being largely remu- 
nerative to its producers, yet its production has increased until Iowa has 
attained second place in the rank of States in the production of flax seed — 
her product aggregating in 1891, (according to the returns of the Depart- 
ment of Agriculture) 2,898,596 bushels. 

Lately, considerable attention has been given to the fiber in Winnebago 
and other northern counties of the state, and it has been found that the fiber, 
there produced, is unexcelled in quality for linen fabric. There are invit- 
ing openings in Iowa for the manufacture of linen and other flax products. 

THE DAIRY INDUSTRY. 

Butter and cheese are important items upon the table and also in the 
markets of the country. The reports of the Department of Agriculture for 
1891, show that there are in the United States 16,416,351 milch cows, of the 
aggregate value of $351,378,182. In the following table we give the number 
of milch cows, their aggregate and average value in each of the five states 
leading in this respect: 



STATES. 


NO. OP MILCH COWS. 


AGGKEGATB YJlLXTB. 


VALUE PER HEAD. 


New York 


1,552,217 

1,304,184 

1,104,861 

929,091 

869,726 


$40,637,041 
24,479;534 
24,561,060 
23,459,548 
15,220,205 


$26.18 


Iowa . ... 


18.76 


Illinois 


21.27 


Pennsylvania 


25.25 


Miseouri 


17.50 



The dairy industry, as a distinct business, is comparatively new in Iowa* 
Having no great cities or manufacturing centers within our area, we had to 
seek markets for our dairy products abroad. These products were without 
reputation in the East prior to the Centennial Exhibition of 1876. The 
awards received there opened markets in the east for Iowa creamery butter. 

The plans for an Iowa exhibit in that exposition were made, and the 
work of providing exhibits therefor was largely done, and the expense 
therefor met by private organizations before any provision was made for 
State aid. In February, but three months before the opening of the 



3o8 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

Exposition, the Iowa Oeneral Assemby passed an act providing for State 
supervision and the encouragement of an Iowa exhibit, and appropriated 
$20,000 therefor. 

This was our first effort for an exhibition in a " World's Fair." Intelli- 
gent, patriotic citizens saw that it was a prime opportunity to promote 
the interests of Iowa and made earnest effort to improve it. 

The managers of that Exposition made no reservation of space in the 
agricultural department for the dairy interest, and the dairymen of the 
country found their industry without place for display. The American 
Dairymen's Association arranged with the managers of the Exposition 
for the erection of a building at the expense of the dairymen of the country, 
to provide a place for the exhibition of dairy products. The dairymen of 
Iowa were assessed by the American Dairymen's Association $1,000 for this 
purpose. 

On the 14th day of April, 1876, John Stewart, of the firm of John Stew- 
art &■ Co., manufacturers of "fine creamery butter," Manchester, Iowa, 
addressed a letter to G-overnor Kirkwood in which he stated the facts out- 
lined above, and urged him to favor the dairy interests and said : 

" If we can exhibit our butter side by side with the eastern dairymen, 
we can succeed in breaking down the prejudice that has been so prevalent 
in the minds of eastern people ; and if so, we will get one million dollars 
more, annually, for our dairy products than we do now. If it is not asking 
too much of you in your official position, we would ask you to urge the 
executive committee to appropriate this amount or so much of it as is pos- 
sible out of the $20,000. We do not ask the State to transport our goods, 
but simply to give us a place to exhibit them." 

But the State authorities did not appropriate $1,000 or any other sum 
out of the $20,000 or any other fund, for a dairy exhibit, but John Stewart 
& Co., and other creamery men exhibited twenty-nine packages of their 
butter, having a total weight of 9,150 pounds and won for Iowa butter the 
following award — gaining a first prize. 

'• Creamery 859, Stewart & Mellen, Manchester, Iowa, Creamery Butter. 
Commended for its clear sweet flavor, firm texture and superior excellence." 
That award gave Iowa butter an entrance into eastern markets in which 
it soon won a reputation that has been worth scores of millions of dollars to 
the State. The dairy business has become of vast importance in Iowa " 
agriculture. 

State Dairy Commissioner Tupper, in his report to the Governor, 
December, 1892, said : 

"The total shipments of butter billed out of the State for the year end- 
ing September 30, were 71,563,013 pounds. The best authorities estimate 
the home consumption of butter to be fifty pounds, per capita, or 100,000,- 
000. This would bring the total product of the State up to 171,563,013 
pounds. Estimating it at 20 cents per pound, the value of Iowa's product 
for the year would be $34,312,602." 

As the amount shipped out of the State was ascertained by corres- 
pondence with the several railroad authorities and getting reports of their 
actual shipments to points in other States, the report of shipment is prac- 
tically correct. The Commissioner reports the ninety-nine counties in detail. 
The amount consumed at Jiome of course is estimated. Iowa people live 
well and the estimate is reasonable* 

The butter production q£ the State is most largely in its northeastern 



HORTICULTURE 3O9 

portions. In Delaware county there are 38 creameries, in Linn 29, ia- 
Bremer 24, and Fayette 23. Mr. Tupper reports 729 creameries in ninety- 
Beven counties. 

The Dairy Commissioner's report for 1892 is the sixth annual report 
from that office. The dairy business, furnishing an export of 71,536,013 
pounds of butter to go into the great markets of the country, and in addition 
furnishing 50 pounds, per capita, for 1,911,896 people, is an industry of 
large importance. Only 1.4 cents, per pound, on the amount exported, 
would raise John Stewart's $1,000,000 to the creamery men of Iowa. This 
business may appear to have immense proportions, but it may be said of the 
dairy industry of Iowa, " There yet is room," — the dairy business is still 
growing. 

Dairy Commissioner Tupper reported one hundred and eleven cheese 
factories in operation in Iowa in 1891, twenty new ones having been 
established that year. In 1892 he reported one hundred and fourteen cheese 
factories operated in fifty-one counties. He made no report of the pro- 
duction as he had been unable to collect full statistics. 

HORTICULTURE. 

The culture of the garden is a higher form of agriculture than that of 
the common field. It is the tilling of the soil to produce things more deli- 
cate, beautiful and valuable than the common grains, grasses or coarser root 
crops. It includes the culture of garden vegetables, seeds, nursery stock, 
fruits and flowers. Floriculture, being a higher type of horticultural 
industry; may be classed as a lighter form of labor, requiring greater 
intelligence and care than common farm operations. Having no place nor 
part in a savage state, it is only when some degree of wealth is developed, 
taste incited, and culture takes the place of barbarous conditions that the 
nterests of horticulture prosper. 

Common gardening is the first branch of horticultural industry pursued 
in the settlement of new countries, the nursery business being the next in 
order. The latter has now become of great importance. The number of 
established nurseries in the State was reported, in the census of 1890, as 183,. 
employing 1,193 persons, and occupying 12,049 acres of land devoted to the 
growth of apple, crab, pear, quince, peach, apricot, plum and cherry treea 
for orchard planting; various nut bearing trees, evergreens and flowering 
shrubs. Thirteen and a half acres were devoted to the propagation of the 
rose; 427 acres to the propagation of the grape, and numerous acres to 
strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, currants, gooseberries and other 
fruit bearing plants. The total value of these 183 nurseries was reported at 
$1,276,378. 

Of these 183 nurseries so far as information conld be gained, eight 
were established between 1850 and 1860; thirteen between 1860 and 1870 
twenty-six between 1870 and 1880, and sixty-seven between 1880 and 1890. 
While these figures do not give full data in the matter, they sho-vs that this 
business has rapidly increased in the State as wealth and improvement have 
developed. 

But twenty years ago large quantities of apples were imported in 
Iowa from States farther east. Then orchardists in Indiana, Ohio an 



3 



310 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

Michigan imagined that apples could not be successfully grown on Iowa's 
prairie soil, and that this State would ever afford a great market for the 
products of , 'their orchards. ^ 'The fine exhibits of lowa-growu pears at the 
Centennial Exposition in 1876, by Messrs. C. B. Brackett, of Lee county and 
W. T. Smith of Mahaska, with the exhibit of forty varieties of Iowa-grown 
apples by W. S. Willett of Malcolm, of seventy-five by L. HoUingsworth, of 
If ontrose, and 160 varieties by James Smith of Des Moines, dispelled that 
idea forever, Iowa won, by those exhibits, high encomiums for the superior 
-•ize and quality of her fruit. At the New Orleans Exposition, ten years 
later, her apples again won high honors, and thereby opened the markets 
of all the great cities alike on the Atlantic, the Gulf and the Pacific coasts 
for the products of Iowa orchards. Under these inspirations pomological 
■Industry in Iowa has been greatly increased, immense orchards have been 
planted and great attention has been given to their culture, and the expor- 
tation of apples from Iowa is becoming a business of large volume. Our 
•^apples find profitable markets in both our own and foreign countries. 

In the fall of 1891, the shipments of apples from Iowa reached large 
figures. The "Red Oak Sun" gathered the amounts shipped from a few 
counties in the southwestern part of the State. We copy its reported ship- 
ments from the five counties named below : 

COUNTIES. BBIiS. SHIPPED. 

Freemont 43,144 

Mills 41,309 

Page 26,115 

Montgomery 17,384 

Adams 14,574 

Total 142,526 

Peaches, plums, apricots, quinces, cherries, and pears are successfully 
grown. Many varieties of these fruits specially adapted to our climate and 
•oil have been produced. The production of grapes is becoming immense. 
It is now known by all thati^Iowa produces fruits of finest size and appear- 
'tnce, abundant in variety and unexcelled in quality and flavor, in quantities 
not only to supply her own population, but also to meet the large demands 
that come from other States. Fifteen carloads of Iowa grapes were shipped 
from Council Bluffs in one month the past season. The small fruits, as 
raspberries, blackberries, gooseberries, currants and strawberries all grow 
ia this State to superlative perfection in size, appearance and flavor. The 
tables of Iowa farmers throughout the season abound with those luxuries 
^rown in their own gardens. 

VEGETABLES. 

Iowa's soil, climate and rainfall all combine to promote the growth of 
Tegetation. Its depth and mellowness make gardening a pleasure. In no 
•country is the labor of the gardener more abundantly repaid. Every kind 
cf vegetable grown in the country east of the Rocky Mountains and north 
of Mason and Dixon's line is cultivated with success in the gardens of Iowa. 

FLORICUXTURE. 

Iowa is a land of flowers. The Violet, the Crimson Phlox, the Lily, the 
fiell anthus, the Rose, the Aster and the Golden Rod in many varieties ai« 



HORTICULTURE 3II 

native to the prairies; and, in grand prof usion in their season, waved their 
magnificent welcome to the pioneer who delighted in beautiful surround- 
ings. Iowa homes, from the occupancy of the first cabin, have ever been 
adorned with Flora's magnificent handi-work. The early settlers brought in 
the cultivated annuals and perennials common to the home surroundings 
in the States from which they came ; and no country produces flowers of 
.richer hue or grander magnificence in form and fragrance than are grown 
about the homes of Iowa. 

COMMERCIAL PLOniCUIiTURE. 

The enumerators of the census of 1890 report for the whole country 
4,659 floral establishments. Idaho, Nevada, Indian Territory and Oklahoma 
were the only portions of the country in which such establishments were 
not found. Three hundred and twelve were owned and conducted by 
women. These four thousand and more establishments, including fixtures 
and heating apparatus were of the value of $38,823,547, and gave emplo}ment 
to 16,847 men and 1,958 women. 

Such an industry is an important one. Its most favorable field of 
operation is in the vicinity of the great cities, the centers of wealth and 
luxurious living. Iowa has a respected place in this esthetic industry. The 
number of florists establishments, reported for Iowa in that census, waa 
sixty-nine. Of forty-four reporting the date of their establishment, twenty- 
four were started between 1880 and 1890. In this business that census 
reported for Iowa the employment of 166 men and 49 women, and $66,234 
paid the male employees in wages and $13,818 were paid female 
employees. It further reported the propagation of 255,330 roses, 1,100,037 
hardy plants and of 1,838,850 other plants* The value of the plants sold was 
$125,16455; of cut flowers sold, $107,638.29; the total for sales reaching the 
«um of $232,808.34. There is not only pleasure but profit in the florist's 
occupation. 

With the increase of wealth floriculture is encouraged as taste is gratified, 
and the love of the beautiful ever strengthens with the development of the 
finer elements of our nature. In this State this business receives 
^eat encouragment, not only in our large and prosperous growing cities, 
but in the scores of beautiful, thrifty and progressive towns which offer 
inviting openings to persons of taste and enterprise, who desire to engage 
in this pleasant industry. The people of Iowa, lovers of the beautiful in 
nature as well as in morals and social culture, have taste for floral decor- 
ations and are liberal patrons of floral production. 

*► SEED FARMS. 

This branch of horticultural industry has been rapidly enlarged in the 
state during the last decade. 

In the census of 1890 attention was given for the first time to gathering 
Hie statistics of this industry. The enumerators found that there were then 
In the country 596 farms with a total of 169,851 acres of land devoted exclu- 
sively to seed growing. This was an average of 284 acres to the farm. The 
total value of farms, implements and buildings reported was $18,325,935.86. 
Those farms employed in that census year 13,500 men and 1,541 women. 

Of these 596 seed farms, eighteen were located in Iowa. Such farms 



312 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

are found in thirty-six of the forty-four States, and one of 120 acres in the 
District of Columbia. 'The eighteen seed farms in this state embrace 11,153 
acres of land valued at $27.75 per acre. The total value of farms, imple- 
ments and buildings being $633,823.07. The average acreage of such farms 
in Iowa is 620 acres. Of course considerable portions of these farms are 
devoted to meadow and pasturage. Ten of these were established in the 
last decade. Those eighteen farms gave employment to 354 men. 

Of the seeds cultivated on Iowa seed farms we notice the following 
varities named in the census report : Asparagus, beans, beets, cabbage, 
carrot, corn (sweet), corn (field), cucumber (to which 472 acres of Iowa 
farms were devoted), egg plant, lettuce, melon (musk), melon (water), okra, 
onion (seed), onion (sets), parsnip, pease, potatoes, pumpkin, radish, rhubarb, 
salsify, spinach, squash, tomato turnip, and flower seeds, fourteen acres of 
land being devoted to the latter production. One man in Poweshiek county 
raised last year forty acres of sunflowers for their seed. 

Prior to 1850 this industry was confined almost exclusively to the New 
England States. 

The extensive and very rapid settlement of the northwest since 1870 
created an immense demand for garden seeds, and led to the establishment 
of this industry on quite a large scale in the central western States. 

SORGHUM. 

This saccharine plant is cultivated successfully in Iowa. Our light, 
deep prairie soil and moist, warm summer months are favorable to its 
development. In the table given elsewhere, from the report of the Secretary 
of the State Agricultural Society, the value of the sorghum product for 
1892 was estimated at $1,000,000, the product being over 2,000,000 gallons of 
syrup. This plant is grown in all parts of the State and is an important 
adjunct to family supplies. But little effort has baen made to grow this 
cane as a source from which to manufacture sugar, but its cultivation and 
the manufacture of syrup therefrom reduces sugar consumption in many 
households. Years of experience in its cultivation has proved that a cane 
very rich in saccharine matter can be grown almost as cheaply as corn. 

BEETS. 

Experiments have proven that beets, very rich in saccharine substance, 
can be easily grown, and no soil produces a more vigorous growth of the 
beet. No plant has yet been erected for the manufacture of sugar in this 
State. With large coal fields, cheap fuel, cheap lands and suitable soil for 
beet culture; with our rapidly increasing population that each year furnishes 
a larger supply of labor for the better cultivation of our fields and the 
raising of crops that involve large labor, Iowa offers inviting opportunities 
for the profitable employment of capital in the beet sugar industry. 

STATE ENCOURAGEMENT. 

State Legislation has extended wise encouragement to agricultural 
and horticultural interests. 

THE STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 

This is an eflacient, well officered and ably managed State organization. 
It owns very fine, extensive and conveniently located grounds, lying imme- 
diately east of the city of Des Moines, and of easy access by railroad and s 



HORTICULTURE 3I3 

electric car lines from the capital city. These grounds are now well im- 
proved and a State fair is held annually thereon. The Iowa State Fair is 
becoming widely known as one of the most successful Agricultural Fairs of 
the country. The grounds embrace several hundred acres, afford fine 
camping grounds, fine shade and are well supplied with pure water. No 
Intoxicating drinks are sold on the grounds and all gambling schemes are 
excluded from them, and yet most interesting and successful fairs are 
annually held. 

COITNTY AND DISTRICT PAIRS. 

These are provided for by law, and are encouraged by annual financial 
aid. There are now few counties in the State without a duly organized 
County Agricultural Society and its annual County Fair. Where no 
County Organization exists, there are District Fairs. These cover parts 
of two or more counties. Our County and District Fairs are excellent 
educators of our people in agricultural interests, presenting the newest 
features in agricultural progress and affording pleasant opportunities for 
enlarging acquaintance and mutual interchange of ideas, and the enlarge- 
ment of agricultural knowledge. 

THE STATE HORTICTTLTURAL SOCIETY. 

This is an important and highly serviceable organization to the people 
of the State. It is financially aided by the State and holds an annual meet- 
ing at the State Capital in which it has rooms. At its meetings horticul- 
tural matters are discussed, the leading horticulturalists of the State inter- 
change thought and compare experiences. Its proceedings are published 
and freely circulated and so most useful horticultural information is thereby 
freely disseminated. 

In addition to the parent State society there are several auxilliary dis- 
trict and county societies which hold frequent meetings, and render valuable 
service in the spread of horticultural knowledge. 

LIVE STOCK BREEDERS ASSOCIATIONS. 

We have various organizations in the interest of breeders and farmers 
interested in the improvement of the live stock and poultry of the State. 
Almost each particular breed of live stock having an organization of its 
friends working earnestly to set forth its merits. They are doing successful 
work in improving the several varieties of domestic animals kept on farms. 

POULTRY. 

The poultry interests of Iowa are worthy of consideration. Hon. J. R. 
Schaffer, Secretary of the State Agricultural Society in a late report' 
estimated the poultry products of the State to have an annual value of 
$5,000,000. The flocks of *' biddies," geese, ducks, turkeys, guineas, and 
pea fowls that grace our farm yards and furnish dainty luxuries for our 
daily meals and holiday feasts, add millions yearly to the profits of Iowa 
farms and by their valuable production the managing, industrious house- 
wife multiplies the family comforts. 

The traveler everywhere in the agricultural portions of Iowa sees 
numerous flocks of the purest fowls, all the improved breeds being found in 
every locality. Hundreds of men using large capital are engaged in tho 
21 



314 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

poultry aud egg business. Could we gather the true figures representing 
the extent of this business they would present a startling sum. This busi- 
ness is a growing one because the production of poultry is found to be 
profitable on the farms of Iowa. The shipment of live fowls is becoming a 
large business and the exhibit of patent cars in the Transportation Building 
fit the Columbian Exposition for their transportation shows that the inventors 
as well as the transportation companies of the country are awake to the fact 
that this to some seemingly trifling " chicken business " is one of such 
magnitude as to be worth caring for. 

NATIVE FLORA OF IOWA. 



By Prof. L. H. Patnmel, Iowa Agricultural Coneg:e. 



The climate and physical features of the State have not favored a very 
large number of flowering plants compared with some of the States within 
our borders, and yet we have a good many species. We have few mountain 
forms as the conditions favoring the perpetuation of these species are ab- 
sent A few are maintained along our streams, especially in the eastern 
and northeastern parts of the State. The Red Berried Elder,with its bright 
red fruit, is a conspicuous object along the Mississippi above Dubuque. 
Here too may be found the Mountain Maple overhanging the rocks; an 
occasional Paper Birch stands in strong contrast to the southern Kentucky 
Coffee tree. An occasional Sycamore or Honey Locust in the bottoms indi- 
cate that we have here a commingling of northern and southern forms. 
Our Oaks in central, eastern and western Iowa are those common to the 
north. The White Oak and the tall, majestic Red Oak, large and hand- 
some but less valuable than the White Oak are common. The swamp 
White Oak, a southern species, may be found in the southern part of the 
State. Another common Oak in this State is the Burr Oak with its sweet 
acorns, also a valuable tree for its wood. Common throughout Iowa is the 
Boft Maple, the Cottonwood, and the American Basswood. The Elms are 
familiar objects; the most graceful of the family is the American or White 
Elm. The Slippery or Red Elm is common and is a valuable tree. 

NUT BEARING TREES. 

In this class the widely known Black Walnut is the most valuable; then 
there is the White Walnut or Butternut, a species growing on high grounds. 
The Black Walnut prefers lower grounds, and is a southern tree which 
gradually diminishes northward; the Butternut being a northern tree. The 
most valuable of the Hickory family is the Shag or Shell Bark. It is so by 
reason of its wide distribution as well as for the superior value of its wood. 
The Mocker-nut Hickory occurs in the southern part of the State bordering on 
Missouri. The Pecan is also a southern species extending northwardly 
along the Mississippi and Missouri rivers. The Bitternut is quite conrimon 
in many parts of the State. 

CONIFEROUS TREES. 

There are some coniferous trees found in Iowa, the White Pine and the 
more widely distributed Red Cedar. 



NATIVE FLORA OF IOWA 315 

THE ASH. 

There are several species of the Ash in this State. The White Ash, on 

account of its beauty strength and value should not be overlooked. It is a 
•valuable tree for cultivation, being easily propagated and a rapid grower. 
It grows naturally along our streams and as an ornamental tree along 
fence rows, roads or lawns and in parks is worthy of attention. Its wood, 
especially the young growth, is of great value in many lines of manufacture. 

SHRUBS. 

Of smaller trees and shrubs which lend beauty to our landscapes, there 
are many. Conspicuous among them is the Wild Crab. Its shape is 
symmetrical and when in flower the sweet perfume fills the air. Nothing 
excells it in beauty when in flower. The Wild Plum is found in all parts of the 
State. When in bloom the plum groves are masses of creamy beauty and the 
fruit is of great value, but was especially valuable to the earlv settlers. Many 
•of our most valuable cultivated plums have been developed from a wild 
parentage. The Flat Topped Thorn, with its masses of flowers is especially 
striking in June. The Red Bud is limited in its distribution, yet its 
purple flowers coming out before the leaves, makes it an interesting 
•object. It is found as far north as Muscatine. In the month of May, 
before the forests are clothed with their green leaves, a white flowering 
shrub dots the forests here and there; it is the Shad Bush, or Service 
Berry. It bears an inviting fruit. We should also mention the primitive 
form of the Snow Ball, commonly called High Bush Cranberry, which 
occars in wet grounds in the northern part of the State. In this connection 
we may also speak of the Red Root, a common low shrub on the prairies, 
•well known to prairie breakers for its hard, strong root. Its red stems, rich 
green leaves and cream colored tufts of flowers in June and July make it 
•conspicuous. 

HERBACEOUS PLANTS. 

Of these we have many striking forms. Our flora on the prairies par- 
takes largely of the western type. We have also many species that are 
common in the eastern states. Some of these are introduced and some are 
woodland species that have kept in close contact with our forest trees. In 
early spring soon after the snow disappears, in shaded banks, the little 
(Hepatica L.) Liverwort makes its appearance, soon followed by the Spring 
Beauty, the Blue Violet, the Dutchman's Breeches with delicate white 
flowers, and the Dog Toothed Violet. These are early flowering woodland 
-species and common further east. In the open prairies we find the Pasque- 
flower, its flowers are pale blue, coming out long before the fields are green. 
'There are also several species of Crowsfoot. Several varieties of the Phlox 
family give beauty to our prairies by their brilliant colors. ' The common 
American Columbine should be remembered, a beautiful flower in different 
colors, easily transplanted and worthy of cultivation for the long season of 
its bloom and beauty. There is nothing common about it either in its 
•color or form. Of the same family, but growing on the prairies the Azure 
Larkspur should be mentioned. In the southern part of the state another 



3l6 ■ REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

species occurs, a woodland species, but like the former its flowers show m 
tendency to vary in color. 

In June, July and August the prairies are bright with various flowers 
of the Composite Family. Some of the species are coarse, yet many are very 
showy. There is the Cone-flower. The tall Compass-plant, Pilot Weed or 
Prairie Burdock, a resinous plant, and its near relative the Cup-plant. 
These bear showy yellow flowers. In July we have the purple Cone-flower 
or Comb-flower, the upright Lily and, later, two varieties of Lilies with 
pendant flowers. But few cultivated flowers are more beautiful thau the 
Lilies of our prairies. 

There aro several pretty members of the Orchis family, the fringed 
Orchis, with its long spur containing nectar and fringes to its petals is an. 
interesting plant. Several species of Ladies Tresses occur. I have not- 
mentioned the Moccasin-flower, two species of which are not uncommon in. 
Iowa. The Large White Moccasin-flower also occurs. The Larger Y ellow 
Moccasin-flower, or Ladies' Slipper, is an early flowering species in our 
moist woods. 

September is the month for Asters, Golden Rod, Sunflowers, Wild Arti- 
choke, Boneset, and members of that family. The Lobelia (Greater Blue)- 
and the Cardinal-flower, growing in moist places, the latter especially grow- 
ing near streams where the alluvial deposits occur, some river bottoms- 
being fairly red with them in their season. The writer remembers the 
first impression made on his mind when he first saw this species in flower. 
The Missouri river valley has some most striking plants. The Yuccas, so 
distinctively American, are represented by the Yucca angustifolia, to be 
appreciated this plant should bo studied as it is a most remarkable plant as 
regards its pollination. The Wild Licorice is distinctively western. The- 
Mint family is also represented on our prairies by a few westeru species. 

The grasses are numerous. Blue Grass (Poa pratensis) has become 
naturalized everywhere in Iowa. The Wild Ryes are comu'on. But more 
than any other grass the Blue Joint was found everywhere in Iowa on its 
rich dry prairie lands. The Beard Grass is also a native variety. These 
are typical prairie species and in the autumn add to the beauty of our 
extended prairie landscapes. 

The Ferns are rare except in certain sheltered and isolated places.' 
Muscatine county has, perhaps, more species than any other county. The^ 
Brake, Maidenhair Fern, Sensitive Fern, and one Spleenwort are widely dis- 
tributed. The rocky hills of the east support several interesting species. 
The Walking Leaf Fern and other varieties are interesting plants. 

The chief feature of our native flora is its diversity. It lacks species of 
trees which may truly be called grand, but our trees may be characterized 
as vigorous and sturdy. 

I would call attention to several catalogues of the Flora of the State, 
One of the earliest accounts of plants in this State was by the late Dr. C. C, 
Parry, in David Dale Owens' Geological Survey. Prof. C. E. Bessey pub- 
lished an account in one of the early Bi-ennial Reports of the Iowa Agri- 
cultural College. . Dr. J. C. Arthur published a list of Iowa plants for th* 
Centennial Exposition which was nearly complete. Later Prof. A. S. Hitch- 



FORESTS AND ARTIFICIAL GROVES 317 

■cock published a catalogue of the Anthophyta and Pteridophyta of Ames. 
The writer also published a short list in Proceedings of Iowa Academy oi 
4Sciences for 1892. 

FORESTS AND ARTIFICAL GROVES. 

Iowa is rightly classed as a prairie State. It has never had forest nor 
timber resources to give it fame as a lumbering state, yet its surface at the 
time of its discovery and settlement was flecked with groves of 
timber that were serviceable to its early settlers. In all paits of the State 
there were found groves that yielded supplies for fuel, building and 
fencing purposes in advance of railroad construction. In many localities 
there are yet extensive and valuable bodies of native timber. 

In the valleys and along the acclivities bordering the Mississippi, Des 
Moines, Cedar, Iowa, and other rivers and many of the smaller streams in 
the eastern portions of the State, there were many considerable bodies of 
timber, some of which yet furnish large supplies for manufacturing pur- 
poses. 

Along the Cedar, before the settlement of the country bordering it, 
there were valuable groves of Red Cedar. These attracted the forest pirate 
and ere immigration came, these groves were mostly cut ofE and rafted to 
Bt. Louis. 

No county in Iowa was entirely destitute of timber. Many counties had 
comparatively small supplies, yet there were native groves whichwere central 
places in the early settlement, and and gave names to places and postofflces 
which are still retained. Some were important land marks to the traveler 
t)efore the roads were distinctly marked. The changes resulting from settle- 
ment and the construction of railroads have rendered the names of many of 
these once widely known groves obsolete. 

There were many valuable varieties of timber native to those groves; 
tlie black and white walnut, the white oak, burr oak, red oak, the maples, 
the white ash, the hickories, the elms, the honey locust, and many others. 
The hard maple in some localities was found in quantities to be of service 
to the pioneers in sugar production. 

With the stoppage of the annual destructive prairie fires the acreage of 
young timber has been greatly enlarged. But the people are not dependent 
upon their native groves for supplies of lumber. Railroads now transport 
fencing and building lumber from the timbered states at reasonable rates, 
and a few acres of prairie cultivated in corn settles the fuel and lumber 
matter. It is easy to buy the lumber and coal needed for the farm and 
family with the money the corn brings. Timber lands are now of less value 
than corn growing lands. 

-^ ARTIFICIAL GllOVES. 

The settlers on the prairies soon planted groves. Some on a liberal 
4Bcale, which soon became, not only objects of convenience and beauty, but 
of usefulness and value for the shelter they afforded. In half a dozen years 
from such planting, with careful cultivation, the settler had a beautiful 
^ove. For a few years the soft maple would make more rapid growth 
*han the black walnut. After ten years the walnut would be the faster 



3Io REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

grower and mako tlie stronger and more valuable timber tree. Many grovet. 
were planted of the white ash, the honey locust, and oak. Young elma^ 
could be had in almost every fringe of native timber. The law gave 
exemption from a certain amount of taxation for planting groves and 
orchards, and thus timber and fruit growing were encouraged. Pines, 
Cedars, Firs and Spruces have been numerously planted for wind breaks 
and ornamentation; and the broad prairies have been relieved of their wild 
magnificence by intelligent industry, and have been made more beautiful 
by these serviceable ornamentations — the handi-work of industrious settlers, 

IOWA AND riANUFACTURES. 

People living in different portions of the country, generally regard 
Iowa as exclusively an agricultural state. Very few even of those who are 
resident here have just conceptions of the extent and value of our mineral 
resources or our possibilities for success in manufacturing industries. All 
know that in this famous wealth producing region we have unequalled 
advantages of soil and climate for great success in the industries common 
to the orchard, the garden and the field. It is equally true that we have 
here most inviting openings for the establishment of great and profitable 
manufacturing enterprises. Two millions of intelligent people possessing 
the wealth producing power for which this State has now wide fame will 
ever assure an immense and constant market for the vast supplies of manu- 
factured commodities demanded in their industrial and social life. 

This portion of the country having unequalled possibilities to produce 
foods, the laborer will ever find here, at reasonable pricees, the essential 
articles of human subsistence; the best social and moral surroundings, and 
clothing as cheap as it is obtainable in other markets. These desirable 
circumstances combined with our healthful climate, and excellent educa- 
tional opportunities will invite the most intelligent and desirable class of 
citizens. Our ever-flowing rivers furnish valuable water powers that may be 
cheaply harnessed to drive manufacturing machinery. As we have shown 
elsewhere almost one: third of our ninety-nine counties produce coal, and 
excellent fuel to produce steam is cheaply obtained. The facts we present 
are worthy of consideration by all who are seeking opportunities for the 
investment of capital in manufacturing enterprises. 

Supplies of raw material for important manufactures are readily 
obtainable. In convenient and readily accessible localities there are large 
deposits of metallic ores; as lead, zinc, and iron. Alluminous clays, rich in 
that valuable and now largely used metal, exist in many places. Clays of 
quality suited for the manufacture of the best qualities of stoneware and 
finer qualities of pottery are found in heavy deposits in the state, while 
clays for the manufacture of building, and the best qualities of paving 
brick, articles now in very large demand in Iowa towns and cities ar©^ 
common. Timber is found, in valuable varieties and abundant quantity ioi 
the eastern and southeastern counties, of large value in many lines of 
manufacture. Straw aud flax fibre suitable for the manufacture of paper 
and other commodities is grown abundantly. The vegetable productions 
and summer fruits suitable for canning ai'e easily produced. For starch 



IOWA AND MANUFACTURES 3I9 

and glucose manufacture, tlie raw material is produced throughout the State 
In larger quantities than in any other equal area on earth. ^ For the packing 
house industry most finely fed cattle and swine everywhere await the buyer. 
The vast improvements being constantly made in the building of new 
bridges, large, fine, and solid buildings, the construction of waterworks, 
electric light plants, and other improvements in our growing towns and 
cities, create a large and constantly growing demand for the products of the 
foundry and machine shop. The common use of all lines of labor-saving 
machines, alike in the homes and shops, and on the farms throughout the 
State makes Iowa a most inviting field for the manufacture of such 
machines. The use of buggies and fine carriages will ever be large in this 
center of wealth and pleasure. Our citizens enjoy the good things possible 
In earthly state and live in a style of luxury not excelled in the life of any 
agricultural population anywhere. They enjoy the best of literature in 
their homes, and fine furniture in their parlors; they cultivate music in 
their families and are esthetic in their tastes. Such a people dwelling in 
such surroundings and possessing such ample means of enjoyment, will 
ever ofEer a vast home market for the products of the factory, and lov a 
must ever be an inviting field for the operation of manufacturing capabiiititl 
and the employment of capital therein. 

The pioneer settlers came not here to mine gold, to gain wealth by 
lumbering pursuits or to make their living by quest of game with the gun, 
or fish with rod or net. They came here for higher purpose ; namely, to 
build homes, to turn our then barbarous wilds into a fruitful country and to 
found a Christian common-wealth that would secure to its every citizen equal 
privilege to work out the best and happiest conditions possible in their sur- 
roundings. Their first concern was to provide shelter, their second to pro- 
vide for the cultivation of the soil. The first manufacturing plants for 
which they had concern were grist and saw mills. The streams flowing in 
their surroundings furnished them ample power to run the simple machin- 
ery their needs then required. 

The national census of 1840 found in the Iowa territory only 1,629 per- 
sons engaged in what was then reported as manufacturing industries. 
When the census of 1850 was taken the count showed that the number of 
persons engaged in such industries had increased during the decade to but 
1,707. Only 522 establishments were in the latter census reported as being 
engaged in manufacturing and mining pursuits, employing the nominal 
capital of $1,292,875. One woolen mill was then found in operation in the 
then new State. Three small iron foundries were reported that employed 
the trivial force of seventeen men. Four distilleries were then operated 
that employed sixteen hands, consumed 51,150 bushels of corn, and 7,200 
bushels of rye, producing 6 7,600 gallons of high-wines and whisky. Such 
were the chief manufacturing industries found in Iowa forty-three years 
ago. 

The census of 1860 showed that increased attention was being given to 
manufacturing interests in the State. It reported 1,939 establishments, 
employing a capital of $7,247,130 and 6,307 men, their products being valued 
at $13,971,325. 

The census of 1870 revealed a very great increase in these imDorttii 



320 



REPORT OF IOWA COLU^lBIAN COMMISSION 



industrial interests, reporting 6,566 establishments in the State, in which 
899 steam engines, and 726 water wheels were employed to furnish power. 
Those establishments employed 25,032 persons to whom were paid $6,892,- 
292 in wages. The value of their products aggregated $46,534,322. Our 
manufacturing interests were then becoming of consequence in our 
industrial system. 




These interests made still further material increase in the decade 
extending from 1870 to 1880. That advance would have been still greater 
but for the severe financial depression that existed throughout the country 
during a considerable part of the period. The census of 1880 enumerated 
6,921 establishments, employing a capital of $33,987,886 and 28,364 persons. 
The wages paid during the year 1879 aggregated $9,725,962, the value of 



[3r~' IOWA AND MANUFACTURES 321 

•products aggregating $71,045,926. That enumeration reported 1,546 water 
wheels and 1,768 steam engines employed to furnish motive power. 

The monufacturers reported for the latter period named, embraced 
agricultural implements, bakery products, brick and tile, bridges, carriages, 
wago ns, butter and cheese, clothing, cooperage, flouring and gristmill pro- 
ducts, foundry and machine shop products. (These being of the reported 
value of ^1,594,349,) furniture, liquors, (distilled,) liquors, (malt.) lumber, 
anarble and stone work, linseed oil, printing and publishing, saddlery and 
harness, sash, doors, and blinds, slaughtering and meat products, soap, 
•candles, tinware, copperware, sheet-iron ware, tobacco, cigars, woolen 
goods, and miscellaneous productions. 

"We have been unable to obtain the census enumeration of Iowa manu- 
factures for 1890, the figures not yet being in form to be given to the 
public. 

The woolen industry may however be excepted from this statement as the 
returns for it have been made. The number of woolen mills in the State 
were reduced in the period, but production was increased. The number of 
•establishments reported were twenty -four, sets of cards twenty-six, spindles 
10,828, looms 158, knitting machines 19, capital employed in woolen manu- 
facture, $901,900, value of lands and buildings, $500,150, number of hands 
employed 387, amount paid in wages, $135, 790, value of production $700,981,- 
There is room in Iowa for a large increase in this important industry. 

We have before us partial returns of the manufacturing interests in 
several cities of the State as made by the census of 1890. These, while far 
from complete, are sufficiently so to show a large increase in the manufac- 
turing industries in those cities during the decade. Agents of the census 
authorities have recently been in the State collecting more complete returns 
of those interests. 

From census bulletins numbered 224, 274, 315 and 317 we gather these 
facts regarding manufacturers in the cities of Des Moines, Davenport, 
Sioux City and Burlington, the enumeration published covering only the 
industries in which three or more establishments were engaged. These 
four cities in 1890 reported 1,176 of such establishments, employing $19,- 
859,547 of capital and 14,910 hands to whom were paid as wages $7,057,831. 
The value of their products reached the sum of 36,111,831, being about one- 
half of the reported value of the products of the manufacturing industries 
of the entire State in the preceding census. These facts although meager 
are sufficient to show an important increase of our manufacturing indus- 
tries during the last census period. In the three subsequent years the 
•increase has been proportionately much greater. The following lines of 
manufacture were reported in the cities named. Brick and tile, carriages 
•and wagons, confectionery, druggists preparations not including prescrip- 
tions, flouring and gristmill products, marble and stone work, foundry and 
:machine shop products, iron work (architectural and ornamental work), 
planing mill products, printing and publishing, saddlery and harness, lum- 
ber, clothing, cooperage, malt liquors, slaughtering meat and packing, 
'tobacco, cigars and cigarettes ; of lumber the production was large in CliD- 
ton and other river cities. 



322 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

The report of the Secretary of Agriculture shows that the beet sugar 
belt is located in the very heart of this State. All the requisites for grow- 
ing the beets and manufacturing the sugar are here. The ciimate, the 
rainfall, the sunshine, the soil exactly suited to the cultivation of the sugar 
beet, are lowa^s proposed contribution to the people's sugar bowl, it only 
requires a little more education to give to capital the necessary confidence 
CO establish factories and make it desirable for our farmers to engage in 
growing the beets. 

In the manufacture of cotton this State offers inviting openings. 

The rapid denudation of the forests of the country creates an extensive 
demand for metallic material for fencing purpoves. Barbed wire is found 
to be the most effici'^nt and enduring material for farm fences. With iron, 
and steel easily procured, and with the advantages we have shown Iowa to 
possess, there is reason to believe that in the near future the manufacture 
of iron fencing material will become a great indusiry in the State. 

Start at the Mississippi river and extend the line of the southern 
boundary of Missouri to the Pacific Ocean, and all the territory north of 




AN OLD TIME IOWA BUSINESS BLOCK. 

that line and west of the Mississippi river belonging to the (Tnited State* 
-^ay be made contributory to a large extent to the prosperity of Iowa, 
manufacturers. A grand empire is there traversed by railroads and 
inhabited by thrifty, prosperous people, numbering millions, who are con- 
sumers of articles that can be manufactured in Iowa in competition with 
the manufacturing communities of the east. 

The territory thus bounded contains 53,376 miles cf railroad, one-third 
of the railroad system of the country. It has an area of 1,429,185 square 
miles, or nearly one-third of the territory of the Union. It numbers in its 
popoulation 12,000,000 persons, nearly one-fifth of the population of the 
country. The growth of this great country for the next quarter of a century 
will be very largely confined to the area we have described. With public 
attention properly called to our advantages as a manufacturing State, 
capital will do the rest. Iowa manufacturers will in the near future enter 
this vast territory and find profitable market therein for the goods it if 
peculiarly within their province to provide 



THE IOWA FISH COMMISSION AND ITS WORK 32^ 

'No State in the Union offers more complete transportation facilities 
than does ours. The two great rivers on its borders offer conveniences for 
moving heavy or bulky commodities over extended regions of the country 
at the cheapest possible rates. Steam navigation is still and will doubtlesa- 
be for ages successfully prosecuted along their channels with great advan- 
tage to the river cities and communities. But Iowa is netted with railroads, 
great arteries of commerce, along which moves its throbbing currents, 
giving life and vital force to business and animating industry at every point 
reached by them. There is now scarcely a spot of Iowa soil but what the 
man who stirs it hears the inspiring sound of the locomotive's rumble as it 
hurries the commodities he needs almost to his door. These everywhere- 
present transportation facilities in our State, secure incalculable advantages 
for the employment of capital in manufacturing enterprises within its 
bounds. With the superior advantages it possesses, Iowa must inevitably in 
the near future become as noted for its manufacturing production as it is 
now for its agricultural superiority. 

We are indebted to Hon. E. H. Thayer, of Clinton, for very valuable aid 
in the preparation of this chapter. 

THE IOWA FISH COfiniSSION AND IT5 WORK. 



By T. J. Griggs, Fish Commissioner of Iowa. 



In the early days of Fish Commissions the chief effort, <jf those engaged 
in the work were directed toward the propagation and distribution of the 
brook trout, and the work was mainly in the interest of the angler. As the 
years wore on, the attention of the people generally was drawn to the sub- 
ject by the gradual depletion of the public waters, and the necessity became 
apparent of taking active measures toward stocking the streams, and pro- 
tecting their product. As the outgrowth of such public sentiment, nearly 
all the States established Fish Commissions, and through theii* legislatures 
enacted a code of laws for the protection of fish- 

The waters of many of the western States were not adaprod to the cul- 
ture of brook trout, and some method of re-stocking the streams with fish 
indigenous to them was a necessity. Mr. Shaw, of Cedar Rapids, Iowa,, 
conceived the idea of utilizing the fish that annually went to waste along^ 
the rivers, taking them from the ponds and sloughs where they were left by 
the spring overflow, and transporting them to inland streams and lakes^^ 
This plan was taken up by the Illinois Commission and carried into prac- 
tical effect. Their work in this direction attracting the attention of the 
United States Fish Commission, they adopted the method, and inaugurated 
a system of work in the benefits of which all the western States were to 
share. Iowa, as well as other States, has been thus cared for, and during^ 
the last year I have induced them to distribute in our State about ten car 
loads of indigenous fish, which have been distributed as equally as possible 
throughout the State. 

Iowa has great natural resources as a fish producing State. Filled as it 
is with beautiful lakes and streams, it presents a magnificent opportunity 
for becoming the first in the list of States engaged in this work. Asid* 



324 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

from the food so produced, there is the advantage to be gained in adding to 
the attractions of our magnificent lakes and streams, so popular as summer 
resorts, by furnishing a plentiful supply of fish for the pleasure-seeking 
angler. 

Some of these lakes are well woxihy of special mention. Spirit Lake 
and its connections have a shore line of fifty miles. Clear Lake twenty 
miles ; "Wall Lake twelve miles ; and Twin Lakes fifteen miles. 

All of these lakes are especially adapted to native fish, and all have 
been carefully stocked the present season. 

The work of the Commission has not been alone the stocking of the 
waters, but the enforcement of the laws for the protection of the fish, as 
well. This latter work has been, for the greater part, of a thankless nature, 
not only attended by personal risks but incurring, for those engaged in it, 
the enmity of the fisherman and citizen alike whenever the operation of the 
laws interfered with what they had come to consider their vested right's 
It has been an uphill fight to try to bring public sentiment into line with 
the laws, but we feel that something at least has been accomplished. 

Our output last season was as follows : 

400,000 black bass fry ; 300,000 crappie fry; 50,000 wall-eyed pike fry; 
100,000 lake trout fry. 

These have been distributed throughout the State as generally and 
equably as our limited appropriation would permit, and are exclusive of 
those mentioned before as distributed by the United States Fisb Commis- 
sion cars. 

Our property consists of nearly four acres of land situated on the 
isthmus- dividing the waters of Spirit Lake and Lake Okoboji, in Dickinson 
county, near the tracks of the Burlirglon, Cedar Rapids & Northern Rail- 
road. The grounds of the plant are surrounded by a wide fence, and the 
improvements thereon consist of a barn and a frame building 20x40 feet, 
with a stone foundation, having a cemented floor. The apparatus consists 
of hatching troughs and screens sufficient to handle a half million trout 
eggs, and jars sufllcient to handle from five to six million pike eggs, with 
all other necessary appliances, such as tools, nets, etc., to carry on the work. 

There are six winter ponds, properly walled, for storage purposes. The 
ponds are properly connected with a supply pipe eirtending out into Spirit 
Lake about 200 feet 

Iowa should, from its natural advantages, become the home of thousands 
of pleasure seekers every season, and there could be no more effective 
means of securing this end than to make our waters teem with fish. Ang- 
ling is the favorite sport of a large majority of those who seek an outing 
during the warm months. We have the water, beautifully located and fairly 
stocked, and its product should be carefully protected by a rigid enforce- 
ment of the law, and the supply frequently renewed. As our State fills up 
these same waters will furnish a supply of food at small cost. 

EDUCATION IN IOWA. 

EARLY HISTORY. 

The time when Iowa was an almost uninhabited region is within tli« 



EDUCATION IN IOWA 325- 

▼ivid memory of those surviving citizens who were among the earliest 
iettlers. No longer ago than half a century the larger part of its area, so 
richly stored with Nature's gifts, was still untenanted by the white man. 
Over broad stretches of fertile prairie the bright flowers of each returning- 
Bpring and summer blossomed unheeded. The dancing leaves of her wood- 
lands and the rippling waters of hundreds of streamlets awaited patiently 
the coming of the industrious pioneer, ambitious to establish anew under 
more favorable opportunities, the advantages of a superior civilization. 

The first school in what is now Iowa was held in the three closing 
months of 1830, at Nashville, Lee county, Berryman Jennings, teacher. On 
the present site of Keokuk, I. K. Robinson taught a school commencing in 
December, 1830. These two teachers and many of their scholars are living 
at this time. Geo. Cubbage taught a school in a log church in Dubuque, in 
the winter of 1833-4. The first woman to teach in Iowa was Mrs. Rebecca 
Palmer, at Fort Madison, in 1834. A school for young ladies was opened in 
Dubuque in 1837, by Louisa King, and conducted for several years. In 
1839, Alonzo P. Phelps established in the same city a classical school for 
both sexes, afterwards continued by Thos. H. Benton, Jr. 

The first building to be used chiefly as a public school-house, was 
erected at Burlington in 1833, of rougfhly hewed logs, while to Dubuque 
must be accorded the credit of erecting the first school-house by taxation 
under the law of January 1, 1839, which granted the voters of any school 
district the power to levy a tax, select a place, and build a school-house* 
This was in 1844. 

The constitution under which Iowa entered the Union in 1836 declared:. 
"The General Assembly shall encourage by all suitable means the promotion- 
of intellectual, scientific, moral and agricultural improvement." This 
constitution also required that every school district support a school for at- 
least three months in each year. The right and duty of the State to main, 
tain a general system of popular education, and generously to support the 
same by a uniform levy of taxes, became thus clearly recognized and per- 
manently established as the policy of the new State. 

The school law of 1849 authorized the electors of any district to 
determine whether a school of higher grade should be maintained. Several 
of the more populous districts availed themselves of this favorable enact- 
ment, and very early began to classify and grade their schools. 

During the fifties the increase in population was very rapid and there 
was a corresponding development of school facilities. Rural communities 
and hamlets multiplied as if by magic, towns and villages in many cases 
put on the air of cities, larger school-houses were demanded and supplied, 
and the need of graded and high schools became more keenly felt. A few 
cities made provision before 1860 for a complete system or organization 
and the selection of a city superintendent, notably Dubuque, Davenport, and 
Tipton. 

The statistics collected in Iowa in 1857 gave Iowa 3,265 school districts 
3,708 schools, 2,996 teachers, and 195,385 children and youth between five 
and twenty-one. 

Up to this time the money raised by general taxation had been in- 
sufficient to maintain the schools for as long a period in eacn year as the 



326 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

people desired, and the term of school had been supplemented by subscrip* 
tion, usually assessed upon the scholars attending. An enlightened public 
sentiment was demanding that the schools be wholly free, and supported by 
^general taxation. 

THE LAW OF 1858. 

This comprehensive enactment, the first adopted by the General 
Assembly and afterwards with slight amendments, by the board of education, 
made a radical change for the better in our school system. Small districts 
were replaced by the civil township as the unit of organization, and 
adequate provision was made for sustaining the schools for at least six 
months in each year, and as much longer as the board of any district might 
desire, by public funds alone. The office of County Superintendent waa 
created, and provision made for the thorough examination of teachers, the 
supervision of the schools, and the easier establishment and more generous 
support of graded and high schools. The management of the permanent school 
fund was removed from the school authorities. By the new law, the County 
Teachers' Institute was made a part of the school system. In many other 
ways the former laws were greatly simplified and improved upon. In its 
essential features the present school law differs but slightly from the 
-Statute popularly known as The Law of 1858. 

THE SYSTEM DESCRIBED. — ORGANIZATION. 

There are two districts provided for in the law, district townships and 
independent districts. The district township usually agrees in boundaries 
with the civil township. Of independent districts there are two leadmg 
varieties, the village, town, or city district, and the rural independent dis- 
trict, the latter in size resembling the division in district townships known 
as the sub-district. All directors are chosen for a term of three years* 
Women are eligible to any school office. Boards determine the amount to 
be raised by tax for teachers' and contingent funds, fix the additional 
months of school over the legal requirement of six, establish graded schools 
and adopt courses of study, locate sites and build school houses, the money 
having been voted by the electors, and in general have full control over 
school matters. 

Other school officers are the Superintendent of Public Instruction, and 
the several County Superintendents. These officers are elected for a term 
of two years. The Superintendent of Public Instruction has general super- 
vision of the County Superintendents and the common schools. He may 
meet County Superintendents in convention, and as far as able must attend 
and lecture before teachers' institutes, must give written opinions in expla- 
nation of the school laws, decide appeals from decisions made by County 
Superintendents, and compile the school laws and decisions. He is presi. 
dent of the board of the State Normal School, president of the Board of 
Educational Examiners, and a regent of the State University. He makes a 
bi-ennial report of the condition and progress of the public schools, with 
plans for their more perfect organization and efficiency. Each County 
Superintendent has general control over schools and teachers in his county. 
He visits schools, holds a normal institute, examines teachers and issues 
certificates for a period of not more than one year, hears and decides appeals 



EDUCATION IN IOWA. 327 

from orders made by boards of directors, and makes a complete annual 
report to the Superintendent of Public Instruction. 

SCHOOL HOUSES. 

The pioneer log school house increased In numbers until 1861, when 
S93 were reported, out of a total of 3,479. As population and wealth in- 
creased, larger school houses were built, of better material, more inviting 
in appearance, and more frequently well supplied with the many facilities 
required in order that the highest success in school work might be attained. 

In 1849, the average value of each of the 387 school houses was about 
:$100; in 1860 the average of the 3,208 was $376; in 1874 of 9,228, $892; and 
in 1892 of 13,275, $1,040. The gradual and continued improvement in 
school houses and their surroundings is an index of the great advancement 
in all valuable and desirable particulars. Our state furnishes for the con- 
stant use of her people school houses of fine architecture, commodious and 
well furnished, having good sanitary provisions, thoroughly well equipped 
with the best apparatus, libraries, andother needed accessories. And these 
school houses are supplied in abundance, one for each 4.14 square miles of 
the State, including all river and lake surface in the distribution. 

TEACHERS. 

In 1850 seventy teachers out of every hundred employed were men. 
This difference gradually diminished, until 1862, when the number of the 
gentler sex employed became the greater. The eminent fitness of women 
for the office of teacher has ever been favorably recognized in Iowa. As 
the number of women employed has increased in 1892 to 22,275 against 
4,978 men, the relative difference in wages paid has decreased. And this 
apparent difference in monthly salary is really in most cases much less 
than shown, because of the higher salaries paid a larger number of men as 
superintendents and principals, which has the effect materially to increase 
the average paid men, while as a rule the larger number of the men receive 
only the same wages as the women teachers of the same grade doing the 
same work. 

SCHOOL, FINANCES. 

The constant and rapid increase in the amount of money expended for 
educational purposes is indisputable evidence that the public schools are 
appreciated by the people. In many communities, the amounts paid for 
the support of free instruction aggregate more than one-half of the total 
taxes. This condition could continue only because there is a settled con- 
viction in the minds of those voting and paying such taxes, that the money 
given for popular education is after all the wisest expenditure possible. 

The total amount paid in 1892 for school purposes was $7,490,191, all 
raised by voluntary taxation, excepting the semi-annual apportionment, 
^789,040, a part of which is derived from the interest on the permanent 
school fund. 

THE STATE BOARD OF EDUCATIONAL EXAMINERS 

grants state certificates good for five years, and State diplomas valid for 
life. This official recognition of professional teachers of merit has become 
Tery popular, and many hold one of these credentials. 



education in iowa 329 

teachers' institutes. 

The development of the institute cannot well be considered apart from 
the grand services of the pioneers in education. The early fathers laid tha 
foundations of our school system broad and deep. Early in the fifties 
associations of teachers for consultation and instruction were frequently 
held. Several volunteer county institutes were held prior to 1858. The 
law of 1858 required the institute to be in session at least one week and a 
donation of $50 to its support was made from State funds. From this time, 
institutes multiplied, and their usefulness increased greatly. The normal 
institute law oi 1874 extended the term, and enlarged the opportunities for 
instruction in methods of teaching and in the principles of education. In 
many counties the session is now three weeks, and as a rule the very ablest 
educators to be secured are selected as conductors and instructors. In 1893 
an institute was held in every one of the ninety-nine counties, 18,955 
teachers were in attendance for an average of 2.4 weeks, and $52,934 were 
disbursed for expenses. 

THE IOWA STATE TEACHERS' ASSOCIATION 

has been in continuous existence since 1854. A general meeting of several 
days is held every year, in connection with which special sections or 
divisions apart from the others to discuss portions of the work more 
particularly related to themselves as engaged in a single line of school work. 
T4iis yearly gathering of the prominent educators of the State is productive 
of great good to all attending. 

COUNT r teachers' ASSOCIATIONS AND ROUND TABLES. 

In 1892 eighty counties reported a live teachers' association. These 
meetings usually begin on Friday evening with a lecture or some entertain- 
ment likely to interest patrons and school officers, and are continued 
through Saturday. Frequently city superintendents and principals of high 
schools join the teachers of the ungraded schools, in a meeting which may 
include several counties, their deliberations being conducted under the name 
of a teachers' round table. In some cases only the teachers in graded and 
high schools in several counties meet in a round table for Iiigh school 
teachers. These informal gatherings are always entertaining and profitable. 

teachers' reading CIRCLE. 

Since 1889 a course of professional reading has been followed by a 
large number of teachers. A board chosen by the County Superintendents 
from their own number, selects books and gives advisory direction to the 
course of reading, and each County Superintendent is ex-officio manager of 
the circle in his county. More than nine-tenths of the counties are co- 
operating in this excellent work. 

pupils' READING CIRCLE. 

This organization commends itself by helping to direct the children in 
the reading of good books. The very best works for those of different ages 
are recommended by the board of directors and arrangements are completed 
by which the books chosen may be secured at a low cost. Teachers find 
that the circle brings new interest into the schoci Tvork. In 1893 about 
22,000 school children are reading the books selected for them. 

254 



.330 U 



D REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 



COURSES OF STUDY. 

The State University offers instruction in advanced subjects, and affordi 
■special preparation i;or the work of teaching, for the law, medicine, 
dentistry, and pharmacy. The courses of study for a very large number of 
the high schools connect directly with the course of study in the University, 
the Normal School, the Agricultural College, and many of the colleges of the 
State. For the ungraded schools of the rural districts a uniform course of 
study for country schools has received almost universal adoption, and is in 
very general use, with the most beneficial results. The value of a carefully 
outlined course of study in unifying and harmonizing the work and securing 
the wisest working plans for the schools, is conceded by all teachers and 
school officers who desire to avail themselves of the best means of advancing 
the interests of the schools. 

ARBOB DAT. 

In general a school-house contains an acre of ground. If natural shade 




COE COLLEGE, CEDAR RAPIDS. 



does not already exits the law directs that trees for shade and ornament 
shall be planted and cared for. This enactment led the way for the State- 
wide observation of tree-planting, and since 1887 a d.y has been (\< .ij^nated 
for this annual spring festival. An A.rbor Day pamphlet contain!^ ^ iitable 
lessons on nature, with choice selections about trees, birds, and flowers has 
been sent out from the Department of Public Instruction each year in 
numbers sufficient to secure uniform exercises in all the schools. Emulation 
and a just pride in local surroundings have been stimulated by the naming 
of trees planted, and the floating of a school flag on Arbor Day, making this 
the children's own day of patriotic celebration. Thus it has come to pass 
that though not legally established, Arbor Day has found such favor with 
the people that its continuance is assured. 

STATE UNIVERSITT. 

This grand institution stands at the head of the educational system. It 



EDUCATION IN IOWA 331 

is intended that the work of instruction shall commence where that of the 
best high schools ends. The ungraded rural schools are the large and mas- 
sive base, the graded schools of the towns and villages and the high schools 
of th« cities, the intermediate blocks, and the State University is the crown 
of an enduring monument, our system of free public schools. 

Both sexes have been admitted to all departments of the University on 
an equal footing since 1859. The first class in the collegiate department 
graduated in 1863. The law department was established in 1868, the 
medical in 1870, and the homeopathic medical in 1876. A dental and a 
pharmaceutical department have since been added. Seventy-nine persons 
are employed in the work of instruction, and 950 students are in attendance. 

STATE NORMAL SCHOOL. 

This important factor in the school work of Iowa was established in 
1876. From the first the school has enjoyed the greatest prosperity. 
Enlarged several times by the addition of increased facilities, the school 
has always been patronized to the utmost limit of its capacity. Its students 
are everywhere sought for as teachers and their vv^ork in the schools has 
proven clearly the wisdom of the State in afiording to those about to teach, 
an opportunity to fit themselves in a superior manner for this important 
work. 

THE AGmCULTURAL COLLEGE 

offers six courses of study. It is designed that instruction shall be fur- 
nished in all the arts and sciences that have any bearing upon agriculture. 
Of the large income a goodly amount is expended each year directly upon 
investigations and experiments, and in practical instruction in agriculture 
and horticulture. 

CHARITABLE SCHOOLS. 

Iowa provides bountifully for those prevented by infirmity from receiv- 
ing instruction in schools for other children. The College for the blind, the 
School for the Deaf, and the Institution for the Feeble Minded, supply for 
these wards of the State the very best facilities that can be secured. The 
Soldiers' Orphans' Home and Home for Indigent Children furnishes care 
and instruction for many who otherwise would be homeless. 

CLOSING SUMMARY. 

Attendance on the schools is voluntary. The school population, 5 to 31, 
in 1892 was 675,024. The enrollment in public schools was 509,830. It 
should be noted that this number does not include the many of school age 
in attendance upon private schools, colleges, and other institutions of learn- 
ing than the public schools. 

The average monthly salary paid males was $37.76, paid females, S30.78. 
The schools were continued for an average of 158 days during the year, at 
an average cost of tuition for each pupil of $1.81 per month. 

The census of 1880 credited Iowa with a lower percentage of illiteracy 
than any other State of the Union. In the results of the census of 1890 no 
doubt this exalted position will be maintained easily. This is indeed a high 
honor and an enviable distinction. 

The school facilities of Iowa are being improved every year, better 



333 



REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 



buildings are erected, teachers are paid a higher monthly compensation 
and relatively the attendance upon the schools is higher than at any time in 
the^ previous history of the State. The public schools are open to all 
residents, the children of poor parentage equally with those born 'to 
affluence, to persons of color as well as those of lighter skin, the idea being 
free, universal education. From the humblest rural school to the highest 




(]^ WASHINGTON HIGH SCHOOL BUILDING, CEDAR RAPIDS, 



IOWA. 



class-room in the State University, equal freedom of access is offered and 
&l.\ are invited to the fullest enjoyment of the invaluable privileges so liber- 
ally provided for the fortunate youth of this noble State. The interest 
which the people of Iowa have always manifested in all that pertains to 
education burnishes abundant ground for confidence in the continued growth 
and development of their matchless system of free schools. 

In 1876 at the Centennial Exhibition, the schools of Iowa made a very 
creditable showing. At the Exposition in New Orleans in 1884 and 1885, 
Iowa received a diploma of honor for her collective educational display, 
and certificates of special merit were given to individual schools. The 
enviable distinction conferred upon Iowa by the award of first honors at the 
I'aris Exhibition ot 1889, and the bestowal of a gold medal and a handsome 



PUBLIC LIBRARIES 333 

diploma, gave our iproud State added reasons for self-congratulation, and 
Increased the zeal of its people in the cause of education. 

It requires no gift of prophecy to trace out the future path of Iowa. An 
observing eye need but take the past for a precedent, the present for an 
earnest, to dravs^ a vast panorama of prosperity, such as our Union has never 
witnessed, and yet one which Iowa will not fail herself to exceL 

PUBLIC LIBRARIES. 

The people of Iowa are concerned to provide and disseminate sound 
reading and have given earnest attention to the establishment of public 
libraries ; not only to their establishment in connection with State and city 
schools but also by generous contributions to establish such institutions in 
our chief cities and also in connection with secular and denominational 
schools and Universities. The State Library founded in 1840 contains now 
42,637 volumes and has become one of the great Libraries of the country. 
The State Historical Library at Iowa City, founded in 1857, contains 15,000 
volumes. The library of the State University embraces 28,344 volumes, the 
library of its law school 15,000 volumes. The Iowa State Agricultural Col- 
lege 9,500 volumes. The Library of the Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted 
Masons is the largest known collection of Masonic literature in the country, 
containing 12,000 volumes, gathered since its establishment in 1844. The 
Library of the Davenport Academy of Sciences contained at latest report 
27,416 volumes. The Burlington Free Public Library catalogues 12,954 
volumes. The Council Bluffs Free Library 14,894 volumes. The Iowa 
Official Register for 1893 reports one hundred and seven libraries in the 
State. Thirteen of the number belonging to State schools, or are State 
property ; twenty-one belong to denominational schools ; three to Young 
Mens' Christian Associations ; and eight to secular colleges or academies. 
The whole number of volumes reported in the several libraries being 493,820 
The report as published was not complete, there b eing many parochial 
and other school libraries not reported. There are in the State many large 
and valuable professional and other private libraries of which no enumer- 
ation is made. 

CHURCHES AND CHURCH WORK IN IOWA- 

We have shown elsewhere that the people of Iowa spend upwards of 
seven million dollars yearly in support of their common or public schools ; 
they spend other large sums each year in support of parochial and other 
private schools, secular and denominational colleges and professional and 
technical schools. They show large interest in securing for their young 
people the means of an intellectual culture essential to useful and honorable 
life. They recognize also the importance of the proper culture of the 
moral faculties and desiring the predominance of sobriety, piety and good 
order, they not only tax themselves to provide facilities for public education 
but they contribute voluntarily large gifts to promote religious instruction 
and moral culture. No tax is or can be levied in this State for the building 
of churches or the support of the institutions of religion. 



334 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

Devoted Christian men and women came in with the first immigratloa 
in the permanent settlement of the territory. ^ Loyal alike to their God, 
their Christian profession and the moral interests of the communities they 
were establishing, they soon invited the services of the ministers of religion, 
and in their humble circumstances generously planned and labored to secure 
this beautiful region to the dominion of their Lord. They endured priva- 
tions, worshiped in lowly cabins, often in "Gods first Temples," the shading 
grove, and by their fidelity to Christian principles, made the religious free- 
dom, privileges and moral excellence we now enjoy a gracious possibility* 

Enthusiasm in religious work led to the discovery of Iowa. The settle- 
ment of the territory did not immediately follow its discovery. One hun- 
dred and sixty years passed before the first settlers came to found homes in 
the area now constituting this State. In that flight of time, through the 
leadings of Divtne Providence, great intellectual, moral and political changes 
occurred. Inventive genius evolved new agencies of moral, as well as 
intellectual, mechanical and military power, that resulted in vast changes, 
not only in their geography, but also in the social condition and the relig- 
ious ideas pervading Christian nations. Under divine guidance this fertile 
and divinely favored region was reserved for settlement until these forces 
were in effective operation and an intelligent, liberal, Christian citizenship, 
hating oppression and loving righteousness, should bring to this "beautiful 
land" the highest type of Christian civilization ever enjoyed by men. 

When the permanent settlement of Iowa began in 1833, the first emi- 
grants were attracted to the vicinity of Dubuque and that place was founded* 
Galena, on the east side of the river, by its lead mining had become an 
active frontier town, and ministers of religion soon crossed to the new set- 
tlement west of the river. On the 8th day of August of the year named, a 
Congregational minister visited the new place and held religious services 
at the dwelling of a Mrs. Willoughby, the first religious service, so far as 
now known, ever held within the boundaries of the State. Soon thereafter 
Father McMahon, a Catholic clergyman, celebrated mass at the house of 
Patrick Quigley, in the new village. On the 6th of November the same 
year the Rev. Barton Handle, a missionary of the M. E. Church visited it 
and held services in a private house. Early in the following summer he 
organized a class in the town, the first religious society, so far as history 
shows, formed in Iowa. During that season the Methodists built a small 
church of logs, 20x26 feet, it being the first religious structure erected in 
the State. From these small beginnings, then offering but dim prospect of 
rapid or great enlargement, have grown the great religious plants that now 
cover the State with richness of blessing and yield their rich fruitage of 
cultured, Christian beneficence now sent forth, to carry the tidings of grace 
from this to other peoples. 

It will be noticed that in this brief period, of fifty-nine years, this great 
work of building up our Christian societies, with their conferences, asso- 
ciations, yearly meetings, synods. Presbyteries, elderships, and assemblies, 
with their beautiful Christian temples, parochial schools, seminaries, col- 
leges and universities has been organized and accomplished, and the' 
millions raised that were required for their support and endowment. In 
those fift^-nine vears there were crosses borne and privations endured birt. 



CHURCHES AND CHURCH WORK IN IOWA. 



335 




A WESTERN IOWA PIONEER CHURCH 




ITS LINEAL DESCENDANT 



336 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

there were wonderful accomplishments. Thousands, of liberal devisers of 
liberal things in Christian work, "crossed the flood," but their godly devo- 
tion won increasing thousands to take their places, and so as the workmen 
fell the work progressed with the results we present. 

CHURCH STRENGTH IN 1850. 

The census of 1850, taken but seventeen years after the settlement of 
the State began, presented many interesting facts regarding church work in 
the young State. It enumerated 207 church edifices, of the value of $177,- 
425, an average value for each edifice of $809 ; they having a seating capacity 
of 43,529 persons, a small fraction less than one-fourth ot the entire popula- 
tion. The total number of edifices then averaged seven to each of the 
twenty-nine settled counties. They were devided among thirteen denomi- 
nations, as follows : Baptists 23, Christians 11, Congregationalists 14, 
Episcopalian 5, Friends 5, German Reformed 4, Lutheran 5, Methodist 76, 
Moravian 3, Presbyterian 38, Roman Catholic 18, Union 3, Universalist 1, 
Minor Sects 1. The total value of Church property reported in that census 
being $235,412. 

CHURCH STRENGTH IN 1870. 

Passing over two decades we reach the census year of 1870. Though 
the rebellion of 1861, with its awful cost of life and treasure had involved 
Iowa as it had involved every other State, immense progress was made 
during that trying period in all lines of church work. This census, the 
fourth national enumeration made in the State, reported 1,446 church 
edifices with seating capacity for 431,709 persons, being 38 in each 100 of 
the population. The value of church property had increased during the 
period to $5,730,352, an increase during the twenty years of $5,484,841, a 
gain of more than twenty fold, a sum larger than the original amount being 
added for each year of the period. The Baptists then had 165 church 
edifices, a gain of 142 ; the Disciple body 48, a gain of 37 ; the Episcopalian 
church 36, a gain of 31 ; the Congregational church 125, a gain of 111 ; the 
Evangelical Association 11 ; the Friends 60, a gain of 55 ; the Lutheran 
body 45, a gain of 40 ; The Methodist Episcopal church 492, a gain of 416 ; 
the Presbyterian body 222, a gain of 184 ; the Reformed Church in the U, 
S. 13 ; the Reformed Church in America 4 ; the Roman Catholic church 165, 
a gain of 147 ; the Adventists 10 ; the Unitarian body 2, Universalist 15, 
United Brethren in Christ 28. The total increase of church edifices during 
the period being 1,239. Surely the devoted Christian men and women in 
those years of trial, made great sacrifices to promote religious interests in 
the State. 

Religious work in all communities is a vital factor to their truest pros 
perity. The work done by those devoted godly men and women who 
worked out these grand results in Christian work in the formative years of 
our commonwealth did much to accomplish its permanent prosperity. The 
census of religious work here presented, reveals not only the religious 
devotion of our people but also the general difEusiou of religious privileges 
throughout the State. 

DENOMINATIONAL ORGANIZATION. 

In our researches regarding denominational organization in Iowa, we 



CHURCHKS AND CHURCH WORK IN IOWA 337 

found in 1850 thirteen denominations existing and owning church edifices. 
The early settlers coming here to found homes brought with them their dis- 
tinctive religious ideas, and sought to establish them. In 1870 a larger 
number of denominational organizations were reported. In the ^xercise of 
the freedom of religious opinion, secured to every citizen by our laws 
denominational organizations had multiplied. 

The figures we herein present reveal a very great advance in this im- 
potant interest since 1870, and yet great as they appear they fall far short 
of presenting the real accomplishment. The returns for many of the 
churches named being the statistics for 1889, they being the latest possible 
to obtain, we having to take their statistics from the last national census. 
Some denominations decline for " conscience sake " to furnish the informa- 
tion desired, others do not gather their statistics in such form as to enable 
them to furnish the information sought, respecting their work within this 
State. In a few cases the church oflScials addressed were not willing to 
take the time necessary to compile or gather the items we desired, the 
work requiring extensive correspondence. Our school statistics are 
gathered under legal authority. The reporting of church statistics is en- 
tirely voluntary. Many ministers and other church oflficials however aided 
us most kindly in the matter. 

Only three denominations have organized existence in every county of 
the State, namely, Methodist Episcopal, Baptist and Roman Catholic. The 
Presbyterian church by a mutual arrangement with the Congregational 
churches has no orga.nization In several counties, but in seven of the eight 
counties in which the Presbyterian church is unorganized the Congrega- 
tionalists have organized churches, so that only Worth county is without a 
Congregational or Presbyterian church, in the counties of Davis, Decatur, 
Madison, Monroe, Ringgold, Taylor and Warren there are no Lutheran 
organizations reported by the United States Census. We have tabulated 
eighty distinct denominational organizations in the State. Many of these 
however are divisions of general bodies, as the Methodist, Presbyterian 
and Lutheran. In some cases difference in language or nationality is the 
cause of separate organization. In others differences in the construction of 
expressions in their articles of faith. Other divisions have grown out of 
matters relating to social state, as dress or secrec}'. Some of the Plymouth 
brethren, and the body we have denominated Christ's Church' deny being a 
Beet or separate denomination, yet they are bound together by such ties of 
aflaiiation as constitute them separate and distinct bodies.v We have not 
given any figures in connection with the latter named body as there are no 
means of obtaining any statistics regarding it. They deny having any 
oflaciary or leadershipi The editor of " The Tumbling Stone," Toledo, Ohio, 
who may be regarded as their chief minister informs us that he is ac 
quainted with them in forty-four towns in this State. 



33« 



REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 



DENOMINATIONS. 



J= 






o . 




















1 


s* 


.2.2 




C3 




o 


o 


c « 


;h 


rr, 








56 


o 


c3 






<«-! 


<^5: 


o 


O 


cQ 


o 


o 


^ 


iz; 


^ 



SI" 



MJ4 

•no 

'« £ 2 
V a a 

at 9 

Sol 
CO s 

^'"^ 
o S-o 



The New Church, (Swedenborgian). 

The Salvation Army 

Adventist Churches — 
Life and Advent Chri!<tian Union... 

Church of God ( AdventiPt) 

Seventh ]^ay Adventist Church 

Advent Christian Church 



The Theosophical Society 

Brethren m Christ (River Brethren) .. 

Moravian Church 

Plymouth Brethren 

Christ's Church (Come-outers) 

The Mennonite CHimcHEs— 

The Mennonite Church 

The Amish Mennonite Church 

General Conference Mennonite Church. 
Mennonite Brethren in Christ 

The Reformed Churches— 

The Reformed Church in America 

The Reformed Church in the United States 
The Christian Reformed Church 

The Baptist Chukches— 
The German Baptist (Conservative).... 

The German Baptist (Progressive) 

The German Baptist (Old Order) 

Old Two Seed Baptist 

Seventh Day Baptist Church 

Primitive Baptist Church 

Freewill Baptist Church 

Regular Baptist Church 



German Evangelical Synod of N. America 
Roman Catholic Church 

Jewish Congregations — 

Orthodox Jewish C^ongregation 

Reformed Jewish Congregation 

Society of Friends— 

Friends (Orthodox) 

Friends (Hicksite) 

Friends (Wilburite) 



Re-Organized Church of Jesne Christ of 
Latter Day Saints 

Independent Churches of Christ in Chris- 
tian Union 

Church of God (Winebrennarian). 

Evangelical Association 

United Brethren in Christ 

United Brethren in Christ (Old Consti'tion) 

Spiritualists 

Christadolphians 

Congregationalists 

Universalists 

Unitarian Churches 

The Presbyterian Chxtrches- 

The United Presbyterian Church of North 
America 

The Cnniberland Presbyterian Church in 
the Un ited States of America 

Reformed Presbyterian Church in the 
United States of America 

General Synod of the Reformed Presby 
terian Church 

Associate Presbyterian Chnrch of N. A 

Welsh Calvanistic Methodist Church 

Presbyterian Church of the U. S. of N. A 



244 

101 

25 

9 

1 

5 

7 

347 



6,000 



2,000 
65,000 
17,300 



4,500 



10,000 

6,700 

5,950 

500 

90,900 
68,350 
18,000 

49,605 
6,850 
2,600 

4,300 

9,950 

65,820 

1,277,435 

110.300 
3,843,400 



58,000l 

102,682 
3,800 
12,350 



50,500 

21,500 

25,000 

178,135 

320,300 

19,250 

23,075 

67 

1,231.886 

218,300 

78,500 



314,301 

34,550 

21,900 

1,000 

5,300 

7,()50 

,552,800 



138 

387 

48 

121 

2,223 

1,272 

20 
40 
100 



1,000 

903 

509 

14 

2,605 

2,513 

623 



601 

100 

10 

169 

853 

2.029 

32,323 

6,902 
161,684 

50 
487 

9,760 

440 

1,539 



5,683 

1,259 
1,2U0 

10,.501 

272 

2,613 



987 
1,5' 



125 



19 



42 
336 S 365,856 



7,000 
94,161 



7,793 
1,167 



233 

349 

30,170 



288 837,529 
18 
11 20,780 



60 



121,494 



3S4,S9f 



CTTURCHES AND CHUKCH WORK I.\ IOWA. 



339 



DENOMINATIONS. 



^ 






o . 


C/5 




•- !2 


D 




-5- 


•-C 




en C 

(U O 




0) 








C rt 


5 


o 


0-- 






Ob 


u 


Oh 


o£ 


«_, 


Ci-I 


o 


o 


du 


o 


o 


2 


Z 


z 



0! «U 
> 



































s 


c/) 


_ 


>^ 


o 


c« 






D 




^ 


3 


D 


t/:i 


t<-i 


^4-1 


o 




6 


o 


Z 


Z 



•" o 

5^ 






The Methodist Churches — 

The Primitive Methodist Church 

The Wesleyan Methodist Church 

The Free Methodist Church 

The Methodist Protestant Church... 
The African Methodist-Episcopal Church 
The Methodist-Episcopal Church, South. 
The Methodist-Episcopal Church 

The Lutheran Churches— 
General Synod Evangelical Lutheran 

Church 

Synodical Conference Ev'ng'lic'l Lutheran 

Church 

General Council Evangelical Lutheran 

Church -. 

Joint Synod of Ohio and other States. 
Hagues Synod Norwegian Luther'n Church 
Danish Evangelical Lutheran Church 

America 

Norwegian Evangelical Lutheran Church 

in America . 

German Augsburg Synod Evangelical 

Lutheran Church 

Danish Lutheran Church Association in 

America 

United Norwegian Lutheran Church of 

America 

Independent Lutheran Congregations 

Protestant Episcopal Church 

Reformed Episcopal Church 

Diciples of Christ or Christians 

The Christian Church or Bible Christians 
Independent Churches of Christ in Chris- 
tian Union 

Christian Scientist 

Congregational Churches 

Community of True Inspiration Society.. 

Icarian Community - 

Plymouth Brethern II 

Plymouth Brethern III 

Independent Congregations.. 



TOTAi^S- 



3 


3 


3 


20 


21 


5 


44 


62 


17 


22 


65 


23 


24 


29 




2 


7 




99 


965 


486 


19 


28 




61 


82 




62 


132 




3 


.8 




10 


14 




16 14 




19 , 26 




1 1 




6 


2 




1 


85 
4 




68 i 77 




1 ! 




82 309 




33 32 




11 1 20 




20 i 1 




87 ! 244 




1 7 




1 




2 




6 ! 




1 ! 1 






4520 





5,000 

25,000 

56,153 

105,000 

87,361 

9,200 

3,669,306 



173,100 

194,715 

420,680 
10,500 
27,200 

24,800 

97,800 

1,000 

3,800 

220,100 
11,400 

1,359,720 

708,100 
32,755 

21,500 

5,200 

1,231,886 

20.000 



1,000 



% 18,485,639 



100 

750 

2,230 

5,645 

1,820 

730 

111,389 



2,043 

18,452 

20,009 

650 

1,593 

2,211 

7,059 

70 

413 

14,819 
694 

6,266 

27 

30,988 

2,555 

1,253 

640 

23,733 

1,700 

21 

48 

166 

75 



579,960 



1294 



22 



58 



% 6,567 
15,430 

1,076,133 



146,879 



337.529 



J. D. Roth, of Catasaqua, Pennsylvania, a leading statistician of the 
Lutheran churches in this country, estimates the expenditures of the sev- 
eral divisions of that body for church support and benevolent work in 
1893 at S586,944. Accepting this estimate then the twenty-four denomi- 
national bodies which we report on this item raised and expended in their 
work in 1893 the grand sum of $3,174,055. These twenty-four bodies 
raising this princely sum by generous donation, contributed voluntarily 
for the maintenance and propagation of their religous convictions the sum 
of $9.49 for each of their 333,738 members. Taking the above average for 
the 578,756 church members, we find that the people of Iowa voluntarily 
paid that year $5,493,394.44 for the support and advancement of religion. 
Not a very small sum to be annually voluntarily assumed and paid. Such 
liberality demonstrates, not only that the Christian people of Iowa are of 
a generous disposition, but also that they are in prosperous circumstances, 
and have high regard for their religious convictions and privileges. 



340 REPORT OF THE IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

The census for_1890 enumerated 4,483 church edifices in this State, of 
the reported value of 816,901,061, an average value of $3,771, furnishing 
seating room for 1,175,768 persons, or 60.9 per cent, of our population. It 
enumerated and named sixty-nine denominational organizations having 
existence within Iowa. Comparing these figures with the census enumer- 
ation of the churches for 1870, they show an increase that borders on the 
marvelous, the increase in the number of church edifices being 3,058 within 
the period of twenty years, equal to one new church edifice for each 2.39 
days of the period. Surely, glorious things may truly be spoken of the 
lengthening of the "cords"' and the strengthening of the stakes of "Zion'' 
in this fair, beautiful and prosperous prairie State. 

SABBATH SCHOOL WORK. 

Iowa has an active, working State Sabbath School Association which 
holds an annual convention. At its session held May, 1893, there was 
reported within the State 5,079 Sunday Schools, having 42,321 ofEcers and 
teachers, and 342,511 scholars, a total membership of 384,932; one person in 
each five of the population of the State, according to this report,being con- 
nected with Sunday school work. Many Sabbath schools are not reported 
to the Association 

Its report for 1892 embraced 4,782 schools, Wortli cotmty reporting tho 
smallest number, 12 ; Winnebago and Palo Alto each reported 15, Wood- 
bury county reported 100, Clinton 105, Jasper 135, Linn 140, and Polk 158, 
The average to the ninety-nine counties, according to the report for 1893, la 
51.8 schools, a number that shows that our people are generously and 
earnestly engaged in this work. 

The amount expended for the year ending May, 1893, for the support ol 
Sunday schools, according to the report to the State Association was $129,414, 
not a meager sum to be voluntarily given for the support of this enterprise, 
Mrs. Mattie M. Bailey, Secretary of the Association, reports that 75 per 
cent, of the Sunday schools within the State are continued throughout the 
year, and that at least one million copies of Sabbath school papers are taken 
and that the libraries of these Sabbath schools contain at least 100,000 
'folumes. 

PAEOCHL^Ii SCHOOLS, DENOMINATIONAL AND NON-SECTARIAN COLLEGES ANB 

UNIVERSITIES. 

A census of church w^ork in Iowa would not be complete nor would oui 
educational work be fully shown, unless some report was made of the 
parochial schools and the denominational and secular universities and 
colleges maintained within the State. 

Our laws make no provision for exempting persons of any denomination 
or sect from the payment of school taxes, it matters not how much they may 
have paid to support schools maintained by their own sect or church. 
Neither do our laws preclude any church or sect from maintaining schooli 
for the education of its youth. The colleges and universities of the State 
are mostly built and maintained by religious denominations. No appropri- 
ation of any part of the school funds raised by taxation can be legally made 
for the support of denominational schools. 

The three State schools, the Iowa State University, the Agricultural 
College, and the State Normal School are entirely non-sectarian. We haint 
many other secular schools of high grade. 



CHURCHES AND CHURCH WORK IN IOWA 



341 












^ C 3 
00 o 






o o yi^ t>i:i t=;s^ 



) >*^ C» ~i in o > 



-■} o o ^o OS »-' > 



-i 0» *. CO t-» 0» -5 CTt *» -^ e>9 1 



CT tS Oi 05 rfi- • Oi4^MO«»0 



a>-J005 0iOT»oeoo3»oot 



igS8; 



B^ 






So * 



o o o 

p p p 

CQQCM 

p p p 

III 









)?OCT 
fgg 



g§52 



B B 

B O 



o a 

o p 

B.2. 



8§S 



So* 

(n OB i-k 



342 



REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 





c 
c 

1 

c 




Methodist. 
Baptist. 
Disciple. 
Methodist. 




-.4 

03 








1^5 








ll 












2- 


»o" 




i 

i 


i 


3 



S*^^ 






Tj.eo?Oj-H 






^'°^^ 




1 

i 

6 




nil 








:|2 :| 




1 




i^ :i 




' 


a 


1 

1 

J 



c 

I 
< 


• 03 
?^ 

sic 


1 

11 






7:a 

03 O 



^43 



;^ 3 



JJJ 03 03 .;5 . ^ 



II 



! m ^H Si M o «S ® o 03 j: 



li 



>OSOOOOOOQO 

ro'cTo'o'arcrscicricfo" 



■ OOOOOOlOt- 

■ ooooo^oao 
>ooooo<»oin 



OOQQOC 

§8888^ 



:S8S 



000000000 
000000000 

lO >0 O^l0^0_0^0_0_i0 



S :S 



e05OTHCD'*;oiO'^ 



lOt-t-!OO5CO00»O!O 



lHC*?0-*-*i 






^ : ^/ 
® ^ ® c 



l=!j:a<D03O03O.2o^«Jt>.-« 



!>0' 



18 






^ 3 



*» if 

O 00 00 00 

jr 03 03 r< 



o5o5i 
oooo< 



88888 

o o^»n »o o 



00000 

oSooo 
»o»n lOTjiO 



(M 00 (M in 01 



00-*t-(N'-l 



''t! 



s a .-« b « 



IOWA PALACES 



343 



PAKOCHIAL SCHOOLS. 

The Roman Catholic, several branches of the Lutheran body, and some 
other churches maintain denominational schools. Desiring as a part of 
their education, the instruction of their youth in their religious doctrines 
and usages, they spend large sums for the maintainance of their parochial 
or church schools. In the Diocese of Davenport there are 145 Catholic 
churches, six academies instructing 1,100 students, and 37 parochial schools 
with 4,510 pupils. The church also maintains hospitals and orphan asy- 
lums at large expense. In the Diocese of Dubuque there are 250 churches 
1 seminary, 1 college, 8 academies and 100 parochial schools with 12,500 
pupils. We addressed circular letters to upwards of 100 of these schools 
and received replies from twenty-two. They reported 2,755 pupils, namely, 
1,305 males and 1,405 females, they having six male and sixty-live female 
instructors, with 2,415 volumes in their libraries. Ten of the twenty -two 
schools reported an aggregate yearly income of $4,750, and eighteen re- 
ported an endowment of $142,200. 

We have been unable to obtain the statistics of the Luthern schools, as 
the several Lutheran Synods are not bounded by State lines and do not 
gather their statistics with reference to such lines, some Synods embracing 
several States. Rev. Geo. H. Schnurr of Nevada, Iowa, a gentleman who 
very kindly aided us in collecting facts regarding the Lutheran body, wrote 
us under date of July 7, 1893 : " I am not able to give you the figures 
desired. The fact is that parochial school statistics have never been 
gathered or arranged by States. From incomplete statistics that I have 
seen, a safe estimate could be made at 15,000 pupils." 

It is an encouraging fact that the several religious denominations 
within this State are earnestly interested in securing for their youth most 
liberal educational advantages. These parochial schools and denomina- 
tional seminaries Colleges and universities, furnishing educational advan- 
tages, many of them in the higher grades require large sums, which are 
generously given for their support. 

We recognize fully the incompleteness of this report of church and 
school work within the State. Our attempt has revealed to us the difficulty 
of gathering complete statistics on these lines. We trust, however, that the 
facts we present will interest intelligent readers. They have cost us great 
labor — having involved extensive correspondence and research. A proper 
effort in the coming State census might present a complete enumeration of 
those interesting matters. 

IOWA'S PALACES. 

Some seven years ago the palace idea for exhibiting agricultural, hor- 
ticultural, mechanical and mineral productions and other resources origi- 
nated in this State, the citizens of Sioux City being the first to attempt its 
development, they adopting corn as the principal material for the decor- 
ation of their structure which was worthily named the " Corn Palace," It 
was made a thing of beauty and its unique decorations won large favor and 
drew to the city thousands of visitors . 

iummJier of counties in Southeastern Dakota, Northeastern Nebraska, 



344 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

and Northwestern Iowa combined with the people of Sioux City to make 
exhibits of their resources and productions in the Palace Exposition, special 
booths or space being assigned to each county for its special exhibit. These 
exhibits at once demonstrated that Sioux City was central in a fine agricul- 
tural and fruit growing region, while the fine artistic and truly beautiful 
decorations of the spacious palace wrought out of corn and other grains 
and grasses at once won extended fame and favor. 

The exterior as well as the interior of the Corn Palace was decorated 
with corn, all varieties of that cereal in size, color and tint being used in 
happy combination of form and shade which made the Corn Palace to the 
beholder, when the rich autumn sun light shone upon it, a thing of 
surprising grandeur. The decorations, while they were of Nature's perfect 
painting acd so most pleasing to the eye, were not durable for external 
adornment and when the annual exposition closed the Corn Palace struc- 
ture was removed and reconstructed the following year in entirely new 
architectural and decorative designs. This gave the artists drawing the 
designs for and superintending the decorations of the structure fine 
opportunity for studying the blending of the rich tints and many rich colors 
found in the numerous varieties of this kingly cereal so as to produce in its 
use the most marvelous, yet pleasing artistic effects. The use of corn as 
decorative material reaching a happy climax in the decoration of the Iowa 
Pavillion in the Agricultural Building and the Exhibition Hall in the Iowa 
Building at the^ Columbian Exposition, where the visiting thousands of 
Intelligent people from foreign countries as well as from the eastern and 
southern states of our country are enraptured with the beauty of these Iowa 
structures. Their charming decorations accomplished by the intelligent 
artist's use of the simple products of Iowa's fertile farms and fields com- 
manding their admiration.' The Corn Palace was a grand advertisement of 
the energy, culture and enterprise of the people of the city giving it being. 

THE FLAX PALACE. 

Forest City, the county seat of Winnebago County, is central in the 
leading flax producing region west of the Mississippi river. Its stirring 
business men united their energies and capital for the erection of a Flax 
Palace. That important farm product being susceptible of use in beautiful 
ornamentation in the hands of persons of suitable taste. The city named 
and the people of the region surrounding it may not equal in wealth the 
larger and older palace cities of Iowa, but they energetically took hold of 
the project and the Flax Palace with an exhibit of the superior farm pro- 
ducts of northern Iowa favorably advertised through the medium of visiting 
thousands the superior advantages of that beautiful region, abounding in 
natural advantages, and won thereto a large immigration and rapid 
developmentk The "Palaces" of Iowa by their unique structure, attractive 
adornment, novel and superbly fine exhibits of the resources of their sur- 
roundings attracting visitors from other states rendered valuable service in 
spreading knowledge ot our excellencies and inviting desirable immigration 
with capital to assist in the further improvement and progress of the 
country surrounding them. 



IOWA PALACES 



345 



THE BLUE GRASS PALACE. 

The enterprising citizens of Creston inspired by the success of Sioux 
"City with its Corn Palace, conceived the idea of a " Blue Grass Palace," and 
a number of counties in the southwestern portion of the State were organ- 
ized in what was named the Blue Grass League, to make an annual exhibit 
of their productions and resources in a structure in the erection and decora- 
tion of which the grasses, especially Blue Grass should predominate. A 
very commodious structure was erected and attractively decorated with the 
materials named. Space was assigned to the several counties forming the 







league. Each county decorating its booth and making exhibits therein 
The varied productions of that wonderfully fertile portion of this queenly 
State were placed on exhibition and thousands were attracted from distant 
parts by the beauty of the unique structure and the rich and varied exhibit 
it contained. The Blue Grass Palace and its attractive ornamentation and 
industrial exhibits attracted scores of emigrants to the beautiful Blue Grass 
region. 

THE COAL PALACE. 

The citizens of the busy manufacturing city of Ottumwa, originated 
the idea of a Coal Palace. That city lies in a great coal producing region, 
has extensive water power and has developed important manufacturing 

83 



346 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

industries. It planned for an annual exhibit of its productions in its Coal 
Palace. It may be thought by some that there could be no beauty devel- 
oped from the dark, smutty black diamonds, but cultured architectural 
and decorative skill works out new forms of beauty often from very crude 
materials. The Coal Palace was made winsome in architectural design, 
and while it may not have been so richly or gorgeously beautiful as the 
Corn Palace it was made serviceable by its fine exhibits of the products of 
the fields, the orchards, gardens, mills, shops, and mines of the growing 
city and the region surrounding it, and Ottumwa is deservedly known as 
one of the Palace Cities of the State. 

IOWA BOOKS AND AUTHORS. 



By Mrs. Sara B. Maxwell. 

It has been said that Iowa is too young and has no time nor opportunity 
to write "great" books. Iowa is young and has of necessity heretofore 
devoted her time ond energy to developing her material resources. She 
therefore deserves the more credit for the literary progress she has 
made and for the many good books she has written; books which compare 
favorably with those, in the same line, of any other place. 

Theorists claim that we have not the environment necessary to the in- 
spiration of the grandest themes. This may be so; but the imagination of 
the Rev. Samuel McClurg Osmond needed not the aid of lofty mountain 
peak, or rapidly rolling river, when he penned the beautiful story of 
*'Sulamith." A prairie flower called forth the sweet and tender "Golden 
Rod," from the heart of Rev. G. W. Crofts. No battle array, nor sound 
of clashing arms inspired the production of the "Siege of Calias," by Rev. 
A. L. Frisbie. We have no mountains; no ruined castles; no ancient his- 
tory; no ghostly inheritance to project themselves through our fancy; but 
we have broad rolling prairies and an invigorating atmosphere which gives 
us broad views, humane hearts, and a common sense capable of grasping 
and analyzing the problems of life. 

Book-making in Iowa began at an early day and we now have over 
seven hundred authors of books and pamphlets. The limits of this chapter 
allow the mention of only a few of the best known. 

To Prof. James Pierson belongs the honor ot having published the first 
poem of any length, viz: "The Jadaid," a book of 267 pages, published in 
1842. 

Many Iowa books have attained national reputation and influence, and 
some are known beyond the seas, several having been translated into 
other languages; notably, the ethical works of W. Mcintosh Salter; the 
scientific works of Prof. W. J. McGee, and of Charles Wachsmuth, who has 
been recognized by the Russian government as authority in his specialty. 

Bishop W. Stevens Perry is known on both sides of the Atlantic as a 
scholarly writer on the annals of his church and other subjects of perma- 
nent interest. Two continents recognize Major S. H. M. Byers as a polished 
writer of both prose and poetry. "Sherman's March to the Sea" has im- 
mortalized him. The novel and stories of Miss Alice French {Octave 



IOWA BOOKS AND AUTHORS 347 

Thanet) and of Hamlin Garland are read and quoted everywhere. As a 
writer of field sports, W. Bruce LeflBngwell has the reputation of being 
the best in the world. "The Medical and Moral Care of Female Patients in 
Hospital for the Insane," a paper read before the National Conference of 
Charities in Chicago, 1879. by Dr. Margaret A. Cleaves, molded public opin- 
ion and had a far reaching influence. It was published by the government 
of New South Wales and has been quoted in English and American papers. 
; One of Iowa's most interesting and instructive books is Hon. D. N. 
Richardson's " Girdle Bound the Earth," full of valuable information so 
charmingly given one wishes to read it again and again. "The History of 
the Amana Society," by Prof. W. R. Perkins, is said by competent critics to 
be the finest historical monologue ever written ; critical, analytical, schol- 
arly, in every way a most valuable contribution to the literature of social 
science as well as history. 

Our law writers stand with the best in the country. 

May Rogers in her " "Waverley Dictionary" has done for Scott's Waver- 
ley Novels, what G. A. Pierce did for the novels of Dickens in his * 'Dickens 
Dictionary." 

Our good books embrace every class in the field of knowledge, but our 
greatest book is undoubtedly " The Evolution of Love," by Rev. Dr. Emory 
Miller. This has been called an " epoch making book." That it marks a 
distinct advance in the history of philosophy is acknowledged by many of 
the ablest philosophic minds and best informed scholars (in the history of 
philosophy) of the United States, who hail with profound delight the results 
of the Doctor's "hard years of thinking," recognizing that he has taken up 
the grand quest of philosophy — the finding "an ultimate unit of thought 
and thing" that will account for all variety, where Hegel, having like all 
his predecessors failed — left it, and that he has succeeded. 

For convenience of reference, we will, according to the latest approved 
classification, group the books into nine classes without subdivision, except 
in 3 and 8, as follows: 1, Philosophy ; 2, Religion ; 3, Sociology; 4, Phil- 
ology ; 5, Natural Science ; 6, Useful Arts ; 7, Fine Arts ; 8, Literature ; 9, 
History, including Biography, Geography and Travels. 

I. PHrLOSOPHY, MENTAL AND MORAIi. 

In philosophy there are, as far as we know, twenty books. We men- 
tion the following : 
Miller, Emory, D. D., LL. D., The Evolution of Love. 346 p. 12" Chic, 

1892. 
Patrick, Frof. G. T. W. Fragments of the Work of Heraclitus of Ephe- 
sus, on Nature. Translated from the Greek text of Bywater, with an 
introduction, historical and critical. 131 p., 8° Balto., 1889. 
Salter, W. Macintosh. Ethical Religion. Phila., 1892. 
First Steps in Philosophy. Phila. 1889. 
. Die Religion der Moral. Tr. into German by Prof. Dr] George Von 
Gyzicki of the University of Berlin. 358 p., Leipzig, 1885. 
Moralische Reder. Tr. same as above, 93 p., Leipz., 1889. 
Zedelyke, Relige. Tr. into Dutch by Rev. P. H. Huganholtz, Trs. ol 
Amsterdam. 277 p., Amsterdam, 1888. 



348 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

Note. Many of Mr. Salter's lectures are translated into French. 
Welch, Dr, A. S. Talks on Psychology. N. Y., 1889. 
Wood, Rev. Stephen. Physics and Metaphysics, in the Light of the New 
Philosophy. 67 p., 8% Chic. 1884. 

n. HELIGION. 

Note. In this class there are so many good books which have been 
widely circulated in the denominations to which the authors belong that it 
Is difficult to select the few to fill the allotted space ; therefore popular 
books may be omitted, from necessity. There are about two hundred re- 
ligious books of Iowa authorship. 

Adams, Rev. Ephraim The Iowa Band. A History of Early Congregation- 
alism in Iowa. 184 p., 13% Bost., 1870. 
Archibald, Rev. Andrew The Bible Verified. New ed., 253 p., 16' Phila.» 

1893. 

Same in Spanish. 
Blair, Eld. W. W. Joseph the Seer. 208 p., 16% Lamoni, 1889. 
Carpenter, Rev. G. T. The Bible vs. Spiritualism. 107 p., 16°, Oskaloosa, 

1870. 
Dunn, Rev. L. A. Foot-prints of the Redeemer in the Holy Land. 308 p., 

12% D. M., 1880. 
Ells, Eliza Truth Made Manifest. 391 p., 12% Lamoni, 1891. 
Fox, Mrs. Nettie Pease. Mysteries of the Border Land. 536 p., 12', Ot- 

tumwa, 1883. 
Hallock, Mrs. M. A. The Story of Moses il., 246 p., Phila., 1888. 
Hattlestadt, Rev. O. S. Historiske Meddelelser om den Norske Augustana 

Synode i America. 264 p., 16*, Decorah, 1887. 
Herron, Rev. G-. D. A Plea for the Gospel. 108 p., 16% N. Y., 1892. 

The Larger Christ, il., 123 p., 16% Chic, 1891. 
Hofer, Andrea. The Christ Child. 12% Chic, 1892. 
Johnson, Rev. B. A. Vision of the Age, or Lectures on the Apocalypse^ 

360 p., 13% St. Louis. 
Kempker, J. F. History of the Catholic Church in Iowa. 64 p., 16*, unb., L 

C, 1886. 
Lambert, Eld. J. K What is Man? 249 p., 24% Lamoni. 1891. 
Magoun. H. W. The Asuri — Kalpa. A Witchcraft Practice of the Atharvar 

Veda. 33 p., 8% Balto., 1889. 
"Manuscript Found," or Manuscript Story of the Late Rev. Solomon 

Spaulding. 144 p., 16", Lamoni, 1885. 
Mikkelsen, Rev. A. Nogle af en Prests Erfaringer. 347 p., 12", Decorah, 

1893. 
Mitchell, Rev. S. H. Historical Sketches of Iowa Baptists. 504 p., 8*, 

Burl., 1886. 
Perkins, Prof. W. R. Trappists of Melleray. 

Perry, Rt. Rev. W: Stevens. Historical Coilections of the American Colon- 
ial Church. (And some seventy other books.) 
Taylor, Rev. Landon The Battlefield Reviewed. 875 p., 12^, Ckic, 1881. 
Wulfsberg, Rev. E. Praedikener over Kirke-Aareta Evangelier. 728 pii, 

9% Decorah, 1888. 



350 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

III. SOCIOLOGY. 

Note. Under this head the sub-divisions Education and Law are 
given. There are about sixty-five books in this class and sixty in education, 
while the law claims about seventy titles, exclusive of supreme court 
reports, etc. 
Ashby, N. B. Riddle of the Sphinx. 474 p., 8% D. M., 1890. 

Wealth and Civilization. 293 p., 12% Chic, 1891. 
Baker, E. P. The Money Monopoly. 189 p., 16% D. M., 1892. 
Baylies, Nicholas. Political Controversy Between the United States and 

Great Britain. 196 p., 12% D. M., 1885. 
Brown, Leonard. Pending Conflict. 144 p., 8*, D. M., 1890. 

Rights of Labor. 68 p, D. M., 1875. 
Cloud, D. C. Monopolies and the People. 462 p., 8", Davenport, 1873. 
Dean, H. Clay. Crimes of the Civil War, and Curse of the Funding Sys- 
tem. 512 p., 8% Balto., 1868. 
Duryea, J. B. Business of Banking and Commercial Credits. Ed. 3, 428, 

p., 8% D. M., 1892. 
Gibbons, J. Tenure and Toil. 316 p., 16% Phila., 1888. 
Macy, Prof. Jesse Our Government ; How It Grew, What It Does, and 

How It Does It. Rev. Ed. 296 p., 16% Bost., 1890. 
Miller, Dr. Ign. Communism. 24 p., pam. 
Price, Hiram. Speeches and Letters. 399 p., 8°, Wash.. 18«9. 
Van Valkenberg, J. Knights ef Pythias Manual and Text Book. 502 p., 

12% Canton, O. 3889. 

III. SOCIOLOGY. EDUCATION. 

Bell, Hill M. Rhetoric Book for the Use of Students, sq. 8% 1891. 
Blakeslee, Prof. T. M. Academic Trigonometry, Plane and Spherical 

Chart. 35 p., 16% Bost., 1888. 
Ensign Prof. Laura Outlines, Tables and Sketches in United States His- 
tory. 82 p., 16% Chic, 1885. 
Gates, Pres. G. A. Iowa College — Baccalaureate Sermons, 1887, '89 '91. 
Kratz, Prof. H. Naturalism in Pedagogy, pam. 
King, Rev. W. F. Cornell College — Baccalaureate Sermons, 1883, '88. 
Macy, Prof. Sherman R. Outline Course of Theoretical Pharmacy. 127 

p.,24%D. M., 1891. 
Morris, R. Anna Physical Education, 192 p., 11% Chic, 1892. 
Parish, Prof. L. W. Analysis of Compayres Pedagogy. 105 p., 16", C. F. 

1892. 
Bcott, Dr. C. Etymological Outlines of the Elements of Physiology and 

Anatomy. *' 92 p., 24% 1890. 
Bhoup, Prof. W. J. Graded Didactics, 2v. 12% Chic, 1889. 

History and Science of Education. 303 p., 12', Chic, 1891. 
Thompson, Albert H. Examiner's Companion. 380 p., 12°, Chic, 1890. 
Throndsen, K. Norske Laesebog. 2v. Decorah, 1892. 
Warman, Prof. E. B. How to Read, Recite and Impersonate. 

Gestures and Attitudes ; An Exposition of the Delsarte Philosophy, 

416 p., 8% Chic, 1892. 

I'hysical Training ; or the Care of the Body. 190 p., 12% 1890. 



IOWA BOOKS AND AUTHORS 35 1 

Welch, W. N. How to Organize, Classify and Teacli a Country SchooL 107 

p., 12°, Chic, 1886. 
Ylvisaker, Rev. Joh. Norwegian Luther College, Decorah, Iowa. History 

from 1861 to 1890. 68 p., ob. 12% Decorah, 1890. 

Same in Norwegian. 

III. SOCIOLOGY. liAW. 

Baker, Andrew J. Annotated Constitution of the United States. Chic, 

1892. 
Brown, Timothy Commentaries on the Jurisdiction of Courts. 8°, Chic, 

1891. 
Dillon, Judge J: F. Law of Municipal Bonds. 8*, St. L., 1876. 

Removal of Causes from State to Federal Courts. Ed. 1, 3, 3, 4 and 5, 
St. L., 1876, '79. 

Treatise on the Law of Municipal Corporations. Ed, 1, 2, 3 and 4, 
1872 '90. 
Field, Q. W. Doctrine of Ultra Yires. 8% D. M. 1881. 

Lawyers' Briefs. 6v., 8% Phiia., 1884, '86. 

Treatise on the Law of Damages. 8°, D. M. 1876. 
Kinne, Judge, G. L. Pleading, Practice and Forms. 8** Chic, 1888. 
Lacey, J. F. Digest of Railway decisions. 2v., 8', Chic, 1875. 
McClain, Prof. Emlin Annotated Code and Statutes of Iowa. 2v., 8% 

Chic, 1888. 
McCrary, G. W. American Law of Elections. Ed. 2 and 3, 1880-1887. 
Miller, Justice Samuel F. Constitution of the United States ; Three Lee* 

tures be^re the University Law School of Washington. 8°, Wash., 
1880. 

Biographies of the Judges of the United States Supreme Court. Rev. 
ed. D. M., 1875. 
Miller, Judge W. E. Probate, Law and Practice in Iowa. 8*, D. M., 1890. 

Revised Annotated Code of Iowa. 3 v, 9% D. M., 1890. 

Treatise on Pleading and Practice in the Courts of Iowa Under the 
Code Rev. ed. 8% D. M., 1875. 
Rorer, Judge David American Inter-State Law. Ed. 2, 8*, Chic, 1878. 

Law of Railways. 2v. 8% Chic, 1884. 
Shiras, Judge O. P. Equity Practice in the United States Courts. 12", 

Chic, 1889. 
Withrow, T. F. Ed. American Corporation Cases. 4v. N. Y. 

IV. PHILOLOG-X. 

Note. So far as ascertained, thirty titles comprise the books In Phil- 
ology. 

Bell, Prof. Hill M. Orthoepy and Orthography. D. M., 1893. 

Currier, Prof. Amos N. Table of Latin Suffixes and a Table of Prefixes. 

1889. 
Ely, Prof. E. H. Latin in the Public Schools, pam. 
Pollard, Mrs. Rebecca S. Manual of Synthetic Reading. 217 p., 8°, Chic, 

1893. 
Bhoup, Prof. Ty . J. Graded Speller. St. Paul, 1888. 



352 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

Warnian, Prof. E, B. Practical Orthoepy. Chic, 1889. 

Wright, Prof. D. Sands Drill Book in English Grammar. 16', Ohlftt 

1887. 

V. NATUBAL SCIENCE. 

Note. Our catalogue contains seventy-five titles; there are probably 
one hundred. 
Bennett, Prof. A. A. Inorganic Chemistry. Pt. 1, 357 p., 16', B., N. T. 

and Chic, 1893. 
Bessey, Prof. C. E. The Essentials of Botany. N. T., 1889. 
Call, Prof. R. Ellsworth Annual Report of the Geological Survey of Ar» 

kansas. 1889. v2, 283 p., 8% L. R. 1891. 

Artesian Wells in Iowa, Sketch of the Physical Geography of Iowa 
(and many other valuable papers). 
McGee, Prof. W. J. Pleistocene History of Northeastern Iowa. From 

the 11th Report of the United States Geo. Survey, 1889-90. 568 p., f*, 

Wash., 1791. (And a great many valuable monographs^. 
McLennan, Evan. Cosmical Evolution. 13°, Chic, 1891. 
Macomber, S. K. Matter and Force. 93 p., 16% Ames, 1876. 
Matthews, Dr. Washington On Composite Photography as Applied to 
Craniology. pis. 4", Wash. 

Ethnography and Philology of the Hidatsa Indians, 239 p., 8% 
Wash.,, 1877. 
Wacksmuth, C: and Frank Springer. Revision of the Palaeocrinoidea. pts, 

1 and 2, and pt. 3 of Sections 1 and 2. 8% Phila., 1879-1886. 
White, C. A. Report of the Geological Survey of Iowa. 1870. 2y., 8*, D, 

M., 1870. 

VI. USEFUL ARTS. 

Sixty books and pamphlets. 

Anderson, Nellie Van The Right Knock. 316 p., 16% Chic, 1889. 

Carpenter, C. C. Instructions to Surveyors. 129 p., :)2% D. M., 1870. 

Cleaves, Dr. Margaret A. Colony of the Insane at Gh^el, Belgium, 1891. 
Medical and Moral Care of Female Patients in Hospitals for the In- 
sane. 1879. 

Clute, Oscar {John Allen) The Blessed Bees. 172 p., 16% N. Y., 1878. 

Davis, Prof. Floyd Potable Water. 118 p., 12% B., N. Y. and Chic, 189L 

Dodge, Gen. G. M. Union Pacific Railroad ; Reports of the Chief Engineer 
for 1867, '68, '80. 

Eaton, Dr. C. W. Things Young Men Should Know. 584, 187 p., D. li., 
1884. 

Goodyear, S. H. Theory of Accounts. 228 p., 8% C, R. 1890. 

Hutchinson, Dr. Woods Ed. Vis Medicatrix. D. M., 1891. 

Bcott, Mrs. Mary lodian Corn as Human Food. 16°, Nevada, 1891, 

VII. FINE ARTS. 

Twenty titles, not including sheet music 
Bartlett, Prof. M. L. Class and Chorus. 176 p., 8% Chic, 1890. 
Dinsmore, G. A. Old Violins. 

Dunham, Prof. J. R. The Banner. 160 p., ob. 16% Chic, 1886. 
Forscutt, Mark Ed. Saints Harmony. 565 p., 4°, Lamoni, 1889. 



IOWA BOOKS AND AUTHORS 353 

LeflBngw^ll, W. Bruce Shooting on Upland, Marsh and Stream. 437 p., S*, 
^ Chic, and N. Y., 1890. 

Wild Fowl Shooting. 373 p., 8% Chic, 1890. 
Parker, Rev. H. W. The Spirit of Beauty. Essays, Scientific and Esthetic 

Ed 2, 252 p., 12% N. Y., 1891. 
Psalmabog for den Norske Evangelisk Luteriske Kirke i Amerike. 382 pw, 

16% Decorah, 1877. 
Randall, R. H. Bethel Chimes. 144 p.. 12% Marion, Iowa, 1891. 
Taylor, Virgil C. The Enchanter. 176 p., N. Y., 1864. 
Woolett. J. Songs. The Autumn Time ; Bring Sweet Flowers ; Home of 

Our Fathers ; and My Maude. 

Vm. LITERATUKB. 

Thirty books. 

Note. This class is divided into general and miscellaneous, poetry an< 
fiction. 

Anderson, L. J. and Nellie Y. Every Day Helps. 24', Chic, 1890. 
Burdett, Robert J. Rise and Fall of the Mustache, {humorous). 
Davidson, C. Studies in the English Mystery Plays. 173 p., 8°, ^n6., 1892c 
Folsom, Moses Treasures of Science, History and Literature. 8°, 1876. 
Jones, Prof, R. Literature as a Means of Culture. 65 p., 16°, uvb. 
Rogers, May. The Waverley Dictionary. 12°, Chic, 1885. 
Springer, J: The Caxton Reproductions, with the Early Press of Iowa. 

C. 1880. 
fhrondsen, R. Skolelaereren og hans Son. 112 p., 12°, Decorah, 1886. 
Wilkie, Frank B. Davenport, Past and Present. 
Wynn, Rev, W. H. Addresses and Reviews. 12°, n. t. p., n. d. ^ 

Vm. LITERATUBE. POETRY. 

Sixty-five books. 
Boylan, Will M. Life's Purest Gold. 8°, Eldora, 1889. 
Butz, Caspar. Gedichte eines Deutch-Amerikaners. 8°, 312 p.. Chic, 1879» 
Byers, S. H. M. Happy Isles and other poems. 162 p., Ed. 2, N. Y. 1891* 
Collier, Mrs. Ada L. Lilith, The legend of the First Woman. 104 p., 16** 

Bost., 1885. 
Crofts, Rev. G. W. Golden Rod. 207 p., 12°, Omaha, 1889. 
Fearing, Lilian Blanch. City by the Lake. 192 p.. Chic, 1892. 
Frisbie, Rev. A. L. The Siege of Calais and other poems. 166 p., 16°, IX 

M., 1880. 
Gonner, NS. Prairieblummen. 166 p., 8°, Dubuque, 1883. 
Judd, Rev. T. E. The Owls. 143 p., 8°, Marshalltown, 1888. 
McCreery, J. L. Songs of Toil and Triumph. 143 p., 16°, N. Y., 1883 
Manning, Jessie Wilson. Passion of Life. 75 p., 16°, Cin., 1837. 
Osmund, Rev. S. McClurg. Sulamith. 211 p., 12°, PhUa., 1892. 
Parkhurst, Clint Poems. 153 p., 16°, Chic, 1874. 
Percival, iJev. Q, S. Poetic Parallels and Simile in Song. 162 p., 13* 

Cleve., 1892. 
Pierson, Johnson. The Judaid. 267 p., 12°, 1842. 
j^chman, DeWitt 0. The Talisman and other poems. 152 p., 12°, Muscat 

tine«1867. 



354 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

Bmith, Mrs. D. {Maude Meredith.) The Rivulet and Clover Blooms. 71 

p., 24% N. Y. and Chic, 1881. 
Throndsen, K. Orkenblomster. 240 p., 24*, Decorah, 1890. 

Vin. LITERATTJRB. FICTION" 

One hundred books. 
Anderson, Nellie Van. It is possible. Chic, 1891. 
Baldwin, Mrs. Mary R. Along the Anataw. N. Y., 1891. 

Around Bronton. K Y., 1891. 
Claggett, Sue Harry. Her Lovers. Phila., 1877. 
French, Miss Alice, {Octave Thanet.) Expiation. N. Y., 1893. 

Knitters in the Sun. B. and N. Y., 1892. 

Otto the Knight, and other trans-Missippi Stories. B. and N. Y., 1891, 

We All. N. Y. 1891. 
Sarland, Hamlin. Jason Edwards. B., 1892. 

Main Travelled Roads. B., 1892. , 
4arbet, Lizzie Boynton. Amore. Chic, 1892. 

Out of Her Sphere. D. M., 1871. 
Leffingwell, W. Bruce. Manulito; or a Strange Friendship. Phila., 1898. 
Bmith, Mrs. D. {Maude Meredith.) The Parson's Sin. Chic, 1892. 
Vittum, Bev. Edw. M. Head of the Firm. Bost., 1891. 
Wetmore, Mrs. Mai M. {OaTcs.) Wee Folks in No-Man's Land. Chic, 1893^ 

IX. HISTORY. 

Including Biography, Geography and Travels. One hundred books 
exclusive of County histories. 
AMrich, C, Ed. Life and Times of A. B. F. Hildreth. 556 p., 12% D. M« 

1891. 
Baylies, Nicholas. Life of General Eleazer Wheelock Ripley of the War of 

1812. 12% D. M., 1890. 
Burrows, J. M. D. Fifty Years in Iowa. 16% Dav., 1888. 
Byers, S. H. M. Iowa in War Times. 615 p., 8% D. M., 1888. 
Chapin, Mrs. Nettie S. American Court Gossip; or Life at the National 

Capitol. 269 p., 13% Marshalltown, 1877. 
Clark, Capt J. S. Thirty-Fourth Iowa Regiment. Breif history. 
Crooke, Adj. G. Twenty-First Regiment of Iowa Volunteer Infantry. 283 

p., 8% Milwaukee, 1892. 
Fuller, C.E. Reminisences of James A. Garfield. 441 p., 8°, Cin., 1886. 
Fulton, A. R Notes of the Northwest. 255 p., 8% D. M., 1878. 

Red Men of Iowa. II. 559 p., 8" D. M., 18^2. 
Grinnell, Josiah B. Men and Events of Forty Years. 426 p., 8% Chic, 1891, 
Ingersoll, L. D. History of the War Department. 613 p., 8% Wash., 1880. 
Landers, Frank E. Historical Geographical Atlas of the U. S. A., from the 

Earliest Colonial Days to the present time. F°, 1889. 
Lathrop, Dr. C. H. History of the First Iowa Volunteer Cavalry. 231 p., 

Milwaukee, 1891. 
Nourse, C. C. Iowa and the Centennial. 42 p., 12*, D. M., 1876. 
Perkins, Prof. W. R. History of the Amana Society. 94 p., 8% 1891. Panu 
Reid, Harvey. Biographical Sketch of Enoch Long. 184 p., 8% Chic, 1884 
Richardson, D. N. Girdle Round the Earth. 461 p., 8% Chic, 1890. 



IOWA AND PATRIOTISM 355 

Roase, Mrs. Clara B. Iowa Leaves. Six chapters. 451 p., 13°, Chic, 189L 
Baiter, Rev. W. Life of James W. Grimes, Governor of Iowa, 185^-58. A 
Senator of the U. S. 398 p., 8% N. Y., 1876. 
^ Augustus C. Dodge, Senator of the U. S. from Iowa. 38 p., S", I. C.» 
1887. 
Columbian Calendar, the Voyage of Christopher Columbus from the 
third day of August to the Discovery of America, A. D. 148^ 
Burl., 1892. 
Sharp, Abbie Gardner. History of the Spirit Lake Massacre. 316 p.. 12* » 
D. M., 1885. 

IOWA AND PATRIOTISM. 



When the permanent settlement of Iowa c»pened, after the Indian war 
of 1832, the contentions regarding negro slavery, that finally culminated in 
the civil war which overthrew that institution, had began to agitate the 
country. The Missouri Compromise, adopted as a settlement of the slavery 
question in 1821, was, when the pioneers crossed the river in 1833 to found 
a permanent settlement at Dubuque, in its most vital force. By its pro- 
visions the area forming this State was consecrated to freedom. Yet under 
its territorial government a few slaves were held in Iowa, sixteen according 
to the National Census of 1840, being held within its borders. Ultimate 
freedom from slavery was however fully assured to this region. Immi- 
grants from the New England states flocked to this new field bringing with 
them as one of their chief possessions, an intelligent patriotism, a legacy of 
patriotic sires, who stood bravely for freedom at Lexington, Bennington, 
and Bunker Hill. Other settlers coming from the central and eastern 
states to this free western country to establish a new commonwealth, 
brought with them a hearty affinity with that spirit. Others coming 
from the then slave-cursed south, came to enjoy a deliverance from the 
scenes and associations of that oppression. They believed that all men 
were endowed equally by the Creator, with the right to their own muscle, 
bone and mental powers, and with equal rights to free volition and action 
in the pursuit of happiness. When a National Administration, to maintain 
its party dominancy, consented to aid in the extension of the institution of 
slavery by the repeal of the Compromise that had, from its enactment, been 
regarded as a perpetual guaranty of freedom, to the great Northwestern 
portion of the country, the people of Iowa cast a decisive majority vote on 
the platform declaring, "We most unqualifiedly and emphatically disapprove 
of the efforts now being made in Congress to legislate slavery into the territory 
of Nebraska." The next year they declared by the largest majority the State 
had ever cast, down to that time, "That under the constitution and by 
right, freedom alone is national." They then believed that the broadest 
possible individual freedom was essential to the true happinass of the peo- 
ple, and the real prosperity of the State. They claimed civic freedom for 
themselves and their posterity, and patriotically gave voice and vote, thai 
others, settling new territories throughout this broad west, should enjoy 
these same heaven-bequeathed advantages. Inspirations of the noblest 
patriotism determined the lines of development that have made Iowa« in itt 



356 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

brief history, not only one of the freest and progressive but also one of th» 
most orderly States of the Union. 

When in April, 1861, the stirring message that rebel hosts assailing Fort 
Sumpter, had compelled the striking of the National banner to the Palmetto 
flag, and the proclamation of Mr. Lincoln summoned the states to send 
armed men to maintain the national authority and repossess the national 
government of its property, the citizens of no one of the twenty-four loyal 
states were more earnest in patriotic determination and deed than were the 
people of this state. The sturdy, patriotic, Kirkwood, Marylander by birth, 
was then governor. With the hearty approval of the people he at once pro- 
ceeded to fill the quota of troops then called for from the young state. No 
one of the loyal states responded more earnestly. The uprisings on the 
Patapsco and Potomac, cut him off for some days from commuDication with 
the national authorities, but the patriotism of the people precluded any 
dallying with doubtful questions. Governor Kirkwood, with their hearty 
approval, proceeded at once to raise the quota of troops, which telegrams, 
flashing through the country, announced that the general government was 
calling into the field, without waiting to receive the official notice sent out 
by the Secretary of War. 

Governor Kirkwood took early steps to call the General Assembly to 
meet in Extraordinary Session. Responding to his call that badv convened 
May 16, 1861, — but one month after the surrender of Ft. Sumpter. In his 
message to that body he said: 

" In this emergency Iowa must not and does not occupy a donbtful 
position. For the Union as our fathers formed it, and for the Government 
founded so wisely and so well, the people of Iowa are ready to pledge every 
fighting man in the State, and every dollar of her money and credit, and I 
have called you together in Extraordinary Session for the purpose of 
enabling them to make that pledge formal and effective." 

In that message Governor Kirkwood further informed the people that 
he was met at the outset by two difficulties. First. The State treasury was 
empty, there were no funds under his control to meet the necessary expenses 
of transportation and providing uniforms and other requisites for the troops 
volunteering to meet the call. Second. " There was no efficient military 
law under which to operate." 

The first difficulty was obviated by the patriotic action of chartered 
banks and wealthy citizens of the State, who placed at his disposal, all the 
money the State authorities might need. Governor Kirkwood informed the 
General Assembly that he " determined although without authority of law, 
to accept their offer," trusting that that body would legalize his acts. He 
did not trust its patriotism in vain. 

The Secretary of War asked that the troops be in readiness to proceed 
to the field by the 20th of May. The wise and patriotic action of the people, 
Governor Kirkwood Informed the General Assembly enabled him "to place 
them in uniform on the eighth instant, twelve days in advance of the time 
named by the national authorities." He also stated ** that they would have 
been there a week sooner had not the mob at Baltimore cut off all com- 
munications with the government and left him without instructions for two 
weeks." 

The patriotism of the people brought out more people than the calA 



IOWA AND PATRIOTISM. 357 

required and a second regiment was placed in camp in anticipation of 
a second call. Gov. Kirkwood stated in his message that he had received a 
"tender of troops to form five full regiments when only one had been 
called for by the national authorities." 

The people of no State were more patriotic or truly loyal or devoted 
to maintenance of the Union of the States than were the people of Iowa 
in that terrible conflict. Her citizen soldiery toiled in almost every march, 
fought in almost every battle, and bravely fell everywhere at the front. 
Her generals from her shops and corn fields made honorable history and 
won renown on many fields. No spot nor stain tarnished the honor of Iowa 
in that terrible trial. With Lyon at Wilson Creek; Curtis in the Ozarks; 
with Banks on the Red River; with Steele in Arkansas; Thomas at Chicka- 
mauga, on the Chattanooga; in Sherman's march to the sea; the struggle 
through the swamps of the Carolinas; with Sheridan at Cedar Creek; Sher- 
man and Grant at Vicksburg; Rosecransat Murfreesboro, and Sherman at 
Bentonville, the courage and patriotism of the soldiers of Iowa were nobly 
attested, and none had better right to share in the pageant of the grand 
review. Forty-nine regiments of infantry (forty-eight of white troops and 
one colored), nine regiments and two extra companies of cavalry and four 
batteries of artillery were enrolled in the patriotic force, — a total of 56,364 
men in duly organized and reported Iowa troops, while there were 19,155 
enlistments of Iowa men in regiments in other states, making a grand 
army of 75,519 men enrolled, being one for each ten persons of her popu- 
lation at the close of the grim struggle. Of the troops reported in Iowa 
organizations 3,360 were killed or died of wounds received in battle, while 
8,810 died of disease or fell by accident. Iowa's part in the conflict for 
perpetual, national unity in a redeemed country was costly in precious 
lives. Her homes were made sad by the sorrows of war, but her people 
faltered not when called to its stern duty; her sons freely going to their 
country's summons. The draft wheel made but few turns to secure her 
quotas. 

When the rebellion terminated by the surrenders of Appomattox and 
Durham Station, Iowa citizen soldiery were too patriotic to be resentful 
and too intelligent to refrain from peaceful industry. Recognizing those 
who, but the preceding day they fought in the war as rebels, in that day 
of proclaimed peace as friends, they recognized them then as citizens of 
one country, having mutual interests to be promoted by perpetual unity in 
its perfected freedom, the highest devolopment of which was to be achieved 
by the united intelligence of a citizenship having mutual and equal rights 
to freedom and happiness. Under such patriotic inspirations Iowa has 
made her unexampled progress. 

Situated in the central region of the grand constellation of States, 
Iowa favors their perpetual union. Her intelligent citizens regard each 
star with equal respect. In the national parliamentary halls her citizens 
have won honor; in the highest judicial chambers her citizens have gained 
honored name; in tne high duties of cabinet councils and diplomatic offi- 
ces her sons have rendered distinguished service. Exalting the fatherhood 
of God and the brotherhood of man, she recognizes each of her citizens as 
having equal rights to life, liberty, the advantages of her schools and the 
protection of her government. 



358 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

IOWA AND ART. 

In the difficulties and privations inevitable in the formation of a new 
Btate, the improvement of a new country and the accomplishment of the 
work necessary to be done in the construction of homes, roads, churches, 
schools and all the other public and private institutions necessary in the 
construction of a new commonwealth, so large in area as Iowa, and in the 
brief period of only sixty-three years in which this vast work has been done, 
it should not be a source of serious alarm if the attention of its people 
should be directed more to matters merely material than to such things as 
have only relation to taste, or the study of the beautiful. 

The people of Iowa, however, in the pressure of the material matters 
which have directly and necessarily concerned them, have not been un- 
concerned about the arts. Nature filled the surroundings of their 
homes with bloom and beauty, and esthetical tastes were incited by the 
loveliness and grandeur of these broad landscapes that Natures artists 
painted in gold and pearl. 

Our people have been liberal patrons of the liberal and fine arts. We 
may not in our brief history have produced great masters, but that our ac- 
complishments and creations have been respectable is well known. In music 
our bands have won respectful recognition in distant states and cities. In 
sculpture, architecture, and painting we have furnished names that are 
well known. The name of Mrs. Ketchum will by her works in sculpture and 
architecture be long perpetuated. The country that gave to the world the 
" Swedish Nightingale " had gained world-wide fame by its deeds of military 
heroism before Iowa was discovered, but in its longer history it has produced 
but one Jennie Lind. The names of England's great military heroes, states- 
men, navigators and scientists are multitudinous, the list of her names great 
in architecture, sculpture and painting is brief. 

The history of the pioneer days in Iowa is made. Her public schools, 
her colleges and her universities are now planted on enduring foundations. 
Her' schools of art are passing from infantile condition, their patronage is 
respectable, and the " science of the beautiful" receives respectful atten- 
tion. The work of Iowa artists has place in the Columbian Exposition. In 
the Woman's building their beautiful creations have place. In the Iowa 
building there is a very inviting exhibition. 

During the past year a State Art Association was formed with a mem- 
bership respectable in numbers and accomplishments. Its annual meet- 
ings will inspire an honorable enthusiasm in esthetical study. 

IOWA AND WORLD'S FAIRS. 

THE CENTENNIAL. 

The first effort made by this state to present its resources In a world's 
Exposition was made In the Philadelphia Exposition, the Centennial of 
1876. The Fifteenth General Assembly met In January, 1874, and ad- 
journed In March following, but took no action looking toward an exhibit 
of tk-'.^ resources of the state in the then pending Exposition. In the sum- 



IOWA AND world's FAIRS 359 

mer of 1875 fuller Information regarding that Exposition having been dis- 
seminated, the people became interested in the Improvement of that op- 
portunity to present their resources, accomplishments and possibilities to 
the knowledge of the nations: To effect this purpose a voluntary organ- 
ization of citizens was effecf^d, which gave time and means to raise the 
necessary material and monxiy to secure a creditable presentation of the 
Industries, agricultural, and mineral resources and educational advantages 
and facilities of lowa therein. The Sixteenth General Assembly, conven- 
ing in January preceding the opening of the Exposition in May, appropri- 
ated $20,000 for an exhibit, and provided for a commission to take the mat- 
ter in charge. The citizens' organization then turned the means It had 
raised and the material it had gathered over to the state commission, and 
an exhibit of the resources, soils, products and educational work of the 
state was made that won it great favor. The display of the soils of 
Iowa made in glass tubes six inches in diameter and showing the soil as it 
was taken from the ground to the depth of six feet, was unique and being 
true to the natural condition attracted great attention. The exhibits of 
Iowa fruits, which won high awards, and the exhibit of dairy products tak- 
ing the highest prizes won, honors that proved of great financial advantage 
to Iowa, opening a wide and ready market for her fruit and dairy products 
that had previously been unknown in distant markets. The efforts in that 
exposition resulted in great advantage to the state, 

THE WOKLD'S industrial AND COTTON CENTENNIAL. 

In February, 1893, the Congress of the United States took action to con- 
stitute an International Exposition of the resourcess, industries, produc- 
tions, arts and accomplishments, especially of the north. Central and South 
American States ; they each being especially invited to unite therein. This 
Exposition was opened in the City of New Orleans, in December, 1884. The 
exhibit that Iowa there made was gathered, installed and managed solely 
by private enterprise, the state authorities making no appropriation to as- 
sist in the work. On the recommendation of Governor Sherman, the Pres- 
ident appointed Mr. H. S. Fairall, of Iowa City, Commissioner for the state. 
An Iowa Commission was also formed by voluntary organization. Governor 
Sherman being President. 

In the Horticultural department of this Exposition Iowa made a most 
commendable display. Her fine show of pomaceous fruits won a gold 
medal and the first prize of $200 for the largest and best display of apples, 
not exceeding two hundred varieties, and gaining twelve other valuable 
premiums. This state also won twenty-two first premiums in its agricul- 
tural display. In the Dairy department Iowa carried off the honors, mak- 
ing the largest display of butter ever exhibited up to that time by any state 
at any dairy fair or exposition, and winning the highest premiums. 

In the depariment of Education an exhibit was made under the super- 
vision of Hon. J. W. Akers, State Superintendent of Public Instruction, 
presenting the work of our public school system. It was representative, 
comprehensive and complete, and placed Iowa in the foremost rank; thirty- 
nine honorable awards being won by her educational exhibit in that expo- 
eition. 



360 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

The plans of the Commission were greatly frustrated by a railroad 
wreck which occurred on the Burlington, Cedar Eapids and Northern rail- 
way, in which a large portion of the material intended for the exhibit was 
totally destroyed, many articles being utterly ruined, the principal portion 
being damaged beyond use. The accident was costly to the state in the re- 
sults of the Exposition, as the lateness of the season at which it occurred, to 
a large degree, precluded replacing the articles damaged or destroyed ; the 
wreck occurred December 1st, 1884. 

At the Exposition of 1889. at Paris, Iowa was represented by a few ex- 
hibits, a full report of which was made to Governor Larrabee by Commis- 
sioner James O. Crosby. Two gold medals were awarded. One to the 
state of Iowa for an exhibit of its school system made by Hon. Henry 
Sabin, State Superintendent of Public Instruction. The other was for 
Hall's Keport of the Geological Survey of Iowa, exhibited by a son of the 
author. 

IOWA IN THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 

In April, 1890, the Twenty-third General Assembly of this state took 
action to provide for an exhibit of its agricultural, mineral, mechanical, 
industrial, educational, and other resources in the World's Columbian Expo- 
sition. Iowa was the first of the states of the Union to take action provid- 
ing for an exhibition therein. 

Its Legislative Assembly, meeting only biennialy, was in session when 
the National Congress was considering the matter of providing for the 
Exposition. When the lower house in that body passed its measure for 
making provision for the great Fair, our General Assembly was on the eve 
of closing its session. It was evident that the National Senate would enact 
the House bill into law. If Iowa should make an exhibit of her resources 
in the contemplated Exposition, under the auspices of state authority, it 
was necessary that immediate action should be taken, as that body would not 
again convene until January, 1893, a short time before the opening of the 
Fair if it should be held, as was then proposed, in 1892. Under these cir- 
cumstances the Legislature, taking hasty action in the premises, enacted 
the following measure which was approved by the Governor ten days be- 
fore the National enactment was approved by the President: 
AN ACT to Provide for a Creditable Exhibit of the Resources of the State 
of Iowa in the " Columbian Exposition " or the World's Fair, to be 

) held in Chicago. 

Whereas, Congress is now considering, and the House of Representa- 
tives has already passed a bill, providing for a World's Fair, to be known 
as the " Columbian Exposition," and held at Chicago during the year 1890 
or 1893 ; and 

Whereas, It is highly desirable that the agricultural, mineral, me- 
chanical, industrial, educational and other resources and advantages of the 
State of Iowa shall be creditably represented in such exposition, therefore^ 

Be it Enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Iowa: 

Section 1. That the Executive Council be and is hereby authorized 



IOWA IN THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 361 

tnd directed to appoint an exhibition committee to be known as the " Iowa 
Colombian Commission." Such commission shall consist of eleven mem- 
bers, to be selected one from each congressional district in the State, not 
more than six of whom shall be from the same political party, and 8hal> 
have full power to devise aad execute plans for the State Exhibit herein 
contemplated, take charge of the same and disburse the appropriations. 
It may appoint such ofiBcers as in its judgment may be necessary for carry- 
ing out this act, including the right to delegate to an Executive Committee 
the duty and power to execute all or any plans that may be devised or or- 
dered by such Commission. One member thereof shall be chosen to act aR 
Treasurer, and he shall be {ex-officio) custodian of the moneys herein 
appropriated ; but before entering upon the duties of such posidon he 
shall furnish a bond, subject to the approval of the Executive Council, and 
running to State of Iowa in the penal sum equaling amount herein appro- 
priated. If the said " Columbian Exposition" is held during the year 1892, 
the Commission created by this section shall be appointed at some time 
prior to January 1st, 1893. Any vacancy occurring in said Commission 
shall be filled by the Executive Council by the choice of some citizen 
residing in the congressional district wherein such vacancy occurs. The 
Commission herein created shall receive as compensation for the service of 
Its members not to exceed five dollars for each day actually and necessarily 
♦jngaged in the work of the Commission, and actual railroad fare paid. 

Section 2. The sum of Fifty Thousand Dollars is hereby appropriated 
out of any money in the State Treasury not otherwise appropriated, for the 
purpose of carrying into execution the intent of this act ; Provided that. If 
said Fair or Exposition be not held before 1898, not more than ten per cent, 
of the sum hereinbefore named shall be drawn from the State Treasury 
before the convening of the Twenty-fourth General Assembly and the re- 
mainder shall be covered back into the Treasury, and the subject of further 
appropriation shall be referred to the said Twenty-fourth General Assembly; 
but no part of any such appropriation shall be drawn from the State Treasury 
until the commission through its duly chosen officers, shall certify to the 
Auditor of State that the same is actually necessary for disbursement, and 
Bhall then be drawn only in portions, not exceeding one-fourth the amount 
appropriated, as may from time to time become requisite. All payments of 
money by the Treasurer must be under complete vouchers and under con- 
ditions to be fixed by said commission. At the close of its services the com- 
mission shall make to the Governor a statement of its proceedings, which 
shall include a list of all disbursements, with complete vouchers therefor 
attached. Provided further, no appointments under this act shall bo made, 
nor shall any money herein appropriated be drawn or any charge or >^ ' 
pense made until it is definitely known when the exposition is to be heW. 
Provided further, that said commission shall be restricted in expendituref 
to the amount herein appropriated. 

Approved, April 15th, 1890. 

In pursuance of this enactment, the Executive Council appointed th* 
following persons to constitute the commission provided by the law: 
First Dist>rict, Edward Johnstone, of Keokuk. 
S'^cond " H. W. Seaman, of ClintX)n. 

34 



362 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

Third « F. N. Chase, of Cedar Falls. 
Fourth " James O. Crosby, of GamaT4Ilo» 

Fifth " James Wilson, of Traer. 

Sixth ** J. W. Jarnagin, of Montezuma, 

Seventh " Henry Stivers, of Des Moines. 

Eighth « S. H. Mallory, of Chariton. 

Ninth " Charles Ashton, of Guthrie Center. 

Tenth " John F. Buncombe, of Fort Dodge. 

Eleventh " Wm. H. Dent, of Le Mars. 
On the call of the Governor the several appointees met in the capitol, 
at Des Moines, and having duly qualified, on the second day of September 
1890, organized the Commission, elected the following officers, appointed 
the following committees, and entered upon its work. 

President. 
Edward Johnstone, Keokuk. 
Vice President. 
James Wilson, Traer. 
Secretary. 
F. N. Chase, Cedar Falls. 
Treasurer. 
Wm. H. Dent, Le Mars 
Executive Committee. 
S. H. Mallory, Chariton. 
J. W. Jarnagin, Montezuma 
— J. F. Duncombe, Fort Dodge. 

Auditing Committee. 
James Wilson, Traer. , 
i . Henry Stivers, Des Moines. 

James O. Crosby, Garnavillo. 
Committee on Rules. 
^ ^ - H. W. Seaman. 

'■ . • ' Chas. Ashton. 

Jas. O. Crosby. 
This was one of the first State Commissions organized. It took early 
action to secure a site for an Iowa State building in the park selected foi 
the Exposition. The act of Congress deciding that the Fair should be held 
in 1893, left the Commission with only $5,000 at its command prior to an 
appropriation by the ensuing General Assembly. It proceeded however tc 
form plans and take the necessary preliminary steps to secure such an ex- 
hibition of the resources of the State as was contemplated by the act con- 
■tituting it. 

The Twenty-rourth General Assembly enacted the following law, mak- 
ing a final appropriation for the work of the Commission, which was ap- 
proved by the Governor April 8th, 1892. 

AN ACT making appropriation for an exhibit of the resources of the State 
of Iowa at tbe World's Columbian Exposition ot 1893, to be held in 
the city of Chicago. 



IOWA IX THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 363 

Se it Enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Iowa: 

'Section L That the sum of One Hundred and Twenty-five Thousand 
Dollars ($125,000) is hereby appropriated out of any money in the State 
Treasury, not otherwise appropriated, for the purpose of carrying out the 
Intent of chapter 136 of the acts of the Twenty- third General Assembly, an 
act entitled, " An act to provide for a creditable exhibit of the resources of 
the State of Iowa in the Columbian Exposition or World's Fair to be held 
In Chicago." Said sum hereinbefore named is the whole amount to be 
used and expended by said Columbian Commission ; the unexpended appro 
priation by the Twenty-third General Assembly being considered as cov- 
ered into the State Treasury and no longer available for the uses of said 
Commission. 

Section 2. No part of the moneys appropriated by this act shall be 
drawn from the State Treasury imtil the Commission, through its duly 
chosen oflacers, shall certify to the Auditor of State that the same is actually 
necessary for disbursement at the time requisition is made, provided, that 
not more than siicty (60) per cent of the amount herein appropriated shall 
be drawn from the State Treasury in the year 1892. Provided further 
that not more than twelve and one-half per cent, of the moneys hereby 
ftppropriated shall be expended for salaries and other expenses of em- 
ployes. 

Section 3. This act being of immediate importance shall take effect 
and be in force from and after its publication in the Iowa State Register 
and Desi Mi^nes Leader^ newspapers published in Des Moines, Iowa. 

In February, 1891, a vacancy occurred in the Commission by the res- 
ignation of Hon. James Wilson, who having been elected to a professorship 
in the Iowa Agricultural College, found it necessary to resign his place ia 
the body. Hon. S. B. Packard, of Marshalltown, was appointed to fill the 
vacancy. 

In May, 1891, a second vacancy occurred in the body by the death of 
the Hon. Edward Johnstone, its able and honored President, who departed 
this life in his seventy-sixth year. He came to Iowa in 1837, and for up- 
ward of half a century had occupied high position in social, business and 
political relations. Hon. Theodore Guelich, of Burlington, was appointed 
to succeed him. 

A third vacancy occurred through the death of Mr. Guelich, January 
27th, 1893. This gentleman had proved himself a most u^ieful and respect- 
ed member of the body. He was succeeded by Dr. A. C. Roberts, of Fori 
Madison. 

The two enactments appropriated a total of $130,000 for the work of 
the Commission. This body knew the sum to be meager, considering the 
magnitude of the work in its hands. To secure the best exhibit possible of 
the resources and accomplishments of the State by the most economical use 
of the funds appropriated, it reorganized the Commission, elected the fol- 
lowing officers, constituted the following committees, and arranged its 
work in the following departments, which were placed in charge oi 
^embers of the Commission as follows: 

President— James O. Crosby. 

Vice-President— John F. Duncombe. 



364 REPORT OF IOWA COLU^JBIAN COMMISSION 

Treasurer— Wm. Hamilton Dent 
Secretary — Frank N. Chase. 
" Executive Committee — S. H. Mallory, S. B. Packard, H. W. Seaman. 
Auditing Committee — Theodore Guelich, S. B. Packard, Henry Stivers. 
Archaeological, Historical and Statistical Committee — Charles Ashton, 
James O. Crosby, J. W. Jarnagin. 

DEPARTMENTS. 

A Live Stock S. B. Packard 

B Agricultural and Dairy F. N. Chase 

C Horticulture W. H. Dent 

D Mineral and Geological John F. Duncombe 

E Press Henry Stivers 

F Woman's Work James O. Crosby 

G Manufacturing and Machinery H. W. Seaman 

H Education and Fine Arts J. W. Jarnagin 

I Forestry Theo. Guelich 

After the death of Commissioner Guelich, his successor, Dr. A. C. Rob- 
erts, was appointed to fill his place in the department of Forestry. 



POPULATION TABULATED 

POPULATION. 



365 



"We give the population by counties for each national census taken 

since the settlement of Iowa: 



COUNTIES. 


1840. 


1850. 


1860. 


1870. 


1880. 


1890. 


Adair . 






984 

1,533 

12,237 

11,931 

454 

8,496 

8,244 

4,232 

4,915 

7,906 

57 

8,724 

147 

281 

1,612 

12,949 

940 

68 

4,836 

5,427 

52 

20,728 

18,938 

383 

6,244 

13.764 

8,677 

11,024 

19,611 

180 

81,164 

105 

12,073 

8,744 

1,309 

6,074 

1,374 

'793 

8,058 

1699 

'l79 

6,440 

8,621 

18701 

8,168 

332 

43 

8,029 

18,493 

9,883 

15,038 

17,573 

13,306 

13,271 

416 

29,232 

18,947 

10,370 

5,776 


8,982 

4,614 

17,868 

16,456 

1,212 

22,454 

21,706 

14,584 

12,528 

17,034 

1,585 

9,951 

1602 

2,451 

5,464 

19,731 

4722 

1,967 

10,180 

8,735 

1,523 

27,771 

35,357 

2,530 

12,019 

15,565 

12,018 

17,432 

27,256 

13b9 

38,969 

1,392 

16,973 

10,768 

4,738 

11,174 

4,627 

6,399 

7,061 

6,055 

999 

13,684 

8,931 

21,463 

6,282 

2,596 

226 

16,644 

22,619 

22,116 

17,839 

24,898 

19,731 

19,434 

3,361 

87,210 

81080 

12,877 

10,388 

221 

13,884 

22,508 

24,436 

17,576 

8,718 

9,582 

8,654 

12,724 

6,934 

21,688 

715 


11,667 
11,888 
19,791 
16,636 

7,448 
24,888 
23,913 
20,838 
14,081 
18,546 

7,537 
14,291 

5,595 
12,351 
16,943 
18,936 
11,461 

8,240 
14,534 
11,513 

4,248 
28,829 
86,763 
12,413 
18,764 
16,468 
15,336 
17,950 
83 099 

1,901 
42,996 

1,550 
22,258 
14,677 
10,249 
17,652 
12,727 
12,639 
14,394 
11252 

8,453 
17,807 
16,649 
20,986 
10,837 

5,341 

4,382 
19,221 
23,771 
25,963 
17,468 
25,429 
21,052 
21,258 

6,178 
84,859 
87 237 
13,142 
14,630 

1,968 
17,224 
25,202 
25,111 
23,752 
14,137 
14,863 

9,065 
18,719 
16,869 
28,170 

4,165 

2,219 


14,534 

12,292 
17,907 
18,961 
12,413 
24,178 
24 219 


Adams 

Allamakee . ..... ..... 




777 

8,131 


ArinflTinnRft .. — .... .. 








B6uton •.••..•.•..•••..•• 


'.'.V.'.l ",'.'. 


672 
135 

735 


Black Hawk 








23,772 
14,630 
18,997 
18,548 
15,468 
13,107 
18,828 
19,645 
18,268 
14,864 
16 659 


Bremer ••••«..•••••••• 




BuchaDan ,•••••..«•••••«•«. 




517 


Buena Vistft ••• ..•.•»•....• 




Butler 






Calhoun • ..••...(•..••••••« 












Cass . .. 






Cedar «..« 


1,253 


3,941 


Cerro Gordo .....••••«• 


Chemlrpft -. .- ...... 












15|019 
11,333 

9309 


Clark 




79 


Clay „ 




Clayton .... 


1,101 
821 


8,873 
2,822 


26,738 
41,199 


Clinton 


Crawford ..*••••• •*....••.... 


18,894 
20,479 


Dallas 




854 
7,264 

965 
1,759 

12,988 


Davis 




17349 


Decatur , 




Delaware 


168 
6,577 




85,324 
4328 
49 848 


Dickinson 




8,059 


10,841 




4274 
23,141 


Fayette 




825 


Floyd 




15,424 
12,871 
1648i 
15,797 
13,215 
17,880 
15,319 

7,621 
19,008 
21,355 
18,895 
11183 

9,836 
10,705 
18,270 
22,771 
24,948 
16,184 
23,088 
20,238 
28 863 


Franklin , 










1,244 


Greene 










Guthrie 













Hancock 






Hardin 






Harrison ...•*..... 






Henry 


8,772 


8,707 




Humbolbt 


" 




Ida 






Iowa .. 




822 
7,210 
1,280 
9,904 
4,472 
8,007 
4,822 


Jackson 


1,411 


Jasper 


Jefferson 


2,773 

1,491 

471 


^ones 


Keokuk 


Kossuth 




18,120 
87,715 
45,803 
11,871 
14,568 
8680 


Lee 


6,093 
1,373 
1,827 


18,861 

5,444 

4939 

471 


Linn 


Louisa...* 


Lucas 


Lyon 




Madison 


... 


1,179 

5,989 

5,482 

838 


7,339 
14,816 
16,813 

8,612 

1,256 

16,444 


16,977 
28,805 
23,058 
25,843 
14,584 
13,299 
14,516 
18,665 
16,848 
24,604 
18,060 
6:674 


Mahaska 




Marion 

Marshall , 




Mills ' 




Mitchell 







Monona 






Monroe 




2,884 


Montgomery 




Muscatine 


1,942 


•• •*6.781 


O'Brien 


Osceola 







366 



REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 
POPTTLATTON. — CONTINUED. 



couimss. 


1840. 


1850. 


1860. 


1870. 


1880. 


1890. 


Page. 




551 


4,419 

132 

148 

103 

11,625 

4,968 

5,668 

2,923 

246 

24,959 

818 

10 

4,051 

5,285 

3,590 

2,012 

17,081 

14518 

10,281 

14235 

6,409 

2,504 

168 

13,942 

1,119 

766 

653 


9,975 

1,336 

2,199 

1446 

27,857 

16,893 

15,581 

6,691 

1,411 

88599 

2,540 

576 

11,651 

16,131 

6,989 

5,986 

17,672 

22,346 

17980 

18,952 

11,287 

10,484 

1,562 

23,579 

6,172 

2,892 

2,392 


19,667 

4,131 

8,566 

3,713 

42,395 

89,850 

18,936 

12,085 

8774 

41,266 

12,696 

5,426 

16,906 

21,585 

15,635 

14,980 

17,043 

25,285 

19,578 

20,374 

16,127 

15,951 

4,917 

23 938 

14,996 

7593 

6,062 


21,841 


Palo Alto 




9,318 


Plymouth 






19,568 


Pocahontas 






9,558 


Polk 




4,513 

7,828 

615 


65,410 


Pottawattamie 




47,430 


Powesheik 




18,394 


Rinffsrold, 




13,558 


Sac 






14,521 


Scott 

Shelby 


2,140 


5,968 


43,164 
17,611 


Sioux 







18,370 


Story 






18,l2T 


Tama 




8 
204 


21,651 


Taylor 




16884 


Union 




16,900 


Van BoreB 


6,146 


12,270 

8471 

961 

4,957 

840 


16,258 


Wapello 


80,428 


Warren, ..,, , 




18269 


Washington 

Wayne 


1,594 


18,468 
15,670^ 


Webster 1.... 




21,688 


Winnebago , 






7828 


Winneshiek 


**** 


646 


22,528 


Woodbury. 




65,688 


Worth 






9247 


Wright 






i2;o8r 


Totals 


43,112 


192,214 


674,913 


1,194,020 


1,624,61b 


1,911,888 



POPULATION OP IOWA — NATIVITY AND SEX. 

As shown by the above table the population of the State in 1890 
1,911,896. Of this population 324,069, but 17 per cent were persons of fo^ 
cign birth, while 1,587,827 were born in this country. 094,453 persons i» 
the State were males and 917,843 were females. 



STATE GOVERNMENT AND INSTITUTIONS 367 

STATE QOVERNnENT AND INSTITUTIONS. 

The Iowa territory was separated from the territory of Wisconsin and 
given a separate territorial organization by act of congress, approved by 
Martin Yan Buren, President, June 12, 1839, who appointed Robert Lucasi 
a well known democratic statesman of his day, who had served through tw« 
terms as Governor of Ohio, Governor of the new territory. The first legis-' 
lative assembly of the territory convened at Burlington, November 12th, of 
that year. Two sessions of the territorial legislature of Wisconsin had pre- 
viously met at Burlington and provided for the organization of sizteea 
counties west of the Mississippi. 

In the political changes resulting from the famous campaign of 184(^ 
John Chambers, whig, of Kentucky, was appointed by President William 
Henry Harrison, to succeed Governor Lucas. After the presidential elec- 
tion of 1844, President Polk appointed Hon. James Clark to succeed 
Governor Chambers. Mr. Clark was a Pennsylvanian by birth, learned thf 
printing trade in boyhood, came to Iowa in 1836, and established the second 
newspaper published in the territory. He was appointed Secretary of the 
Territory by Martin Yan Buren in 1839. By act of congress, approved De- 
cember 28th, 1846, Iowa was admitted as a State. It had at that time twenty* 
sevftn organized counties with a population of nearly 160,000, and thf 
frontier settlements were well advanced toward the Missouri River. Hoa 
Ansel Briggs was elected Governor of the new State. 

The Missouri River being fixed as its western boundary, Iowa City wai 
far east of its center and it was deemed wise to establish the State capital aJ 
a point more nearly central in its territory, and the first session of its Gen- 
eral Assembly enacted a law providing for the re-location of the seat ol 
government, the capitol building and its site, ten acres of land at lowi 
City, being appropriated for the State University. This action ultimately 
led to the location of the State Capital at Des Moines. The beautiful site of 
the present fine capitol structure was selected in 1856. The three constitu- 
tional conventions in the State were held in Iowa City. The city of Des 
Moines was declared to be the capital off the State by the proclamation of 
Governor Grimes, issued October 19, 1857. The old capitol at Iowa City 
then became the property of the State University. In 1870 the General As- 
sembly made an appropriation and provided for the appointment of a board 
©f commissioners to commence the construction of the present capitol edi- 
fice. This board embraced honored names. Governor Samuel Merrill be- 
ing ex-officio its President, Granville M. Dodge of Councill Bluffs, James 
F. Wilson of Fairfield, James Dawson of Washington, Simon G. Stein ol 
Huscatine, James O. Crosby of Garnavillo, Charles Dudley of Agency City, 
John N. Dewey of Polk county, and William M. Joy of Woodbury county 
w^ere its members, with Alexander R. Fulton of Des Moines Secretary. 
The first Board of Capitol Commissioners was appointed for a term of two 
years. In making its report to the General Assembly it recommended the 
reorganization of the board and a reduction of its number to five. The 
General Assembly enacted a law April 10th, 1872, embodying its sugges- 
tions, and Messrs John G. Foote of Burlington, Martin L. Fisher of Farmers- 
burg, Peter A. Dey and R. S. Finkbine of Iowa City, were appointed there- 



368 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

on, the Governor "being ex-officio its President. The new board elected A, 
H. Piquenard, of Springfield, Illinois, Architect, General Ed. Wright its 
Secretary, Robert Fink bine Superintendent of Construction, and John G. 
Foote, Superintendent of Finance. This organization continued until the 
completion of the structure, except as changes resulted from deaths. In 
November, 1876, Mr. Piquenard died, and Messrs. Bell and Hackney, both 
young men who had assisted him, were elected to succeed him as architect. 
In February, 1879, Mr. Fisher died, and Mr. Cyrus Foreman of Osage was 
appointed his successor. The gentlemen composing these boards dis- 
charged their important trust with eminent fidelity and ability, giving to 
the State one of the finest State capitols of the country. 

The following gentlemen have filled the executive chair of the State in 
the line of succession from Governor Briggs: 

Hon. Stephen Hempstead, of Dubuque county, 

Hon. James W. Grimes, of Des Moines county. 

Hon. Ralph P. Lowe, of Lee county, 

Hon. Samuel J. Kirkwood, of Johnson county. 

Hon. Wm. M. Stone, of Marion county. 

Hon. Samuel Merrill, of Clayton county. 

Hon. Cyrus C. Carpenter, of "Webster county, 

Hon. Joshua G. Newbold, of Henry county. 

Hon. John H. Gear, of Des Moines county. 

Hon. Buren R. Sherman, of Benton county. 

Hon. Wm. Larrabee, of Fayette county, 

Hon. Horace Boies, of Black Hawk county, 

Hon. Joshua G. Newbold was elected Lieutenant-Govemor, but becam* 
Governor on the resignation of Hon. Samuel J. Kirkwood upon his election 
18 United States Senator. 

THE JUDICIAL SYSTEM. 

In our country townships we have magistrates called Justices of the 
Peace, who are elected by the people and hold their office for two years. 
In our incorporated towns and cities we have Mayor's and Police Courts, 

For the higher courts the State is divided into eighteen districts. Of 
these, two districts, the eighth and seventeenth, elect one Judge each; the 
first, third, twelfth, thirtee nth, fourteenth, sixteenth, and eighteenth each 
elect two Judges; the fifth, sixth, ninth, tenth and eleventh each elect 
three ; and the second, fourth, seventh and fifteenth each elect four. 
The several Judges are elected for terms of four years. There are courts 
in four cities of the State called Superior Courts, namely: in Cedar Rapids, 
Creston, Council Bluffs and Keokuk. These have each one Judge. From 
these District and Superior Courts appeals may be taken to the Supreme 
Court. 

THE SUPREME COURT. 

The supreme judicial body of the State is composed of five Judges, 
elected by the people for a term of six years, one Judge being elected 
yearly, the sixth year there being no election. As prosecutor an Attorney 
General, elected by the people, appears in behalf of the people. The court 
is now constituted as follows, the position of Chief Justice comes to ths 
several Judges by rotation in the last year of their term. 



STATE GOVERNMKNT AND INSTITUTIONS 369 

Chief Justice: Gifford S. Robinson, Storm Lake. 

Justices: Charles T. Granger, Waukon; Josiah Given, Des Moines; Jas. 
E. Rothrock, Cedar Rapids; L. G. Kinne, Toledo. 

Attorney General: John Y. Stone, Glenwood. 

The Supreme Judges are elected by the voters of the whole State. The 
District Judges by the voters of their several districts. The Judges of the 
Superior Courts by the voters of the city in which the court is located. 

CONGRESSIONAIi. 

The State has eleven representatives in the National Congress. For 
their election the State is divided into eleven Districts. 

The First District, composed of Lee, Van Buren, Jefferson, Henry, Des 
Moines, Louisa and "Washington counties, is represented by Hon. John H. 
Gear, of Burlington. 

The Second District, composed of the counties of Iowa, Johnson, Mus- 
catine, Scott, Clinton and Jackson, is represented by Hon. Walter I. Hayes 
of Clinton. 

The Third District, composed of the counties of Wright, Franklin, Har- 
din, Butler, Bremer, Black Hawk, Buchanan, Delaware and Dubuque, il 
represented by Hon. D. B. Henderson, of Dubuque. 

The Fourth District, composed of the counties of Worth, Cerro Gordo, 
Floyd, Mitchell, Howard, Chickasaw, Fayette, Winneshiek, Allamakee and 
Clayton, is represented by Hon. Thomas Updegraff, of McGregor. 

The Fifth District, composed of the counties of Grundy, Marshall, 
Tama, Benton, Linn, Jones and Cedar, Hon. Robert G. Cousins, is its Repre- 
sentative. 

The Sixth District, composed of the counties of Jasper, Pbweshiek, Ke- 
okuk, Mahaska, Monroe, Wapello and Davis, Hon. John F. Lacey, Repre- 
sentative. 

The Seventh District, composed of the counties of Story, Polk, Dallas^ 
Madison, Warren and Marion, Hon. J. A. T. Hull, Representative. 

The Eighth District, composed of the counties of Appanoose, Wayne, 
Lucas, Clark, Decatur, Ringgold, Union Adams, Taylor, Page and Fremont, 
Hon. W. P. Hepburn, Representative. 

The Ninth District, composed of the counties of Adair, Guthrie, Audu- 
bon, Cass, Montgomery, Mills, Pottawattamie, Shelby and Harrison, Hon. 
A. L. Hagar, Representative. 

The Tenth District, composed of the counties of Boone, Greene, Car- 
roll, Crawford, Calhoun, Webster, Hamilton, Humboldt, Pocahontas, Palo 
Alto, Emmet, Kossuth, Hancock and Winnebago, Hon. J. P. DoUiver, Rep- 
resentative. 

The Eleventh District, composed of the counties of Monona, Woodbury, 
Ida, Sac, Buena Vista, Cherokee, Plymouth, Sioux, O'Brien, Clay, Dicki^ 
son, Osceola and Lyon, Hon. George D. Perkins, Representative. 

CABINET OFFICBB8. 

Five citizens of Iowa have held Cabinet positions, Hon. James Harlan 
was Secretary of the Interior in the second administration of Abraham 
Lincoln, Hon. W. W. Belknap was Secretary of War in Gen. Grant's 



370 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

administration, and Hon, S.J. Kirkwood was Secretary of the Department 
of the Interior under Presidents Garfield and Arthur. Hon.;^Geo. W. 
McCrary was Secretary of War under President Hayes, and Hon. Frank 
Hatton was Postmaster-General during part of President Arthur's admin- 
istration, r — I 

In the United States Judiciary several of her citizens have won honor- 
able reputation. 

The following gentlemen have repr'^sented Iowa in the United Statea 
Senate : 

Geo. W. Jones, Dubuque, 1848 to 1859. 

Augustus C. Dodge, Burlington, 1848 to 1855. 

James Harlan, Mt. Pleasant, 1855 to 1865. 

James W. Grimes, Burlington, 1858 to x870. 

Samuel J. Kirkwood, Iowa City, 1866 to 1867. 

James Harlan, Mount Pleasant, 1867 to 1873. 

James B. Howell, Keokuk, Jan. 20, 1871, to March 4, 1871. (To fill 
vacancy caused by the death of James W. Grimes.) 

George G. Wright, Des Moines, 1871 U) 1877. 

William B. Allison, Dubuque, 1873 t<>the present time. 

Samuel J. Kirkwood, 1877 to 1881. 

James W. McDill, 1881 to 1883. 

James F. Wilson, Fairfield, 1883 to the present time. 

The following gentlemen now con'>titute the Executive Council of the 
State : 

Hon. Horace Boies, Black Hawk rounty, Governor. 

Hon. Wm. McFarland, Emmet county, Secretary of State. 

Hon. C. G- McCarthy, Story county, Auditor of State. 

Hon. Byron A. Beason, Marshall County, Treasurer of State. 

The other elective Executive State ofiicials are : 

Hon. J. B. Knoepfler, Allamakee county. Superintendent of Publio 
Instruction. 

Railroad Commissioners : 

Hon. John W. Luke, Franklin county. 

Hon. Peter A. Dey, Johnson county. 

Hon. Geo. W. Perkins, Fremont county. 

THM GENERAL ASSEMBLY. 

The Legislative Department of the State government is composed of 
two houses. The Senate or Upper House consists of fifty members so 
divided that about one-half of its members are elected bi-ennially. the 
ofiicial term being four years. The Lower House or House of Representa- 
tives has one hundred members, elected bi-ennially. The Constitution pro- 
vides that the sessions of the General Assembly shall be bi-ennial. In cases 
of emergency extra sessions may be called. 

The first extra session convened at Iowa City on the second day of July, 
1856, for the purpose of accepting the grant of lands by Congress in aid of 
railway construction, and to carry into execution the trust conferred upon 
the State. Grants were made to the Burlington & Missouri, the Mississipi 
ife Missouri, the Air Line, and the Dubuque & Pacific railroad companies. 

An extra session was held in Mav, 1861, for the purpose of placing the 
State on a war footing to maintain the Union of the States. 

A third extra session convened on the third day of September, 1863, 
and was occupied principallv with military matters. 



STATE GOVERNMENT AND INSTITUTIONS 



371 



An adjourned session of the Fourteenth General Assembly was begun 
on the third Wednesday of January, 1873, for the purpose of considering 
and passing upon the report of the Codifying Commission. The revision 
of the laws at thit adjourned session was designated as the "Code," though 
by way of distinction it is called the " Code of 1873." 

STATE INSTITUTIONS- STATE UNIVERSITY. 

This great school was established early in the history of the State. In 
July, 1840, Congress passed an act providing for the setting apart of 45,928 
acres of land within the territory of Iowa for the use and support of a 
Btate university, whenever the territory should become a state. By the 
adoption of the constitution of 1846, the people of the State accepted the 
jfrant. At the first session of the General Assembly, February 25, 1847, an 
act was passed locating and establishing the State University at Iowa City. 
That act set apart the public buildings with the ten acres of land on which 




STATE UNIVERSITY. IOWA CITY. 

the same were situated for the use of the university, provided the capitol 
should be used for state purposes until otherwise provided by law. The 
first session of the university opened in March, 1855. 

The Collegiate Department embraces four courses of study: Classical, 
Philosophical, Scientific and Engineering. Four years are required to 
graduate in any of the courses. In the Law Department the course of 
study covers two years. The Medical Department requires three terms ot 
six months each. The Dental and Pharmacy Departments cover two years 
each. 

The General Assembly at each session makes liberal appropriations foi 
its support. The Twenty-third General Assembly appropriated $125,000, 
the twenty-fourth $78,000. 

During the past school year a total of 904 students were enrolled in its 
classes, namely: females 152, males 752. Seventy five persons were em- 
ployed as instructors. There are 28,000 volumes in its library. Its yearly 
*-"ome is reported at $120,000. Value of grounds and buildings, $300,000. 



372 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

THE STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 

This state school was established in 1858. The legislature of that yeat 
appropriated $10,000 to purchase a farm for the location of the college 
buildings and for experiments in agriculture. 

In 1859 a farm of 640 acres, near Ames, Story county, was purchased. 
In 1862 Congress nassed a bill ffrantins: to each state public lands to the 
amount of 30,000 acres for each senator and representative to which the states 
were then entitled. The conditions of that act and the grant thereunder 
was accepted by the General Assembly of the State in September, 1863. 

In 1887 Congress passed a bill establishing Agricultural Experiment 
stations in connection with the Agricultural College and appropriated 
$15,000 annually for the support of each. 

' In August, 1890, a bill for the more complete endowment and support 
of Agricultural Colleges was approved by President Harrison. This bill 
provided for increased appropriations for their support. The annual in- 
come of the Iowa college from the several appropriations of the General Gov- 
ernment is now $78,000. The State erects and keeps in repair all buildings, 
and for this purpose it has appropriated about $355,000 for the 
exclusive use of the several departments of the college. The main col- 
lege building is five stories high. The college domain now embraces 900 
acres. The school has courses in agriculture and dairying, veterinary sci- 
ence, mechanical engiueering.^ civil engineering, electrical engineering, 
science, and a special course i:or lady students. 

The Twenty-fourth General Assembly appropriated $56,500 for this 
school. It reported last year an enrollment of 547 students, namely: 454 
males and 93 females. Instructors, 29. Its library contains 9,300 volumes. 
The value of its endowments are reported at $679,784, its yearly income 
$80,000, and value of grounds and building at $450,000. 

STATE NORMAL SCHOOL. 

This important school was established by the Sixteenth General Assem- 
bly for the special training of teachers for the common schools of the 
State. It was organized by the board of directors June 7th, 1876, and was 
opened for the reception of students September 6th, 1876. The first year 
155 students were enrolled in its classes. The last year it had an enrollment 
of 746, namely: 191 male and 515 female students. 

The province of this school is in no respect a duplicate of other educa- 
tional institutions of the State. It adheres strictly to the object assigned at 
its founding — that of preparing professional teachers for public schools. 
For its support and improvement the General Assembly makes liberal ap- 
propriations. 

This important school has 5,000 volumes in its library. The value of 
its grounds and buildings is reported at $75,000. 

These three important State schools are doing good work in securing 
to the State in professional life men and women of cultured intellect and 
special qualifications. 

OTHER STATE SCHOOLS. 

Th& Iowa College for the Blind was first opened in Iowa City in 1858 



STATE GOVERNMENT AND INSTITUTIONS 573 

and removed to its present location at Vinton in 1862. During the forty 
years of its existence it has received from the State for improvements, 
repairs, clothing for pupils, support and current expenses upward of $870,- 

000. 

The design of this institution is to furnish to the blind children of the 
State equal educational advantages with children who enjoy the boon ot 
sight. The branches taught are raised print, point system, arithmetic, 
spelling, geography, history, grammar, natural philosophy, algebra, rhetoric, 
physiology, zoology, chemistry, moral philosophy, civil government, political 
economy, geometry, and English and American literature. The department 
of music is supplied with twenty-three pianos, one pipe organ, three cabinet 
organs and a sufficient number of violins, guitars, bass viols and brass 
instruments. Every student capable of receiving it, is given a complete 
course in this branch. 

In the industrial department the girls are required to learn knitting, 
crocheting, fancy work, hand and machine sewing. The boys, netting, 
mattress-making and cane seating. Those of either sex who so desire may 
learn carpet weaving and broom making. The advantages of the school 
are free to every person either blind or of defective vision, and of suitable 
age and capacity in the State. The pupils are treated free of charge by 
skilled oculists. 

INSTITUTION FOR THE DEAF AND DUMB. 

This institution is located in Pottawattamie county near the city of 
Council BluSs, The education it offers is free. Pupils are received from 
the age of nine to twenty-five who are sound of mind and free from offen- 
sive or contagious diseases. A competent corps of instructors of long and 
successful experience is employed in every department. The trades taught 
in the institution are printing, shoe-making, carpentering, dressmaking, 
farming and gardening, drawing and painting, light house work, plain sew- 
ing and knitting are also taught. 

The last General Assembly appropriated $26,050 for this school. 

INSTITUTION FOR THE FEEBLE MINDED. 

This worthy institution is located at Glenwood, Mills county. The first 
child was admitted September 1876. For a time there was an unwillingness 
on the part of parents of this class of children to turn them over to its care. 
That diffidence is now largely outgrown. The object of the institution is to 
provide special means for this unfortunate class. The course embraces not 
only the course of the common schools where that is practicable, but a 
course of training in the practical matters of every day life, the cultivation 
of proper personal habits, and the fitting of the pupil for useful occupation. 

The value of the lands and buildings pertaining to this worthy institu- 
tion is now about $100,000. 

INDUSTRIAL HOME FOR ADULT BLIND. 

The object of this worthy institution is to provide a working home and 
means for the blind to earn their own subsistence. The institution waa 
established by an act of the twenty-third General Assembly which appro- 
priated $40,000 for the purchase of grounds and erection of building. It 



374 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

was located by the Commission at Knoxville, Marion county. Accommoda- 
tions were designed for two hundred inmates. The institution was opened 
for the reception of eligible persons in 1862. 

THE soldiers' ORPHANS' HOME. 

This institution was opened for the reception of children July 13th, 
1864. The eleventh General Assembly assuming control, providing a 
special fund for its maintenance, and providing for its management and ite 
permanent location at Davenport. 

There is in connection with this worthy charity a well lighted, pleasant 
and commodious school building. It is the purpose of the Board of Man- 
agement to have the course of instruction reach a high standard of practical 
usefulness. 

In 1880 the General Assembly widened the sphere of usefulness of this 
institution by opening its doors to other dependent children. There were 

on the thirtieth of June, 1893, soldiers' orphans and other dependent 

children enjoying its advantages. Great attention is given to the moral 
instruction of children placed in its care. 

The library of the institution contains about 800 volumes of carefully 
selected juvenile literature. 

THE soldiers' HOME. 

This institution was created by the twenty-first General Assembly. 
The main building being completed was opened with proper ceremonies No- 
vember 30th, 1887. Since that time enlargements and improvements have 
been made by authority of the succeeding sessions of the body creating it. 

The hospital is 131 feet in length, 60 feet in width, two stories in height 
above basement, with spacious verandas and balconies. Great care waa 
taken to secure good ventilation. The home is a worthy monument of the 
grateful patriotism of the people of the State towards its defenders who, 
broken in health, or suffering from wounds received in their country's 
dangerous service, now need its care. Down to June 30, 1891, 743 persons 
had been admitted to its care and comforts. 

Since the adjournment of the twenty-fourth General Assembly, a num- 
ber of cottages have been erected for the accommodation of married veterans 
needing the advantages of this home. 

INSANE ASTLUMS. 

Liberal provision has been made by the people of the Slate for the care 
of this unfortunate class. 

The hospital at Mt. Pleasant is the oldest of the three institutions es- 
tablished by the State for the care and treatment of insane persons. It was 
established by the act of the Fifth General Assembly, approved January 24, 
1855. It was formally opened March 6, 1861. 

The hospital at Independence, Buchanan county, was opened on the 
first day of May, 1873. 

The hospital at Clarinda, Page county, was opened for the reception of 
patients December, 15, 1888. The original plans for this institution, not yet 
fully carried out, contemplated accommodations for one thousand patients. 
The appropriation by the twenty-third General Assembly for the three 



STATE GOVERNMENT AND INSTITUTIONS 375 

institutions reached in the aggregate $237,500. The special appropriations 
n.ade by the twenty-fourth General Assembly for repairs and improve- 
ments were $91,300. 

These institutions are each controlled by a board of trustees elected by 
the General Assembly, composed of men of different political parties. Full 
staffs of eminent medical service are secured. The treatment of the unfor- 
tunate inmates is humane and wise, and care is given to promote their 
restoration to reason. 

INDUSTRIAL OR REFORMATORY SCHOOLS. 

Of these the State supports two ; one for boys at Eldora, Hardin county. 
The persons eligible for commitment to its instructions and care are boys 
from eight to sixteen years of age, whose natures are yet susceptible to 
good impressions and who may be influenced to a better life by kindness, 
moral training and a proper discipline. This school was opened September 
1st, 1868. In the almost twenty-three years elapsing from its opening to 
June 30, 1891, there were admitted 1,655 boys ; of these 1,254 had 
been discharged and otherwise released, 401 still remaining under its care. 

Care is taken to give its inmates useful instruction and correct moral 
training. The work of the institution has been most valuable to its inmates 
and hon(^rable and serviceable to the State. 

THE girl's INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL. 

Is located at Mitchell ville, Polk county. This is virtually a branch of 
the Eldora school, designed for the moral training of wayward girls. The 
buildings and grounds of the Universalist Seminary at Mitchellville were 
purchased in 1879 and this school was established at that time. "The dis- 
cipline is gentle and home like," and it has been estimated that seventy per 
cent, of those committed to the institution leave it reformed in character 
and conduct. 

THE PENITENTIARIES. 

Iowa has two such institutions, and may boast of the small percentage 
of its population classed as criminals. 

The oldest of its penal institutions was located at Ft. Madison, Lee 
county, and was established by act of the Legislature of Iowa territory, 
January 25, 1839. 

By an act of the fourteenth General Assembly of the State, commis- 
sioners were appointed to "locate and provide for the erection of an ad- 
ditional penitentiary." That commission located the additional institution 
at Anamosa, Jones county. 

The number of convicts in the Anamosa penitentiary, March 23 last 
were males 293, females 12. Total 305. The prison has accommodations 
for 800, 495 more than are confined therein. In the Ft. Madison institution 
there were 420 prisoners in confinement, all males. Making a total for the 
two prisons of 725 persons, onlytwehe being females. This is one prisoner 
to each 2,413 of the State's population. We notice that according to census 
bulletin number ninety-five, the number of prisoners in the county jails 
were 327, being 171 prisoners in jail for one million of population. Although 
Iowa was tenth in rank of population, twenty-three of the States of the 



376 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

Union exceeded Iowa In the nnmber of prisoners in their jails. The ratio 
of prisoners in jail to population was 171 prisoners to one million popu- 
lation, and forty-three of the States and Territories exceeded this ratio. 
There is crime in Iowa but there are few States in the Union that have so 
little crime in proportion to population. We gladly acknowledge valuable 
assistance from the Iowa Register in the preparation of this chapter. 

PAUPERISM. 

The great Master, when on earth, said to the murmuring Judas : " The 
poor ye have always with you." The saying is ever true in earthly con- 
ditions. The physically and mentally infirm — the unfortunates are present 
in all countries. For her poor Iowa makes comfortable provision of shelter, 
food, clothing and medical attendance. Her alms houses may not be pal- 
aces, but they are not prisons nor places of cruelty. There were in 1890, as 
shown by the national census, in the alms houses of the country 73,045 persons, 
or 1,166 to each million of population. Iowa had but 848 to the million of her 
population in her akns houses. The sobriety of her people diminishes 
extreme poverty. And crime and pauperism alike are reduced to a mini- 
mum by the prevalence of sobriety, intelligence and piety, virtues that 
when observed in practical life alike preclude criminal action and pauper- 
ized condition. 

THE NEWSPAPER PRESS. 

The people of this State are known to be generous patrons of literature. 
They are liberal supporters of the press. The State, though comparatively 
young, was settled before the telephone or telegraph was invented. Yet 
when Iowa was opened for settlement, the newspaper had won recognition 
as an instrument of power in political and social affairs, and soon after 
its settlement had its own newspaper establishment. In 1836, but three 
years after its permanent settlement was commenced, John King started 
"The -Visitor" in Dubuque, issuing the first number on the 11th day of 
May of that year. The press on which that paper was printed was of the 
Smith pattern, and was purchased in Cincinnatti. It did worthy pioneer ser- 
vice. After being used some six years in Dubuque it was sold and removed 
to Lancaster, Wisconsin. After being used there some time it was removed 
to St. Paul, Minnesota, and in another mutation of its ownership was taken 
to Sioux Falls, Dakota, where in March, 1862, on the raiding of that place 
by the Sioux Indians, it was destroyed in the conflagration of the building 
in which it was located. In its somewhat brief history it served in printing 
the first newspapers ever issued in Iowa, Western Wisconsin, Minnesota and 
Dakota. In 1837 James Clark, afterwards Governor of the Iowa territory, 
established a newspaper at Burlington, naming it "The Gazette." It has 
survived the mutations of political administrations, commercial struggles 
and business changes, and is now one of the infiuential journals of the 
State, publishing daily and weekly editions. 

There are now published in Iowa 951 periodical journals, but four 
of the forty-four States exceeding us in the number of such publications, 
namely. New York with 2,131, Illinois 1,560, Pennsylvania 1,478, and Ohio 
with 1,190. 



THE NEWSPAPER PRESS. 377 

Newspapers are published in each of our ninety-nine counties, there 
being but one of the ninety-nine county seats without a newspaper, namely, 
Concord, the county seat of Hancock county. Two papers are published, 
however, in the town of Garner, but a mile distant from Concord. News- 
papers are published in 446 of the cities, towns or villages of the State. Of 
our "ninety and nine" counties five, in 1892, each had three papers, 
namely, Adair, Clark, Winnebago, Emmet and Worth. Eleven counties 
had four papers each, namely, Adams, Audubon, Dickinson, Franklin, 
Grundy, Hancock, Lucas, Monroe, Palo Alto and Ringgold. Eight other 
counties each had five journals, while Dubuque had 20, Scott 23, Wood- 
bury 26, Linn 29 and Polk 45. 

Of these 951 publications in this State fifty-eight are daily issues, five 
are tri-weekly, twelve are semi-weekly, 769 weekly, three semi-monthly, 
one bi-moiithly, eighty-five are monthly journals and two are published 
quarterly. One is published in the Bohemian, nine in the German, three 
in the Hollandist, seven in the Norwegian and Danish, and one in the 
Swedish languages. Thirteen of the whole number represent collegiate 
interests, twenty are published in the interests of agriculture and live 
stock, thirteen in advocacy of the interests of fraternities, seven are edu- 
cational journals, two medical, two are devoted to the advancement of 
science, eight specially advocate temperance and prohibition, one is pub- 
lished in the advocacy of Woman's Suffrage, one in the interests of people 
of color, ten specially represent various industrial and commercial interests, 
several are published in aid of Sabbath school work, and one is a juvenile 
journal. There are also a number representing denominational and relig- 
ious interests, while 563 of the whole number are classed as political jour- 
nals, 330 advocating the principals of the Republican party, 194 the prin- 
ciples of the Democratic party, thirteen are styled Independent-Republi- 
can, twelve are classed as Independent Democrat, and fourteen are 
assorted as Greenback, Union Labor, Peoples Party and Anti-Monopoly 
journals. 

The people of Iowa not only liberally patronize the larger city journ- 
als but they liberally support their county and village press. All business 
and moral interests and lines of thought are represented by the press of 
Iowa. Our newspaper writers have won fame throughout the country, and 
have borne able part not only in the discussion of matters of national in- 
terest but also in the dissemination ot intelligence respecting our 
resources, progress and possibilities and by their work have given valuable 
aid in promoting the prosperity and happiness of our people, thereby pro- 
moting the settlement of our wild lands, and the wondrous development of 
this fair and noble Iowa. Here the largest possible liberty has ever been 
allowed the press in the discussion of all public questions. This happy 
privilege has led to the multiplication of newspapers but it has resulted in 
energizing thought, quickening activities, inspiring worthy ambitions and 
noble purposes, and giving to our honored State the world wide fame it 
enjoys for the superior excellence of its commercial, social and domestic 
conditions. 



JS5 



Report of Auditing Committee. 

BY S. B. PACKARD, CHAIRMAN. 

In compliance with a resolution adopted Nov. i, 1893, the Auditing Com- 
mittee beg to submit a full financial and itemized statement of the receipts 
and disbursements of the Commission from its organization to April i, 1894. 

The funds for the preliminary work of this Commission were appro- 
priated b}' the 23d General Assembly, and a resolution of this 
Board adopted October 15, 1890, authorized the proper ofi&cers to 
make requisition upon the Auditor of State for the sum appropri- 
ated, amounting to _ $ 5,00000 

An additional appropriation of $125,000 was made by the 24th Gen- 
eral Assembly for the practical work of the Commission, and was 
drawn upon requisition of the Board made upon the State Auditor, on 
the following dates: 

April 7, 1892. $ 5,00000 

June 8, 1892 - 10,000 00 

Sept. I, 1892 25,00000 

Oct. 14, 1892. - 25,00000 

Jan. 13, 1893 20,00000 

Mach 2, 1893 .. 25,00000 

Aug. 2, 1893 10,00000 

Feb. 4, 1894 5,000 00— $125,000 00 



The Executive Council, under an Act of the 23d General Assembly, 
was enabled to aid the Commission in the support, in part, of the 
Iowa State Band at the Iowa Building, and but for this assistance one 
of the most attractive features, the music, could not have been main- 
tained during the Exposition. Recognizing this fact the Executive 
Council appropriated in the month of March six thousand five hund- 
red dollars to be paid to the Band through the Executive Committee 
of the Commission as follows: 

For the month of May $ 2,250 00 

June 2,000 00 

July __ 2,25000—$ 6,50000 

Later in the summer the Council voted the sum of two thousand dol- 
lars for each of the months of August, September and October... $ 6,000 00 
Inasmuch as the money was received monthly from the^Council to be 
disbursed to the Band, as needed, through the Chairman of the 
Executive Committee, none of it was deposited with the Treasurer 
of the Commission and this fund v/ill not appear in his account. 
The Commission was able to further add to its resources by a conces- 
sion granted to C. S. Young & Co. for an exhibit of seeds and grain 
collected throughout the State, under a contract requiring Messrs. 
Young & Co, to supply the center piece of the Collective Exhibit 
in the State Building, it being a model of the State Capitol, where 
the best of the grain and seeds could be exhibited. The conces- 
sion mentioned allowed Messrs. Young & Co. to appropriate to 
their use the surplus grain and seeds collected, for which the 
Commission was to receive without charge, mounted in the place 
assigned in the center of the pavilion, the model Capitol con- 
structed of metal and glass with exhibits of grain and seeds in 
place, which cost the contractors $6, 000, besides a cash bonus paid 
into the Treasury of the Commission Dec. 10, 1892, of S 5,000 00 



$147,500 00 



lldll Ul lllC C^lllliaLCU 1 Cmil I CI11C1113, M.KJI OH\,^l4 dll CVlllWlL dO Lilt 

Commission wished to make, amounted to the sum of $148,045 30 

The Commission at its meeting June 22, 1892, adopted as a basis for the expenditure of 
the appropriation of 8125,000 made by the 24th General Assembly, certain estimates which 



REPORT OF AUDITING COMMITTEE 379 

set apart for tlie preparation of exhibits and their installation $45,000; for the general cost of 
a State Building, furnishing, and the administration and maintenance during the six months 
of the Exposition $80,000. 

No estimate for music was made at that time, as the funds were not then in sight to 
warrant any expenditure in that direction. 

These estimates were subdivided to the use of Departmental and various branches of the 
work ds follows: 

Pavilion, alteration and restoration $ 5>5oo 

New building, structure complete 27,000 

Decorations 3 oco 

Furniture, chairs, desks, awnings and carpets 5,000 

Attendants, helpers during six months of Fair 15,500 

Administration, Commissioners per diem and R'y _ 12,500 

Expressage, postage and stationery 4,000 

Contingent » 7- 500 

, S 80,000 

Collective Exhibit $ 8,000 

Literary Bureau 8,000 

Live Stock 5.000 

Agriculture and Dairy 8,000 

Horticulture - 2,000 

Mineral and Geology 2 000 

Press P 1,500 

Woman's Work 1.500 

M'f'rs. and Machinery 2,000 

Education and Liberal Arts 5,000 

Forestry and Sanitary Work 2,000 — $ 45,000 



$125,000 

These estimates were formed before any considerable expenditures had been made, and 

were designed only as an approximation of what might be necessary in the prosecution of 

the work. The actual expenses by departments, as evidenced by the following table, will 

show how nearly these estimates were borne out in the amounts actually required. 

The additional funds outside of those supplied by the direct appropriation of the Gen- 
eral Assembly, as before explained, enabled the Commission to add the musical features 
to the other attractions; under general heads the expenditures have been as follows: 

Publicity and Promotion .. $ 500000 

Construction — Iowa State Building 30,504 24 

Furniture and Fixtures 3,881 21 

Administration 16.881 86 

Salaries and Expenses of Employees. 13.844 43 

Archaeological, Historical and Statistical 3i504 15 

^ Dedication ) 

Ceremonies A Opening Day > 6,59234 

( State Days ) 

Music — Iowa State Band, 6 months 16,500 00 

Printing, Postage, Stationery and Telegrams i,g;8 88 

Electric Lights, Fuel and Insurance 1,85994 

Contingent Expenses -.- 2,195 23 

Collective Exhibit, including Decorations 11,380 46 

Live Stock 7,241 92 

Agriculture and Dairy 8,045 05 

Horticulture I1834 75 

Mineral and Geology 2,292 94 

Press 759 78 

Woman's Work — __ 1,291 4I 

M'r's and Machinery ._ 11 39 

Education and Liberal Arts 5,32264 

Forestry 14650 



$141,039 12 
The items of expenditure which follow were incurred by the officeis and members of the 
Commission under the authority of the Board, and each item is supported by a receipted bill 
which constitutes a vouchei upon which the Auditing Committee has acted. Having ex 
amined and fully verified them, we hereby return them to the Commission as being suffi- 
cient and correct, and recommend that they be trantmitted with this report to the Gover- 
nor of the State, as directed by the law creating this Commission. 
1890. 

Nov. I. N. H. Defoe, P. M., postage stamps , $ 432 

Dec. I. " " " 630 

3. Geo. H. Benedict & Co., drawing and plate 1800 

12. American Express Co i 68 

Jan. I, 1891, N. H. Defoe, P. M., postage 11 80 

27.' U.S. Express Co 250 

Feb. I. F. N. Chase, secretary, per diem Oct. 20, 1890, to 

Feb I, 189 1 $150 00 

R K fare 864—$ 15864 



I. N. H. Defoe, P. M., postage 



5 


oo 


15 


00 


6 


40- 


$ 15 


00 


^5 


00- 



380 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

Jan. 30. Snyder & Hurd, printing 5950 

Nov. I, 1890, F. N. Chase, Sec'y. stationery .,- i 25 — $ 27899 

Nov. 10, i8go, F. N. Chase, per diem, Sept., i day 

Oct., 14, 15, 16, 3 days 

R. R. fare 6 40— S 2640 

Edward Johnston, per diem, Sept., 3 days __.S 

Oct, " 

S. H. Mallory, per diem, Sept., 2 days s 1000 

Wm. F. King, expense attending Com'rs meeting.. iq 80 

J. F. Duncombe, per diem, Sept., days 3 S 15 00 

" Oct., " 3. 15 OD— S 3000 

Jas. O. Crosby, per diem, Sept., 4 days S 2000 

" Oct., 4 " 2000 

" Nov. ,1 " 5 00 

R. R. fare 35 63— S 8063 

J. W. Jarnagin, per diem, Sept. ,3 days S 15 00 

" Oct., 3 " 15 00 

R. R.fare 912 — S 3912 

H. W. Seaman, per diem, Sept., 6 days... 

Oct., 4 " 

R. R.fare 43 04— S 9304 



s 


30 


00 




20 


00 




43 


04- 


s 


15 


00 




15 


00 




22 


56- 



VVm. H. Dent, per diem, Sept., 3 davs .S 

Oct., 3 " 

R. R. fare _ 22 56— S 5256 

Chas. Ashton, per diem, Sept., 3 days S 15 oo 

" Oct., 3 " 1500 

R. K. fare 5 60— S 3560 

1891. 

Feb. 10. N. H. Defoe, P. M., postage S 15 00 

17. U. S. Express Co i 00 

Mch. 7. " " 35 

2. " " 15 

5. S. B. Humbert, P. M., postage 600 

21. 111. Cent. R. R - 170 

20. Wyckoff, Seamans and Benedict one No. 5 typewriter 

and cabinet -.. __ 13500 

25. Packard and Fabrick stationery 18 25 

27. Snyder & Hurd, stationery 12 50 

28. F. A. Hotchki-s, letter press 400 

30. W. U, Telegraph Co i 00 

Apr, I. F. N. Chase, Sec'y, per diem, Mch., S 120 00 

R. R. fare g 14 

per diem, Feb., 120 00 

R. R. fare 13 22— S 262 36— S 45731 



Henry Stivers, per diem, Sept., i day, Oct., i day, Dec, i 

day, Feb., '91, 2 days S 2500 

J. F. Duncombe, per diem, Feb., 3 days 15 00 

Wm. H. Dent, " " 4 " S 2000 

R. R. fare .-.. 11 28— S 3128 



H. W. Seaman, Com. work Jan., i day, Feb. meet- 
ing, 5 days. . .S 3000 

R. R. fare 16 50— S 4650 



Chas. Ashton, per diem, Jan., 5 days .- S 2500 

R. R. fare--- 3 60— S 2860 



J. W. Jarnagin, Com. work, Dec. 2 days, Feb. meeting, 

4 days -■ - S 3000 

R. R. fare — 9 12— S 3912 



Edward Johnston, per diem, Feb., 4 days S 2000 

Jas. O. Crosby, " '* 5 " S 2500 

R. R.fare 17 31— S 4231 



H. W. Seaman, Committeee work Feb., 6 days S 30 00 

R. R. fare 1275—? 4275 



Wm. H. Dent, Committee work, Feb., 5 days. S 25 00 

R, R. fare __ .. 36 50— S 61 50 



RRPORT OF AUDITING COMMITTEE 381 



Wm. H. Dent, per diem, Mch„ i day, Apr., 2 days. S 15 00 

R. R. fare 11 28— S 



Henrv Stivers, per diem, April, I day S 

Jas. O. Crosby, per diem, Mch., Com. w'rk, 5 days S 25 00 

" April, 4 days .. 2Q 00 

R. R. fare 22 92— ? 



J. F. Duncombe, per diem, Mch., i day, April, 2 days, S 

J. W. Jarnagin, " March, 3 days, April, 2 days..S 25 00 

R. R. fare — 4 56— S 

H. VV. Seaman, per diem, April, 5 days S 25 00 

R. R.fare 16 50— S 



S. B. Packard, per diem. Mch., 1 day, Apr., 2 days $ 15 00 

R. R. fare 3 50— S 

Chas. Ashton, per diem, Feb., 2 days, March, i day 

April 2 days $ 2500 

R. R.fare 11 32— S 



S. H. Mallory, per diem, April, 2 days S 1000 

R. R. fare i 34— S 



26 


28 


5 


00 


67 


92 


15 


00 


29 


56 


41 


50 


18 


50 


36 32 


II 


34 



Jas. Wilson, per diem. Sept , '90, 3 days, Oct., '90, 

^ days S 3000 

R. R.fare 11 80— S 41 80 



May 29. Packard & Fabrick, printing S 13 00 

21. Snyder & Hurd, letter heads 16 50 

30. B. F. White, envelopes. 2 15 

Apr. 24. Wyckoff Seamans & Benedict, carbon paper i 00 

May 28. Wise & Bryant, stationery 9 60 

June I. Am. Express Co 140 

U. S. Express Co __ 145 

May 30. W. IJ. Telegraph Co., 10 messages 3 40 

June I. H. W. Seaman, paid telegrams 285 

3. J. W. Jarnagin, paid typewriter 100 

Apr. 22. S. B. Humbert, postage 400 

May 21. " " 200 

Apr. 20. '• " 5 00 

17- " " — 5 00 

9. " " 2000 

F. N. Chase, Sec'y., per diem, April $ 130 00 

" Mav 13000 

R. R.fare '. _ 2688—$ 28688—$ 37523 



S. H. Mallory, per diem, June, 3 days g 1500 

Jas. O. Crosby, " " 5 " g 2500 

R. R. fare 17 20— g 4220 



J. W. Jarnagin, Com. work, May, 2 days $ 10 00 

per diem, June, 4 days 20 00 

R.R.fare 8 16— g 

Chas. Ashton, per diem, June, 4 daye g '20 00 

R.R.fare __ 3 60-g 

S. B. Packard, Com. work, May, 2 days... g 10 00 

per diem, June, 3 days 15 00 

R.R.fare _ 10 94 — g 

Wm. H. Dent, per diem, June, 3 days g 15 00 

R.R.fare 11 18— S 

H. VV. Seaman, Com. work. May, i day g 5 00 

per diem, June, 5 days 25 00 

R.R.fare 16 50 — g 

Henry Stivers, per diem, June, 2 days g 

Wm. H. Dent, Com. work, July, 3 days g 15 00 

R. R. fare 31 50 — g 

H. W. Seaman, Com. work, July, 3 days S 15 00 

R.R.fare. 10 28— S 2528 

Apr. The Gazette Co., advertising S i qo 

June 6. S. B. Humbert, P. M., postage 1400 



38 


16 


23 


60 


35 


94 


26 


18 


46 


50 


10 


00 


46 


50 



382 



REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 



July 10. 



Aug. 4. 
July 17. 
Aug. 6. 

24. 

24. 



F. N. Chase, Sec'y., per diem, June $13000 

R.R.fare.. 2028 

per diem, July 135 00 

R.R.fare 14 67 

per diem, Aug 12000 

R.R.fare 7 90—$ 



Aug. 26. 
Sept. 5. 
Aug. 26. 

27. 
Sept. II. 

30. 
5. 

17- 
Oct. 10. 
Oct. I. 



Sept. 8. 

9. 
Oct. I. 
Sept. 8. 
Aug. 26. 
Sept. 5. 
Oct, 3. 
Sept.23. 
Aug. 28. 
31. 
Sept. 22. 

5. 

9- 

14. 

Oct. I. 



Oct. 



S. B. Humbert, P. 



postage g 



W. H. Shaw & Co., i seal 

W. U. Telegraph Co., 5 telegrams 

U. S Express Co. 

Am. Express Co 

F. N. Chase, filing case for papers 



H. W. Seaman, Com. work, June, i day. . 

July, 3 days. 

" Aug., 2 dajs. 

R.R. fare 

Telegrams 



Jarnagin & McKee, printing $ 

A. J. Doll, cloth signs 

Chase & West, chairs and table 

Walter.^' Talbot Printing Co., book 

W. A. Winchester, signs 

S. B. Humbert, P. M., postage 

F. W. Bigelow, labor 

Snyder & Hurd, printing 

H. E. Machlan, cottage on Iowa State Fair Grounds. 

F. N. Chase, Sec'y., per diem, September 8105 00 

R. R. fare 18 31—$ 

M. J. Bronson, drayage $ 

Minn, and St Louis R'y 

L. J. Wells, drayage 

Chicago. St. Paul & K. C. R. R 

Frank Wilson, drayage .- 

U. S. Express Co.-- 



Geo. W. Richards, paid express 
Am. Express Co 



427 85 

7 00 
5 00 
3 50 
2 07 

1 38 
40 

2 50- 



$ 5 


00 




15 


00 




10 


00 




5 


08 




3 


07- 


-$ 



30 00 
3 00 

7 00 
75 

3 00 

8 GO 

15 00 
57 75 
196 60 

123 31 



50 

1 17 

2 00 
2 04 
I 54 
r 50 
I 35 

1 25 

2 35 
2 40 

75 
50 
40 
30 
50- 



S. B. Packard, per diem, Oct., 3 days $ 15 00 

R. R. fare .- 4 48- 



H. W. Seaman, Com. work, 2 days $ 10 00 

per diem, Oct., 4 days 20 00 

R. R. fare 15 .50— » 



Wm. H. Dent, per diem, Oct., 3 days. 
R. R. fare 



15 00 

II 22—? 



Chas. Ashton, ('om. work, Aug., 6 days __ $ 3000 

" Sept., 3 days 1500 

per diem, Oct., 4 days __ 20 00 

R.R.fare 1810—$ 



Theo. Guelich, per diem, Oct., 3 days. 
R. R. fare 



15 00 
6 40—$ 



J. W. Jarnagin, Com. work, June, 2 days $ 10 00 

" Aug., I day 500 

Sep., 6 days 3000 

per diem, Oct., 4 days 2000 

R. R. fare - - 17 76— f 



Jas. O. Crosby, Com. work, Sept., 3 days -_ $ 1500 

per diem, Oct., 5 days 25 0° 

R.R.fare 1884—$ 



469 60 



38 15 



J. F. Duncombe, per diem, Oct., 3 days. 



462 96 
19 48 

45 50 
26 22 

83 10 



82 76 

58 84 
15 00 



REPORT OF AUDITING COMMITTEE 383 

Henry Stivers, Com. work, July, 2 days $ 10 co 

" Aug., I day 500 

per diem, Oct., 2 days 10 00 

R. R. fare 24 00- s 4900 



Nov. 2. W. U. Telegraph Co S 89 

24 U. S. Express Co — 45 

Oct. 5. " " --- - — 25 

13. Am. " - 195 

7. " " - 1^5 

Oct. «. H. W. Seaman, paid express. 135 

Nov. 5. W. H. Shaw & Co., lubber stamps 125 

Dec. 9. S. B. Humbert, P. M., stamps - 1500 

Nov. 7. " " " 500 

20. Wyckoff, Seamans & Benedict, paper -- 300 

B. F. Chase Co., envelopes -- 85 

Dec. II. Snyder & Hard, letter heads 10 -^o 

I. F. N. Chase, Sec'v., per diem, Oct $ 135 00 

R. R. fare 1272 

per diem, Nov 12000 

R. R. fare 20 96— S 288 eS-S 33032 

Dec. 18. H. W. Seaman, Com. work, Nov., 7 days.. $ 3500 

" Dec, 2 days 1000 

per diem, Dec, 4 days 2000 

R. R. fare.- 7084 

Telegrams 82— S 13666 



Jas. O. Crosby, Com. work, Dec, 4 days. 
perdidm, " 5 " ■ 
R. R. fare 



S, H. Mallory, per diem, Dec, 3 days. 
R.R. fare 



$ 


20 CO 






2S 00 

25 84-S 


70 84 


$ 


15 00 

66- S 


15 66 


$ 


15 00 

4 48-S 


19 48 



S. B. Packard, per diem, Dec, 3 days $ 

R.R. fare. 

Chas. Ashton, Com. work, Oct., i day $ 500 

" Nov., I "... 5 00 

per diem, Dec, 4 " - ., ... 2000 

R. R. fare 3 20— S 33 20 



J. W. Jarnagin, Com. work, Nov., I day $ 500 

per diem, Dec, 5 days 25 00 

R. R. fare __ 4 56— S 34 56 

Theo. Guelich, per diem, Dec, 2 days , $ 1000 

R. R. fare.- 1000 — S 2000 

Wm. H. Dent, Com. work, Nov., 4 days $ 2000 

R. R. fare 31 30 — S 51 30 

Dec. I. W. U. Telegraph Co 

29. U. S. Express Co. 5 packages ... 

15. Guthrian Printing Co., printing , 

18. Ida M. Canfield, stenographer 

14. Jarnagin & McKee, printing minutes 

Jan. I, 1892. W. U. Telegraph Co 

S. B. Humbert, P. M., postage 

Packard & Fabrick, stationery 

9. Wise & Bryant, envelopes 

I. F. N. Chase, Sec'y., per diem, Dec. $ 130 00 

K. R. fare 10 24—$ 140 24— S 19a 98 



s 


31 




2 17 




4 25 




3 60 




21 70 




45 




13 CO 




675 




2 50 


-$ 


140 24- 


$ 


25 00 




3 60- 



Jan. 17. Chas. Ashton, Com. work, Jan., 5 days 

R. R. fare _ 3 60— S 2860 

Feb. 4. Chas. Ashton, Com. work, Jan., 6 days S 3000 

R. R. fare 640-S 3640 



Theo. Guelich, per diem, Jan , 4 days $ 2000 

R. R. fare 10 10— S 



30 10 



S. B. Packard, Com. work, Jan., 7 days $ 35 00 

R. R. fare 8 48— S 4348 

J. W. Jarnagin, Com. work, Jan., 5 days $ 25 00 

R. R. fare 4 56— S 29 56 



384 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

F. N. Chase, Sec' v., per diem, Jan., 10 days $ 50 00 

R. R. fare 1954—$ 6954 



Apr. 20. F. N. Chase, Secy, paid following bills — 

S. B. Humbert, P. M., postage $ 1000 

U. S. Express Co., i 65 

American Express Co.,.. , 45 

Express and supplies i 80, 

Watters-Talbot Printing Co., placards 75 

circulars 2 00 

J. Kubec & Co., typewriter ribbon i 75 

F. N. Chase, per diem from Jan. 12 to Feb. i, 16 days 80 00—$ 98 40 



Jas. O. Crosby, per diem, Feb. , 6 days S 30 00 

R. R. fare _ 1666—8 4666 



Theo. Guelich, per diem, Feb., 3 days $ 15 00 

R. R. fare 1010—$ 2510 



S. B. Packard, per diem, Feb., 4 days $ 2000 

R. R. fare 448—$ 2448 



J. W. Jarnagin, per diem, Feb., 5 days $ 25 00 

R. R. fare __ 456—$ 2956 



Chas. Ashton, per diem, Feb., 5 days $ 25 00 

R. R. fare 360—$ 2860 



H. W. Seaman, Com. work, Jan., i day $ 5 00 

per diem, Feb., 4 days 2000 

R. R. fare 17 50— f 4250 



Mch 31. S. B. Humbert, P. M , postage $ 7 50 

Apr. 2. Am. Express Co 260 

Mch. I. W. U Telegraph Co.. 66 

10. Cora Wagner, services 600 

18. Des Moines Rubber Stamp Co., stamp 35 

11. World's Fair Art Lithograph Co. 185 art portfolios 3700 

31. F.N.Chase, Secy, telegrams and exchange 4 72 

per diem March $13000 

R. R.fare 3382—$ 16382—$ 22265 



Apr. 20. H. W. Seaman, Com. work Feb.. 4 days $ 2000 

Com. work March, 3 days 15 00 

R. R fare 35 00 

per diem, April, 4 days 20 00 

R. R. fare 1750—$ 10750 



S. B. Packard, Com. work, Feb., 2 days $ 10 00 

" Mch., 2 days 1000 

per diem, April, 4 days 20 00 

R. R. fare 1295—$ 52 95 



Jas. O. Crosby, per diem, April, 5 days $ 2500 

R. R. fare 1312—$ 3812 



Chas. Ashton, per diem, April, 5 days $ 2500 

R. R. fare. 360-$ 2860 



S. H. Mallory, per diem, April, 3 days $ 15 00 

R. R. fare 67—$ 1567 



Feb. 29. S. B, Humbert, P. M., postage ..$ 5 00 

2. U. S. Express Co. 45 

29. Cora D. Wagner, services 600 

20. " " 600 

13. " ' 1200 

Jan. 23. " " 300 

20. Times-Republican, papers 750 

Feb. 18. Savery Hotel. W. I. Buchanan, expense... 650 

29. F. N. Chase, Sec'y., telegrams. 221 

" " per diem, Feb -.$12500 

R. R. fare 1502—$ 14002-$ 18868 

Apr. 20. J. W. Jarnagin, per diem, April, 5 days $ 2500 

R. R. fare 456—$ 2956 



Apr. I. W. U. Telegraph Co $ 0025 

30. " " 4 messages 154 

29. S. B. Humbert, P. M, stamps 1500 



REPORT OF AUDITING COMMITTEE 385 

30. U. S. Express Co., 7 packages 3 95 

30. Am. " 2 " 4 95 

20. Adams " — — 35 

50 

" '■ 60 

8. H. W. Seaman, paid telegrams 65 

9. Redhead, Norton, L. & Co., record book 500 

May 12. T. W. Mears, services - 44 00 

13. World's Columbian Exposition folders and portfolios 47 50 

Apr. 30. F. N. Chase, Sec'y, per diem, April $ 130 00 

R. R. fare 25 90— S 15590 

Mch. 31. World's Fair Art Lithograph Co., art portfolios 1000—$ 29019 

May 5. H. W. Seaman, Ex. Com. work, Chicago, April, 5 days $ 25 00 

R. R. fare 12 56— S 37 56 



H. W. Seaman, Com. work, April, 4 days. — S 2000 

R. R. fare 480 

per diem. May, 3 days 15 00 

R. R, fare 1250—$ 5230 



S. B. Packard, Com. work, April, 3 days $ 15 00 

per diem, May, 3 days 1500 

R. R. fare 4326—$ 7326 



Jas. O. Crosby, per diem, May, 6 days $ 3000 

R. R. fare 1168—$ 4168 



Theo. Guelich, per diem, May, 4 days $ 20 00 

R. R. fare. __ 12 20— S 3220 



Chas. Ashton, Com. work, April, 2 days $ 10 00 

per diem. May, 5 days 25 00 

R. R. fare 23 50—$ 58 50 



J. W. Jarnagin, Com. work, April, 4 days $ 20 00 

per diem, May, 6 days 30 00 

R. R. fare 18 00— S 6800 



S. H. Mallory, Com. work, April, 4 days $ 20 00 

per diem, May, 3 days. 1500 

R. R. fare 900—$ 4400 



J. F. Duncombe, per diem, Jan., 6 days $ 30 00 

Com. work, April, i day 5 00 

per diem, April, 3 days -. 15 00— g 5000 



June 10. Jas. O. Crosby, per diem, June, 5 days — $ 2500 

R.R.fare 1318—$ 3818 



S. B. Packard, Com. work, May, 3 days $ 15 00 

" June, 2 days 1000 

per diem, June, 3 days 15 00 

R.R.fare _ 30 76— S 7076 



Theo. Guelich, per diem, June, 4 days >.. $ 20 00 

R.R.fare 10 10— S 3010 



Wm. H. Dent, per diem, Feb.. 3 days g 1500 

" June, 4 days 2000 

R.R.fare 11 28— S 4628 



H. W. Seaman. Com. work. May, 3 days $ 15 00 

" June, I day 500 

R.R.fare 4 95— S 2495 



H. W, Seaman, per diem, June, 5 days S 25 00 

R.R.fare 17 50 — S 42 50 



J. W. Jarnagin, Com. work, May, 5 days $ 25 00 

per diem, June, 4 days 20 00 

R.R.fare 4 36— S 4936 



Chas. Ashton, per diem, June, 4 days S 20 00 

R. R. fare — 3 60— S 23 60 



Henry Stivers, per diem, Dec, 2 days s 1000 

" April, 3 " 15 00 

" June, 2 " _ 1000 — s 3500 



386 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

Apr. 4. Lancaster & Corey, 51 plates and prints 5980 

May 31. S.B.Humbert, P. M., postage __ $ 

June 6. U. S. Express Co., 4 packages 

2. Am. " 5 " 

I. W. U. Telegraph Co.. 5 messages 

May 28. Florence Albright, stenographer 

19. E. L. Andrews, oflBce supplies 

II. 111. Central R. R _ 

26. }. Kubec & Co., pajier 

17. Thayer & Jackson Stationery Co., one neostyle and paper. 

24. B. F. White & Son, stationery 

June I. Iowa State Register, printing notices to contractors 

I. Chicago Herald, " " " 

May 7. S. D. Childs & Co., letter files 

" " stationery and books 

June I. Snyder & Hurd, letter heads .. 

May 31. F. N. Chase, Sec'y., exchange on drafts 

" " per diem. May $ 130 00 

R. R. fare 26 49- 

May 13. C. M. Aitken, hauling trees S 250 

June 4. Jarnagin & McKee, printing minutes and circulars 7035 

4. J. W. Jarnagin. paid postage .. 875 

" for addressing circulars 3 00— S 84 60 



$ 15 


00 


2 


',') 


2 


80 


2 


64 


36 


00 


2 


80 




85 


I 


30 


21 


44 


3 05 


12 


42 


7 


50 


2 


.50 


24 


50 


20 


50 




40 


S 156 


49. 



June 24. J. Manz & Co., 2 zinc plates and drawing building with 150 

electros S 4000 

23. Jas. O. Crosby, per diem. June, 5 days $ 2500 

R. R. fare 9 74— S 34 74 



J. W. Jarnagin, per diem, June, 6 days S 30 00 

R. R. fare 800—8 3800 



H. W. Seam9n, per diem, June, 4 days S 2000 

Com. work, June, 4 days 20 00 

R. R. fare 2400—$ 6400 



Wm. H. Dent, per diem, June, 3 days $ 1500 

R. R. fare 1265—$ 2765 



June 23. Chas. Ashton, Com. work, June, 3 days $ 15 00 

per diem, June, 3 days 15 00 

R. R. fare 10 60— S 40 60 



Theo. Guelich, per diem, June, 2 days S 10 00 

R. R. fare 1240—$ 2240 



S. B. Packard, Com. work, June, 2 days § 10 00 

per diem, June. 2 days 1000 

R. R. fare 12 70— S 3270 



June 20. S. B. Humbert, P. M, postage S 2000 

21. Thos. W. Mears, services 2000 

July 2. Chicago Tribune, printing proposals 2610 

June 20. Florence Albright, stenographer 24 00 — $ 90 10 

June 24. C, R. I. & P. R. R., freight on trees % 2800 

17. Wash Butt, hauling trees $ 

20. E. M. Anderson, wrapping trees 

25. W. C. McKee, selecting trees. 

Elizabeth Rives, i tree 

17. Jas. W. Lynn, wrapping trees 

20. D. Kiser, I tree , 

L.A.Johnson, three trees... 

J. W. Jarnagin, procuring trees 

" twine and rope i 30— S 81 80 



S 45 


00 


4 50 


9 


00 


3 


00 


4 


50 


5 


00 


3 


00 


6 


50 


I 


30- 



June 23. Josselyn & Taylor, architect services s 61 25 

July 23. fas. O. Crosby, Com. work, 6 days S 3000 

R. R. fare ._ 7 08— S 3708 



Mrs. E, G. Rhodes, expenses June meeting Woman's Board S 8 60 

Mrs. E. K. Cook, " " " 6 00 

Miss Mary B Hancock, " " " 5 30 

Mrs. N. C Deering, " .4 .< g oq 

Mrs. F. J. McAchran, " " " 12 00 

Mrs. W. S. Clark, " " " 10 14 

Miss Jennie E. Rogers, " " " 2290 

Miss Ora E. Miller, " " " S 25 

July 8. josselyn & Taylor Co., to apply on contract 60900 

Aug. 5. John G. Coder, to apply on contract _ 1,97015 



REPORT OF AUDITING COMMITTEE 387 

Jacobs, Coles & Co., stationery 

J. F. Duncombe, expenses incurred in securing collections 

for Mines Department ..- 

S. B. Humbert, P, M., postage --. .. S 

U. S. Express Co , 5 packages 

Am. " - -. 

Wise & Bryant, stationery 

Snyder & Hurd, stationery - 

Packard & Fabrick. stationery 

Albert Allen, services 

Florence Albright, services — 

H. Dahl, chairs and table 

F. N. Chase, Sec'y., supplies and telegrams 

" " per diem. Aug S 135 00 

.R. R. fare. 10 12— S 145 12— 5 344 9+ 

June 30. U. S. Express Co., June bills 

30. Am. " " 

July I. W. U. Telegraph Co., 4 messages 

June 9. H. W. Seaman, paid telegrams and express 

15. Frank Kilborn, photographs Fair building 

30. Packard & Fabrick, stationery 

II. Florence Albright, expense attending meeting of Corn's ... 

30, F. N. Chase, Sec'y , telegrams and exchange 

" " per diem, June... $ 130 00 

R R. fare 17 17— S 147 17— S 18230 



Aug, 
Aug. 


23. 
31. 


Aug. 


24. 
22. 

23. 




22. 

23 
31. 




18. 
31. 





34 50 




146 52 


21 00 




I 75 




35 




2 00 




50 00 




19 75 




52 00 




40 00 




10 75 




2 22 





$ 2 


60 


3 


20 


I 


33 


I 


25 


I 


75 


10 


75 


13 


15 


I 


10 


S 147 


17- 



Aug. 30. H. E. Machlin, material and painting cottage on State Fair 

grounds. S 1365 

Aug. 31. Mrs. S. B. Maxwell, stationery 14 25 

salary, June 15 to Aug. 31 125 00 — S 139 25 

Aug. 29. The Guthrian Printing Co., printing.. 38 75 

July 21. J. F. Widman, printing S 



Aug. 18. 



Jas. O. Crosby, telegrams. 



Mch.i2. Marshall Printing Co., circulars $ 

June W. U. Telegraph Co. __ __ 

July 6. Marshall Printing Co 

S. B. Packard, express.. 55 — S 7 76 

Aug 31. 'bes Moines Leader, adv. for bids. S 963 

July I, Chicago Herald, adv. for bids 

T. W. Mears, services .__ 

30. U. S. Express Co., July, packages 

Am. " " 

Florence Albright, stenographer 

June 24. S. D. Childs & Co., stationery 

Aug. I. S. B. Humbert, P. M., stamps.. 

July 30. F. N. Chase, Sec'y., per diem, July S 130 00 

R. R. fare 1532—8 145 32— S 27357 

Sept. 2. Chas. Ashton, Com. work, July, 7 days 

" Aug, 2 days. 

per diem, Sept., 4 days 

R. R. fare _. 2 00— S 6700 



s 


18 00 




25 00 

I 50 — s 


$ I 75 
296 
2 50 

55-S 




s 


,S 


37 50 
16 00 




3 15 
I 10 




32 00 
15 50 
23 00 


■8 


145 32—8 


8 


35 00 
10 00 




20 00 




2 00— 8 



Jas. O. Crosby, per diem, Sept., 6 days $ 30 00 

R. R. fare — 1140—$ 



Theo. Guelich, per diem, Sept.. 4 days S 2000 

R. R.fare 10 10 — S 



J. W. Jarnagin, Com. work, July, 8 days 3 40 00 

" Aug., 8 days 4000 

per diem, Sept., 4 days 20 00 

R. R. fare 3822—8 13822 



J. F. Duncombe, per diem, Sept , 3 days S 1500 

'Henry Stivers, " " 3 days... 15 00 

Sept. 2. Mrs. L. O. Ferson, expense, meeting of Woman's Board 17 40 

Miss J. E. Rogers, " " " 1685 

Mrs. Cook, " " " 7 50 

Miss O. E. Miller, " " " .... 1685 

Miss Mary B. Hancock " " " 24 55 

Mrs. E. G. Rhodes " " " 1222 

Mrs. McAchran, " " " 9 00 

Mrs. N. C. Deering, " " " 14 90 

Mrs. J. F. Duncombe, " " " 8 00 



388 



REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 



Sept. 



Aug. 


=$1. 


Sept. 


S- 


Sept. 


i6. 


Oot. 


S. 


Sept. 


2=i. 


Oct. 


26. 


Oct. 


I. 


Sept. 


12. 


Sept, 


, 2. 




17- 


Oct. 


17- 


Sept. 


I. 


Oct. 


I. 


Sept, 


, 8. 


Oct. 


17. 


Sept, 


. 2. 


Oct. 


I. 


Sept, 


,17. 


Oct. 


I. 



Oct. 22 



Miss Mary B. Hancock, additional expense. 
Mrs. N. C. Deering, " " 

Mrs. L. O. Person, " " 

H. W. Seaman, Com. work, June, 3 days 

" July, 9 days... 

" Aug., II days.. 

" Sept., 2 days . 

per diem, Sept., 4 days .. 

R. R. fare 



S. B. 



Josselyn & Taylor, to apply on contract 

J. G. Coder, to apply on contract 

Harden Hand Grenade Co., grenades 

John G. Coder, to apply on contract. 

World's Columbian Exposition, to apply on electric lighting 

Thos. W. Mears, expense and per diem for September 

Milward & Clark, to apply on contract S 

R. R. fare __ 



J. W. Jarnagin, per diem, Oct., 8 days _. S 

R. R fare 



15 00 
45 00 
55 00 
10 00 
20 00 
61 60- 



Packard, Com. work, July, 4 days .§ 20 00 

" Aug., I day. 500 

per diem, Sept., 5 days 25 00 

R. R. fare 2630- 



150 00 
21 75- 



lowa Tribune Publishing Co., printing S 

John Price, grass and grain. $ i 25 

F. H. Wilson, expense attending fairs 10 35 

Albert Allen, " " " 770 

U. S. Express Co 10 15 

Am. Express Co i 60 

W. U. Telegraph Co., 4 messages i 27 

4 " - I 92 

Chicago, Great Western R. R 65 

H. W. Seaman, express and telegrams ... i 95 

S. B. Humbert, P. M., postage loi 00 

F. H. Wilson, services 800 

Florence Albright, stenographer 32 00 

Albert Allen, services 32 00 

F. N. Chase, Sec'y., per diem. Sept S 130 00 

R. R. fare 4526—$ 17526 

F. N. Chase, Sec'y., frt. exchange and expense. .r 15 30—8 

H. W. Seaman, Com. work, Sept., 12 days S 60 00 

" Oct., 7 days 35 00 

per diem, Oct., 6 days 3000 

R. R. fare __ 76 17— S 



75 
5 25 
4 40 



76 30 

118 50 

2,738 35 

39 00 

4.905 75 

560 00 

144 15 

171 75 

19 70 



Tlieo. Guelich, Com. work, Sept., i day % 5 00 

per diem, Oct., 6 days 30 00 

R. R. fare __ 2590- 



40 00 
18 20- 



S. B, Packard, Com. work, Oct.. 5 days S 25 00 

per diem, Oct., 7 days =55 00 

R. R. fare 50 35— <t 



201 17 

60 90 
58 20 

no 35 



Chas. Ashton, Com. work, Sept., I day $ 500 

" Oct., 4 days 2000 

per diem, Oct., 8 days 40 00 

R. R. fare 16 00— S 



Wm. H. Dent, per diem, Oct., 8 davs. 
R. R. fare 



40 00 
30 50- 



70 50 



Jas. O. Crosby, Com, work, Sept., 10 days S 50 00 

" Oct., 5 days 25 oo 

per diem, Oct , 7 days 35 00 

R. R. fare 28 42— S 



Oct. 22. E. P. Seeds, expense, account dedicating Iowa Building ... $ 

Oct. 22. J. W. Jarnagin, Com. work, Sept., II days __ S 55 00 

Oct., 9 days — 45 00 

R. R. fara 23 76—$ 



Oct. 22. Milward & Clark, paid for labor. 

Aug. 27. Jarnagin & McKee, printing 

Sept. 24. North Iowa Times, printing 

23. Am. Express Co 

Jas. O. Crosby, telephone 



20 00 
80 

30— S 



138 42 
24 35 

123 76 

14 00 
48 30 



REPORT OF AUDITING COMMITTEE 389 

Oct, 12. Iowa Printing; Co., printing $ 5500 

" " " " 13650 — S 191 50 

Sept. 30. Miss Mary B. Hancock, stationery 

Oct. 17. Siegel, Cooper & Co., cloth 

Oct. 31. J. F. Duncombe, per diem, Oct., 6 days 

Nov. z. John G. Coder, to apply on contract 

Nov 2. Milward & Clark, to apply on contract 

Oct. 10. B. F. Chase Co., bunting flags 

18. J.S.Ford Johnson Co., chairs 

22. Virginia Hotel, carriages to depot acc't. dedicating services 

19. G. F. Foster, Son & Co., badges 

Oct. 31. Thos. W. Meers, expense and per diem for October 

Nov. I. S. B. Humbert, P. M., postage S 

Oct. I. U. S. Express Co., 18 packages _ 

Nov. T. Am. " 12 " -. 

Oct. 18. Jesse Hamilton, services 

2g. Florence Albright, stenographer 

22. H. W. Seaman, telegram 

20. John J. Kelley, drayage 

Nov. I. F. N. Chase, Secy., telegrams 

I. " " per diem, Oct., S 13500 

R. R. fare 65 04— S 200 04— s 

Nov. 2. W. U Telegraph Co., Oct., messages $ 8 22 

Dec. 9. Chas. Frendenberg, envelopes 175 

Nov. II. F. C May. labor 300 

Dec. 2. Peterson Bros., wheat g 2190 

Nov. 29. L. G. Clute, per diem and expense gathering grain 47 55 — $ 69 45 

23. L. G. Clute, per diem and expense gathering graing 42 43 

paid for lumber 11 50 — S 53 93 





s 


11 59 

3766 

30 00 

5,910 75 

150 00 
52 30 

175 50 

28 QO 
50 CO 
83 67 


S 9 


00 




9 


30 




4 


30 




I 


00 




32 


00 
40 




2 

II 


It 




-S 200 


04-S 


270 12 



17 


80 


32 


00 


39 


25 


23 


70 




35 


1 


80 




65 


25 


00 


24 


00 


14 


go 


31 


83 


2 


30 


75 


62 


3 


75 


4 


35- 



28. B. F. White & Son, stationery S 

Florence Albright, stenographer - 

30. Geo H. Boehmler, services 

Nov. I. Packard & Fabrick, stationery - 

29. 111. Cent. R. R 

2. Am. Express Co.. 

24. B., C. R. &N. R. R 

30. J. W. Camper, rent of storage room. 

S. B. Humnert, P. M., postage 

29. Wilson & Chase, cloth and making sacks 

Boehmler & Sheerer, soil tubes 

30. F. N. Chase, Sec'y., telegrams, oil. 

" " per diem. Nov .$13000 

R. R. fare 45 62 — S 

U. S. Express Co .$ 

Dec. I. Am. Express Co., Nov., packages 4 35— S 43065 

Dec. 2. John G. Coder, to apply on contract S 1,50000 

I. Milward & Clark, to apply on contract 15000 

14. S. B. Packard, Com. work, Nov., 9 days $ 45 00 

" Dec, 6 days 30 00 

R. R. fare 106 17—$ 181 17 

Dec. I. John G. Coder, to apply on contract, pavilion $ 971 25 

Nov. 30. Thos. W. Mears, per diem and expense for November 161 11 

Dec. 20. Josselyn & Taylor Co., to apply on contract 

Dec. 31. H. L. Chase, stove and pipe $ 

A. Mathesen, services 

J. W. Camper, rent of room 

22. A. J. Stevens, expenses 

24. Andrew Preston, labor __ ._ 

20. F. N. Chase, oil and twine 

Jan. 3, 1893. S. B. Humbert, P. M., stamps 

Dec. I, 1892. B., C. R. & N. R. R 

16. Chicago, Great Western R. R. 

ig. B., C. R. & N. R. R ... 

30. " " 

31. Am. Express Co., Dec, packages 

Jan. 3. 1893. U S. " " " 

Dec. 20, 1892. W. U. Telegraph Co . 



I. 2 messages 

Jan, 21, 1893. " " Dec, messages 

Dec. 24, 1892, Florence .A.lbright, stenographer... 

9. Denison M'f'g Co., shipping tags... 



$ 


14 75 




30 00 




8 35 




6 30 




2 00 




55 




26 00 




50 




I 20 




85 




2 05 




2 00 




3 60 




40 




50 




I 23 




6 96 




32 00 




12 05 




4 00 



12. 111. Cent. R. R., frt on car exhibits from Manchester, la 56 30 



390 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 



Nov. II. S. D. Childs & Co,, envelopes 

Dec. 31. t'. N. Chase, Sec'y.. per diem, Dec __ S 135 00 

R. R. fare 6263—5 

Dec. 30. John G. Coder, to apply on contract 

Feb. 23, 1893. Iowa State Band... __ 

Jan. 12, 1893. Mrs. S. B. Maxwell, salary, Sept., Oct., Nov., Dec. and 

Jan 

postage and express 

Dec. 30, 1892. Thos. W. Mears, salary, Dec __. 

copy book and postage 



3 50 




$ 197 63 -s 


412 72 


$ 


5,000 00 
200 00 


S 250 00 
31 95— S 


281 95 


60 00 
3 95-5 


63 95 



Nov. 2, 1892. S. H. Mailory, paid transportation of guests, band and 
Governor's escort from Chicago toFair Grounds at 
dedication of Iowa Building S 6472 

1893. 

Jan. 13. Jas. O, Crosby, Com. work, Dec, 4 days S 2000 

per diem, Jan., 4 days 20 00 

R- R fare 15 55— ? 55 55 

Henry Stivers, Com. work, Oct., i day 

per diem, Oct., i day 

" Jan.', 2 days 



Wm. H. Dent, per diem, 4 days. 
R. R. fare 



H. W. Seaman, Com. work, Oct., i day 

" Nov., 12 days 

" Dec, 13 days. 

Jan., 4 days. 

per diem, Jan., 6 days 

R. R. fare 



S. H. Mailory, Com. work, July, 11 days. 

Aug., 7 " . 

Sept., 7 " - 

Oct., 6 " . 

" Nov., 9 " . 

Dec, 6 " . 

per diem,^ Sept., 5 " . 

" Oct., 7 " - 

R. R. fare.- 



.$ 


5 00 
5 00 






10 00 — $ 


20 00 


$ 


20 00 






II 52—$ 


31 52 


.$ 


5 00 
60 00 
65 00 
20 00 

30 00 






96 65-S 


276 65 


$ 


55 00 
35 00 
35 00 
30 00 
45 00 
30 00 
25 00 
35 00 






10 00— S 


300 00 


■ S 


10 00 
15 00 






2 66— S 


27 66 


■$ 


20 00 






10 10— $ 


30 10 


■$ 


20 00 






3 60—$ 


23 60 


.$ 


65 00 
95 00 
35 00 
10 00 






3 00—$ 


208 00 



S. B. Packard, Com. work, Jan., 2 days $ 

per diem, Jan., 3 days. 

R. R. fare 

Theo. Guelich, per diem, Jan., 4 days $ 

R. K. fare 

Chas. Ashton, per diem, Jan., 4 days. 

R. R. fare 

Jan. 13, Chas. Ashton, Com. work, Nov., 13 days g 

Dec, 19 " .. 

Jan., 7 " - 

R. R. fare __ 

Postage stamps , 

Jan. 9. Mrs. E. G. Rhodes, Sec'y. of Board of Lady Managers, sta- 
tionery and printing $ 2735 

Jan. 25. John G. Coder, to apply on contract 1,22500 

Jan. 25. N. W. Mclvor, Acting Adj't. Gen'l, part of expense ac- 
count dedication of Iowa Building 50000 

Jan. 27. John G. Coder, to apply on contract statement as follows... 1,45625 

To original contract S 23,700 00 

Contract for changes in the pavilion 1,850 00 

Extra... 31750 

Fixing pavilion for decorators 250 00 

Five urinals 8780 

Platform for dedication 1500 

$526,220 30 
Cr. . 

By Cash. $24,221 25 

Painting 45000 

Less on platform 5 00 

Less on water closet _ 87 80 — $24,764 05 



Balance due ' $1,45625 



REPORT OF AUDITING COMMITTEE 39I 



Jan. 31. Committee on Live Stock expense incurred, paid on order 
of Commission Jan. 12th 

D. P. Stubbs — — S 

C. VV. Norton 

W. A. McHenry -— 

J. J. Richardson 

W. B. Barney _ 

W. W. McClung 

C. S. Barclay 

Daniel Sheehan 

C. L. Gabrilson 

Jan. 30. Premiums awarded on Winter exhibits as follows : 

B. B. Clark _ __ 

E. H. Smith 

Jas. Hethershaw 

L. Hudler 

F. S. White 



Feb. 


II. 


Jan. 
Feb. 
; an. 
^ an. 


31. 
3- 
13. 
14- 


Nov. 
Oct. 
Oct. 





The Yale and Towne M'fg Co., hardware for Iowa Bid'g 

Thos. W. Mears, per diem and expense for January 

Premiums awarded on Corn Exhibit to L. Hudler. 

H. W. Seaman, telegrams and express % 4 90 

[892, la. Union Telephone Co $ 0050 

W. U. Telegraph Co 84 



S II 05 




12 50 




10 40 




17 95 




q 18 




13 90 




II 95 




13 50 




13 75— S 


114 18 


$ 5 00 




40 00 




20 00 




15 00 




25 00— S 


105 00 


$ 


448 46 


s 


115 21 




15 00 



S 3 60 

Vouchers attached to S B. Packard's bill. 

Jan. 12,1893. I. M. Canfield, typewriting 

15. Florence Albright, expense attending meeting Jan., 11-15.. 

I. Bryant-Neely Lumber Co., coal 

Snyder & Hurd, stationery. 

Wyckott,S.& Benedict, ribbon and paper for typewriter 

Veatch & Bull, prints of plans. 

John G. Coder, paid freight 

B., C. R. &. N R. R 



Dec. 


30, 


1802. 


Ian. 


2=i, 


1893. 


Dec. 


28, 
21. 


1892. 


Jan. 


26, 

19- 


1893. 



13. (Chicago & Great Western R. R 

II. B., C. R. & N. R. R... 

13. " " freight and drayage. 

Feb. 3. Florence Albright, stenographer 

4. S. B. Humbert, P. M., stamps 

U. S. Express (Jo 

Am. Express Co. 

G. H. Boehraler, services. 

I. J. W. Camper, rent of room 

Andrew Mathesen, services 

I. F. N. Chase, Sec'y., per diem, Jan $ 130 00 

R. R. fare 69 33- 



S 3 


60 


I 


SO 


15 


65 


8 


25 


II 


50 


r 5 


b5 


I 


2^ 


2 


35 




eo 




35 


9 95 




70 


2 


65 


7 


no 


25 




70 


40 


00 


48 


00 


2 


50 


2 


10 


17 
8 


50 
35 


15 


00 


-S 1 99 


33 


S 8 


23 


7 


7i- 



J. W. U. Telegraph Co., Jan., messages. 

3. F, N. Chase, Sec'y., telegrams and drayage 773 — S 41859 

Feb. 20. Keokuk & Western R. R., frt. on car from Centerville s 60 20 

EDUCATIONAL EXHIBIT AT CEDAR RAPIDS, IOWA. 

Nov. 29, 1892. O. J. Laylander, services S 

Sfept.io. Rand, McNally & Co.. 6 maps 

Oct. 5. J. B. Knoepfler, expense incurred. 

Dec. 24. Saturday Chat, printing __ 

22. Stein Bros., drayage 

Victor Stritesky, labor 

29. T. J. Lowell, hardware 

T. S. Metcalf, printing 



30. Republican Printing Co., stationery 

29. Cedar Rapids Electric L. and P. Co. for lights. 

31. T. S. Metcalf, printing.. 

Chicago & Northwestern R. R 

Am. Express Co 



30. 
31. 
Jan. 2, '93. Adams 



3 


75 


5 


50 


21 


45 


I 


50 




50 


7 


20 


5 


76 


5 


50 


2 


00 


17 


75 


b 


46 


I 


GO 




33 




85 




85 




8^ 


I 


50 




45 



3 92 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 
Jan. 2, '93, Adams Express Co 



Dec. 3i,'92.U. S. '' 26 packages. 



Jan. 5, '93. " " . 

Oct. 10, '92. Mrs. A. B Billington, services 

Nov. II, '92. '■ " 

Dec. 23. J. O. Jefferies, services 

29. A. Charles, Agt., insurance 

23. J. A. Bishop, expenses 

29. J.J. McConnell, expenses 

29. Geo. W, Carver, labor 

31. Theo. D. Merrill, labor. 

Victor Stritesky, labor 

C. A. McLuen, labor 

R. J.Allison, labor 

Liilie Aiken, labor 

Feb. 16, '93. C.C.Dudley, Supt., premium 

J. E. Williamson, premium 

S. W. Heath, premium 

Clara E. Burston, teacher, premium 

O. P. Bostwick, premium 

L. E. A. Ling, premium 

O.J. Laylau'ler, premium 

S. H. Sheakley, premium 

17. Fay Bros. & Co., material - 

18. G. W. Bryan, premium 

21. E. A. Higley ac Co., rent of room 

16. Wm. Wilcox, Supt., premium 

J. B. Young, premium 

J. W. Jarnagin, telegrams and sundry expenses in connec- 
tion with Educational Exhibit at Cedar Rapids, Dec.,'92 49 62 — $ 765 49 

Mch. 30. Jas. O. Crosby, per diem, March, 6 days $ 

R. R. fare 1168—$ 4168 

S. B. Packard, Com. work, Feb., 3 days. 

per diem, March, 5 days 

R. R. fare 4380—$ 8380 

S. B. Packard, Com work, Dec, 2 days. $ 10 00 

" Jan., 4 " 2000 

" Feb., 7 " 35 00 

R. R. fare ■. 8793—$ 15293 





25 


I 


00 


I 


50 


27 


60 


I 


75 




50 


45 


00 


20 


00 


10 


00 


9 40 


JO 


50 


8 


50 


9 


50 


4 


50 


7 


80 


27 


00 


4 


15 


18 


50 


20 


00 


10 


00 


25 


00 


15 


00 


45 


00 


5 


00 


70 


00 


25 


00 


2^ 


22 


10 


00 


122 


CO 


40 


00 


15 


00 


49 


62—$ 


30 


00 


II 


68—$ 


! 15 


00 


25 


00 


43 


80-$ 



Wm. H. Dent, per diem, March, 8 days $ 4000 

R. R. fare _ 3200—$ 7200 



Chas. Ashton, Com. work, Jan., 12 days $ 6000 

" Feb., 17 days 8500 

per diem, Maich, 5 days 25 00 

R. R. fare 40 ii — $ 210 14 



A. C. Roberts, per diem, March, 6 davs S 30 00 

R. R. fare 1580--S 4580 



J. W. Jarnagin, Com. work, Nov., 14 days. $ 7000 

" Dec, 26 " 13000 

" Jan., 26 " . 130 00 

" Feb., 22 " no 00 

R. R. fare 60 60 • $ 50060 



H. W. Seaman, Com. work, Jan., 9 days 8 4500 

Feb., 16 " 8000 

per diem, Mach, 5 days 2500 

R. R. fare 63 75— S 21375 



Feb. 20. 111. Cent. R. R $ 00 15 

18. Chicago & Great Western R. R 65 

20. Wilson & Chase, muslin and making sacks 782 

21. A.J. Bonfield. drayage 2 25 

M. Israel, box 50 

F. Matthia", ccrew driver 35 

Boehmler & Sheerer, nails 20 

25. S. D. Childs & Co., stationerv — 265 

Florence Albright, stenographer 3200 

28. S. B. Humbert, P. M , postage b^ 00 

A. Mathesen, labor 1500 

22. B. F. White & Son, stationery 906 

27. G. H. Boehmler, services 22 50 



REPORT (3F AUDITING COMMITTEE 393 

21. J. H. Cox, services 500 

Belt Line Transfer Co., services 4 00 

17. Chicago & Great Western R. R., freight on car from Des 

Moines to Chicago , 48 00 

28. F. N. Chase, Sec'y., telegrams, Feb. 3 96 

•' " per diem, Feb $12000 

R. R. fare 46 37— S i65 37— S 38546 

Feb. 27. Jarnagin & McKee, printing and stamps — $ 4326. 

Mch, I. Mrs. S. B. Maxwell, postage and express 19 25 

salary, Feb. and Mch 100 00— S 119 25, 

Apr. 27. Iowa State Band - $ 2000a 

Jan. II. Josselyn & Taylor Co., preparing drawings for Agricultural 

pavilion - $ 47 75 

Oct. I, i8q2. Wilson & Chase, muslin and making sacks 696 

Sept. 30. J. S. Fairgrave, labor and material 8 go 

PAID PREMIUMS SPECIAL CLASS 312: 

J. B. Rutherford 5 oo 

D. B. Nims 35 oo 

L. Hudler .- 2000 

Jas. Hethershaw 40 00 

E. H. Smith... 55 00 

L. G. Clute — 125 00 

Oct. 12. L. G. Clute, per diem, Sept., 5 days $ 1000 

Expense and paid for grain... 108 99 — $ 118 99 

Jan. 1,1893. D- B. Nims, collecting grasses $ i? 35 

Nims Bros., " 30 35 

" " 625 

" premium on Exhibit Corn, class 311 1000 

" " " " 312 50 00 

Dec.13, 1892. 111. Cent. R. R 14 30 

Feb. 1,1893. Whitall, Tatum & Co., glass labels 140 

9. " " glass show bottles 28638 

Jan. 14. J. W. Wadsworth, expense as judge 600 

J. H, Cox, labor 15 00 

13. W. H. McCannon, labor 2 00 

16. E.H.Smith, labor 800 

Jas. Pemble, labor 2 00 

17. L, G. Clute, per diem, Jan., 5 days § 1000 

Expense gathering exhibits 11 82—$ 21 82 

Feb. I. L. Porter, labor S 400 — S 937 45 

I. S. McNair, express and stationery $ 4 35 

May 10, 1892. Peter Larson, table, desk and chairs 4S 45 

II. Jacobs, Coles & Co , letter press and stand 1000 

7. Lakeside Sign Works, lettering i 75 

Aug. I. L.Lodge, stenographer 168 

Oct. I. " " 90 

S. H. Mallory paid Chicago ofl&ce rent, May 10, "92, to Jan. 

I. '93---- 243 79—$ 310 92 

1893. 

Pay roll Dec. 27, to June 7, 1893. - $ i45 65 

Jan. 17. Machinist's Supply Co., belt 50 

II. Standard Oil Co., oil 52 

19. Albert Allen, paid for ink and pens 38 

16. C.H.Rice, oil i 00 

10. " pails and pokers i 6o 

" pails __ 95 

John J. Magee, -oil, etc , i 25 

The Fair, hasp and lock 75 

Jones Stationery and Printing Co., stationery 50 

11. F. C. Wilson & Co., zinc filler 45 

Rob't. Prayer, iron 60 

O. F. Schmidt, oil 35 

Abbott & Co., ink 50—$ 155 00 

Pay roll, Jan. 9 to 21 $ 398 42 

Jan. 31. Albert Allen, car fare, telegrams, etc. .. 1005 

John J. Magee, cobalt blue 3 oo 

C. H. Rice, hinges, lock and staple 50 

30. " sandpaper .__ 15 

Hibbard, Spencer, B. & Co., tacks, etc i 17 

Geo. E. Watson & Co., paper i 80 

27. L. M. Brown, fi'es. 65 

28. Marshall Field & Co., cloth , 4 70 

26 



394 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

27. Carson, Pirie, Scott & Co., cloth .^ ... 

L. M. Brown, rope 

26. Carson, Pirie, Scott & Co., cloth 

II. Merchant's Parcel Delivery Co., drayage 

Decorators Supply Co 

24. Marshall Field & Co., cloth.--. 

24. Hibbard, Spencer, B. & Co., hardware 

H. F. Barndt, coal 

18. J. J. Magee, paints 

25. A. R. Porter, muslin 

30. Pearson Lumber Co,, lumber ... . 98 17 — s 641 14 

Jan. 14. John Price, corn and boxing S 

3, L, G. Clute, per diem, Dec, 6days $ 1200 

Expense gathering exhibits 53 20—$ 

L. G. Clute, per diem, Jan., 2 days $ 4 00 

Expense gathering exhibits ig 70 — $ 



21 


81 


I 


06 


42 


87 




75 


3 


00 


9 


55 




50 


21 


75 


12 


91 


8 


33 


9a 


17-S 


S 5 


00 


$ 65 


20 



Dec, '92. E. A. Conway, car corn $214 13 

freight on same to Chicago 97 37—? 311 50 

Jan. 24, '93. Ill Cent. R. R., freight on car from Manchester to Chi.. S 4200 

10. J. T. Fairgraves, grain and boxing 4 90— S 



Feb. 16. Pearson Lumber Co., lumber $ 4650 

15. C. H. Rice, stove and fixtures ._. 720 

H. F. Barndt, coal i 00 

Cheattle & Bawley, oil and can 35 

M. D. Rider, stationery _ 80 

Rollo Frank, express 7 55 

Rukgaber & Crane, crayons i 00 

17. L. M. Brown, hardware 4 90 

20. Pearson Lumber Co., lumber 135 

H. F. Barndt, coal 2175 

John Cole, clay 5 00 

^ 21. J. J. Magee, plaster 270 

Standard Express Co., drayage 675 

Pay n.ll, Feb. 8-14 - 41525- 



Feb. I. D. E. Milward, tracing paper . $ 140 

Jas. Wadsworth, nails 90 

Pearson Lumber Co., lumber 3 60 

2. J. J. Magee; ink and pad 30 

10. " plaster of Paris 330 

7. Standard Express Co., drayage 50 

I. Al. S. Miller, repairs 75 

8. S. ]. Stebbins, hardware 50 

6. Am. Express Co 2 65 

9. L. M. Brown, files and twine 75 

10. " nails -... 13 25 

Hibbard, Spencer, B. & Co., pick and handle 62 

I. Parker Bros., teams 2800 

13. H. F. Barndt, coal 2175 

A. Allen, car fare 5 10 

L. M, Brown, tacks i 25 

Mch. I. Milward & Clark, to apply on contract 15000 

Pay roll, Feb. 15-21 45° 05— S 684 67 



Dec 24, 1892. W. W. DeLong, labor. $ 48 00 

J. W. Kibler, labor 33 60 

31. Milward & Clark, to apply on contract. 150 00 

Jan. 4,1893. Western Rubber and Belting Co., belt 172 

Samuel Harris & Co., files, wrench, etc i 98 

6. Chicago Skein and Axle Co., labor 300 

4. J. A. Fay & Co., saw blades 369 

6. C. H. Rice, saw clamp i 20 

5. " oil and latch 35 

6. A. F. Bock, gas fittings 10 26 

Feb. I J. S. McNair, paid drayage, etc — . 3 76 

Jan. 7. Albert Dickinson Co., grass seed 769—$ 26525 

Dec. 8,1892. Sawyer Goodman Co., lumber S 9820 

9. " " " 187 67 

Jan. 10,1893 " " " 1400 

Dec. 7,1892. S. D. Kimbark, nails 2795 

15. W, McGregor & Co., portable engine 16000 

22. " " handsaw 6250 

Jan. 2,1893. Milward & Clark, paper and card-board- i 10 



REPORT OF AUDITING COMMITTEE 395 



Dec. 17, 1392. Morrison, Plummer & Co., plaster. 
Jan. 3, 1893. " " " paints- 



5. H. F. Barndt, coal 

28. Office Toilet Co., towel supply, Jan. 

L. Lodge, typewriting 

The Fair, cloth 



Dec. 15, 1892. .Standart & Co., Agents, stove $ 2000 

hardware 21 14- 



30. C. H. Rice, tar, felt, brooms, etc 

19. Bour Bros., barrels 

Robert Finley, barrels 

14. L. Gould, binding twine 1864—8 69796 



10 


00 


33 


09 


3 


04 


21 


75 


I 


00 


I 


10 


2 


28 


3 


00 


41 


14 


3 


80 


4 


70 


3 


00 


18 


64-8 



Dec. ID. Wm. Kibler, labor -S 11 20 

W. W. DeLong, labor 6000- 



Nov. 14, 1892. Peter Ryan, stove and fixtures. $ 

15. C. H. Rice, pails and wire 

14. Morrison, Plummer & Co., plaster, etc 

15. C. P. Van Inwegen, coal 

12. Orr & Lockett, hardware __ 

J. B. Lukanitsch, files, etc 

18. C. H. Rice, paper 

21. John Jones, labor 

30. Geo. E. Watson & Co., paints 

Dec. 7. Chicago Tribune, advertisement 

Chicago News, " 

J. S. McNair, drayage i 15— S 6768 

Pay Rolls, Jan. 21-31 § 

Feb. 1-7 

Feb. 22. Hibbard, Spencer, B. & Co., lacks 

23. J. V. Farwell & Co., cloth 

Pearson Lumber Co., lumber 

Am. Express Co 



Adams 



U.S. " .- 

24. Am. " 

Adams " 

U.S. " - 

J. J. Magee, white lead, etc 

L, M. Brown, tacks and twine 

Boston Store, cloth 

25. John J. Zoller, paint 

H. May, barrels 

Backus & Sisley, barrels 

U. S. Express Co 

27. Am. Express Co 

28. A. Allen, car fare and ink 

Adams Express Co.. 

R. A. Wells, lumber 

C. Jevne & Co., express 

31. Geo. G. Standart & Co., nails 

20. Chicago Edison Co., light 

Jan. 23. " " " — I 00— S 773 69 

Pay Roll, March 22-31 $ 

Mch.22. Wells Fargo & Co., express 

Adams Express Co 

20. John Doyle & Co., castings and plaster _ 

25. C. H. Rice, oil 

27. L.M.Brown, nails 

29. U.S. Express Co 

30. Wells Fargo&Co 

Apr. 3. Adams Express Co 

Am. " 

Adams " 

Wells Fargo&Co 

Am. Express Co. 

I. Worlds Columbian Exposition, storage 

'' " " charges on grain 

4. L.M.Brown, nails 

Mch.30. G. W. Straight, lumber 

% • 23. Standard Express Co., drayage ^ 

Apr. 6. Adams Express Co 

H. F. Barndt, coal 



2 


08 


II 


16 


15 


00 


3 


5« 


4 

I 


30 
65 




70 


6 


23 




45 
38 


I 


15- 


$ 311 
360 


25 
40 




50 


li 


27 
50 


2 


50 


2 


75 


I 


95 
60 


4 

I 


30 
80 


I 


00 


5 05 

8 45 
I 78 


2 


00 


I 


75 
89 


2 


00 


2 


IS 


4 


70 


I 


50 


II 


95 


18 


70 
10 


I 


00 


I 


00- 


$ 563 85 


I 


40 


3 
16 


55 

00 


4 


00 


8 


10 


7 


90 


I 


25 


I 


75 
80 


3 


75 
80 


8 

I 


35 
60 


2 
9 


6=0 


I 


40 


21 


25 


I 


30 


7 


25 



396 



REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 



E. Harrold, drayage 

L. M. Brown, nails 

C. H. Rice, tacks 

B. McCartney, plaster 

C. H. Rice, hardware 

J. V. Farwell Co., cloth 

Am Fxpress Co. 

A. Allen, drayage and car fare 
C. H. Rice, nails 



15 

15-$ 



706 82 



Mch. I. 
10. 



^5- 
Mch II. 



25- 

Feb. 16. 



Mch. 31. 
Apr. 4. 



J. W. Camper, reiit of storage room $ 

E. Kretchmer, expense in Apiary Department 

A. J. Doll, cloth sign - 

Iowa State Ag'l Society, part expense of corn exhibit at 

Winter Exhibit 

J. T. Knapp, services 

W. O. Mitchell, boxing and drayage 

freight on grain Corning to Chicago 1 

Whitall, Tatum & Co., glass cylinders 

Geo. A, Mullin, stationery S 

Wm. Jewell, 2 model school houses 

Laura George, express 

Iowa Iron and Brass Works, part payment on revolving stand 

C.E.Baldwin, services 

Ella Lyon, services 

E. C. Lee, calico and brass rings 

C. L. Suksdorf, Co. Supt,, premium 

J. W. Kitch, premium 

Moler & Clark, lumber 

U. S. Express Co 



Ira C. Kling, services 

Jos. Schell, labor 

Jas. McDonald, labor 

Iowa Cottage for Blind, expense of exhibit 

Institution for Feeble Minded, expense of exhibit, 

Iowa School for Deaf, expenseof exhibit 

Iowa State Normal School, expenses of exhibit .. 

Pearson Lumber Co., lumber 

J. W. Jarnagin, expense 



Mch.29 Geo. T. Gunn, honey $ 

31. Wm. Mavor, cases for wool exhibit 

cases for honey exhibit 

Mch. II. Mis. Whiting b. Clark, expense $ 

Mrs. Flora J. McAchran, expense 

Mch. 6. Thos. W. Meers, salary, Feb $ 60 00 

expense, Feb 5405 



Mch. 27. 
Dec. 27, 



East Sioux Falls Granite Quarries, cutting stone and frt... 
S92. Marshall Field & Co., cloth $ 



Feb. 
Jan. 
Mch. 



1, 1893. Milward & Clark, to applyon contract. 
4. Garver & Maish, insurance— 

2. S. H. Mallory, paid for telegrams _. 



Pearson Lumber Co., lumber $ 



C. H. Rice, tacks, etc 

Backus & Sisley, brooms. 

J. f. Zoller, Japan 

L. M. Brown, nails 

U. S. Express Co 

Adams " 



U.S. " 

Marshall Field & Co., cloth. 
Pay Roll, Feb. 22-28 



8 35 

14 92 

4 70 

15 35 
45 00 

9 fco 

16 15 

148 02 — $ 
10 38 

21 40 

80 

20 00 

9 00 

2 56 

47 95 
10 00 

5 00 
85 97 
53 40 

25 

60 

50 00 

50 00 

100 00 

100 00 

100 00 

100 00 

125 00 

I 75 

4 90—$ 



168 40 

52 85 

3 18 

150 00 

200 00 

4 06- 



Feb. 24. Pettibone, Wells & Co., souvenirs $ 

J. O. Crosby, paid for 2,500 frontis half tones. 

Apr. 14. Mrs. S. B. Maxwell, salary. April $ 

Freight paid C, R. I. & P. R. R 

Paid for stamps 



260 29 



898 96 



.$ 


13 35 
84 60 
213 75— S 


311 70 


■ $ 


20 15 
20 00—$ 


40 15 



114 05 

35 79 



578 49 



.$ 


26 76 

4 00 

I 70 
I 50 

1 20 

2 90 

1 SO 

2 50 
60 

3 45 
42 92 






452 15—$ 


541 18 


$ 


368 00 






25 00—$ 


393 00 


$ 


50 00 






« 45 






20 25—$ 


78 70 



REPORT OF AUDITING COMMITTEE 



397 



Mch. 8 

10. 



Feb. 24. 
Mch. 10. 

15. 
13- 
4- 



Feb. 



Jan. 
Feb. 



Apr. 



Feb. 27. 



Mch.2t. 

15- 

21. 

16. 

17. 

20. 

17- 
Feb. 4. 
Mch.18. 

Feb. 28. 

Apr. 3. 

Mch.13. 

I, 

15. 
3- 



Mch. 28. 



S. J. Stebbins, tacks S 

A. R. Porter, muslin 

Carson, Pirie, Scott & Co., cloth 

Marshall Field & Co., cloth 

J. J. Tvlagee, paint 

C. H. Rice, nails 

E. A. Young, nails 

J. J. Magee, plaster 

L. M. Brown, nails 

L. Lodge, typewriting 

H. F. Barndt, coal 

Pearson Lumber Co., lumber 



Jacobs, Coles & Co., stationery ... 
Sawyer, Goodman & Co., lumber. 



Pay Roll, March 1-7 _ 

Packard & Fabrick, envelopes. 

A. C. Roberts, expense incurred gathering Forestry and 
Photograph exhibits S 

Pay Roll, March 15-21 -. S 

E. A. Conway, car of corn 

freight, car of corn 

Pay Roll, March 8-14 . S 

A. Allen, c^r fare and drayage 

Jones' Stationery and Printing Co , stationery 

H. F. Barndt, coal 

L. M. Brown, tacks 

nails 



00 69 




3 20 




4 95 




9 31 




3 75 




3 15 




2 95 




2 25 




5 So 




QS 




18 II 




5 90 




16 50 




3 05 




73 86 




42 99 




40 72 




37 62 




89 54 




40 39 




12 10— S 


817 78 


S 


18 25 


45 05-S 


45 05 



Hibbard, S., Bartlett & Co., hardware. 

Marshall Field & Co., cloth... 

Vilas Bros., alabastine 

J. S. McNair, services 

Garver & Maish, insurance 



Mil ward & Clark, to apply on contract 

S. B.Humbert, P. M., stamps 

F. N. Chase, Sec'y., telegrams and express. 



per diem, March $ 155 00 

R. R. fare. 43 67— S 



Mch. 30. L. G. Clute, 



five days time S 

boxing and drayage, per voucher 

baskets, per voucher 

grotto, per voucher 

crates, per voucher 

freight, per voucher 



frt., Dubuque to Chicago, per voucher 

drayage 

telegrams 

car fare and expenses 19 40— S 13429 



7 50 

8 50 
3 20 

22 65 
7 00 
2 62 
« 09 

48 53 
5 50 
1 30 



Feb. 


16. 




22. 


Mch 


27. 


M^ch 


I. 
I. 




15- 
16. 


Apr. 
Mch 


3- 
29. 



Chas. Ashton, postage. 

Wise & Bryan, stationery 

Wyckoft', Seamans cc B., chair 

cabinet for typewriter. 

B.. C. R. &N. R. R 

Chicago Fine Art Co., pictures 

Snyder & Hurd, printing 

W. U. Telegraph Co., Feb. messages 

B., C. R. & N. R. R 

H. L. Chase & Co., telegrams and freight 

Am. Express Co 

U. S. Express Co 

W. U. Telegraph Co 

H. L. Chase & Co., freight, express and drayage. 
John McLane, 6 book cases 



347 40 
404 63 
78 26- 



390 90 

5 85 



1 15 
14 50 

75 
3 25 

2 60 
7 82 

50 50 

45 

75 00 



40 00 
7 85 
10 68 

198 67— S 



Thos. W. Meers, paid freight S 19 n 

March salary 6000 

March expenses 22 36 — S 



I 50 

5 25 

5 00 

25 00 

7 So 
3 00 

12 10 

8 61 
7 71 

II 30 

25 

60 

77 

II 83 

48 60 



752 77 
150 00 



398 



REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 



Apr. I. T. T. Knapp services, March.. 6500 

Florence Albright, services, March 75 00 

S. D. Childs & Co., stationery 4 45 

8. G. O. Higham, paid freight 776 

Mch. I. U. S. Express Co 15 25 

I. F. N. Chase, Sec'y., express 180 

Apr. I. W. U. Telegraph Co 76 

J. W. Camper, rent of storage rooms 8 35—$ 462 00 

Apr. 20. S. B. Packard, Com. work, March, 17 days $ 85 00 

per diem, April, 5 days 25 00 

R. R. fare _ __ 68 15— $ 17815 

Chas. Ashton, per diem, April, 6 days $ . 3000 

R. R. fare „_ 2750—$ 57 50 

Jas. O. Crosby, Com. work, March, 2 days $ 1000 

" April, 12 days 6000 

per diem, April, 6 days 3000 

R. R. fare 4 78— S 10478 

H. W. Seaman, Com. work, March, 18 days $ go 00 

" April, 5 days 2500 

per diem, April, 5 days _ 25 00 

R. R. fare 50 00 

telegrams i 70 

express and telegrams... 50 — $ 192 20 

A. C. Roberts, Com. work, March, 15^ days $ 77 50 

R. R. fare 25 30— f 10280 

J. W. Jarnagin, Com. work, March, 21 days $ 10500 

" April, 13 days 65 00 

per diem, March, 3 days 15 00 

per diem, March, 5 days 2500 

R. R, fare 7096 — $ 28096 

May 3, H. W, Seaman, Com. work, April, 4 days 5 2000 

per diem. May, 5 days 25 00 

R. R. fare 2500—$ 7000 

Apr. 6. The Guthrian Printing Co., pririting $ 1545 

May 2. Florence Albright, salary, April $ 6000 

Joe T. Knapp, salary, April 65 00 

H. W. Seaman, telegrams and express... 8 05 

Apr. 29. W. H. Lewis, drayage 4 00 

M. Walrath, drayage 4 00 

20. J. W. Camper, rent of room 5 56 

May I. J. C. Grass, laying carpet., 1095 

Apr. 29. Empire Carpet Cleaning Co., laying carpet 22 27 

30. F. N. Chase, Sec'y., per diem, April $ 150 00 

R. R. fare 30 17— S 180 17— S 360 00 

May 5. Jas. O. Ciosby, per diem. May, 9 days $ 4500 

R. R. fare 5 10—$ 50 10 

J. W. Jarnagin, Com, work, April, 9 days $ 45 00 

per diem, May, 5 days 25 00 

R. R. fare 2 50— S 7250 

Wm. H. Dent, per diem. May, 8 days ...$ 4000 

R. R. fare 2750-$ 6750 

Chas. Ashton, per diem. May, 8 days $ 4000 

R. R. fare 2360—$ 6360 

Henry Stivers, per diem, March meeting, 3 days.. $ 15 00 

Com. work. March, 2 days 10 00 

per diem, April, 5 days 25 00 

R. R. fare - 4860—$ 9860 

May I. Thos. W. Meers, salary, April .-. $ 6000 

R. R. fare and expenses 8695 — $ 14695 

Apr. 12. Marshall Field & Co., cloth ....$ 3180 

21. " " " 14 70 

May I. Milward & Clark, to apply on contract 15000 

H. J. Straight & Co., Agents, insurance 12500 

John C. Ure, sodding and filling 158 00 

R. Armstrong & Co., paints 18 75 



?: fe^ 



REPORT OF AUDITING COMMITTEE 3Q9 

29. Robert Stevenson & Co., glass jars L 1700 

17. " '• " 21 28 

13. A. H. Treat, freight on exhibit 60 00 

Apr. 28. A. J. Press M'f'g Co., mirrors.. 5150 

27. T. W. Wilmarth Co., to apply on electric light fixtures 200 00 

May 13. H. L. Clark, labor 17 00 

Apr. I. Marshall Field & Co., oak grilles 8924 

24. " " express 75 

3. " " matting. no 11 

15. ■' " beds, springs and cots 5702 

18. " " rugs and wire mat 49 32 

5. " " lace curtains - 4200 

27. " " carpets and making 23905 

28. *' " brushes and combs 5 72 

'' " soap 124 

" " soap - 367 

blankets 1685 

" •" pole and brackets 260 

" " towels ., 2498 

" " bed clothing 4090 

" " matting. 1500 

" " matting, $35.20, less S27. 17 disct on bills 803 

J. M. Raymond, labor i 50 

John G. Coder^ balance of contract 35° 00—$ 1,923 01 

deposit .-S 5000 

Hyde Park Gas Co., service for gas 12 90 

gas permit 300—$ 6590 

Andrews & Noel, to apply on contract. S 1,00000 

C. H. Rice, tacks and hardware $ 2 36 

C. H. Rice, tacks and wire i 60 

Geo. E. Watson & Co., oil 415 

Orr & Lackett, bolts i 95 

H. F. Barndt, coal 7 25 

Adams Express Co __ ..., 65 

■' _^ " I 00 

Backus Grocery, dusters 75 

World's Fair E). & E. Co., corn stalks. i 00 

U. S. Express Co i 20 

Jas. H. Walker Co., cloth 1006 

Siegel Cooper Co , cloth 5 00 

L.M.Brown, hardware 540 — S 42 37 

Pay Roll, April 1-7 S 421 10 

8-14. 424 70 

" additional, April 1-17 .. . 17855 

" May 1-5 18560 

May I 13 34665 

" May 15-20, also ( 

" Attendants, May 1-20 \ 

A. L. Deane & Co.. safe S 100 00 

F. N. Chase, Sec'y., paid Wellington Catering Co 16 85 

J. H. Cox, labor 3 50 

C, R. I. & P R. R 3 90 

U. S. Express Co _ .: , 3 go 

Iowa Printing Co., printing.. 71 75 

Chas. Frendenberg & Co., printing. 4 75 

Max Schachner, printing. i 15 

C. H. Rice, hose, reel and attachments 5 75 

Siegel, Cooper & Co., two dozen cuspidors ... 17 00 

The Fair, ice chest 6 35 

- - - - 3 S5 

Garden City Awning and Tent Co., 2 flags -.. 6 00 

The Fair, scissors and thread 79 

Raisor Door Check Co., 2 door checks 2 00 

Jas. Colon, 2 days hauling 27 60 

Backus M'f'g Co., express on heaters 18 00 

W. S. Looaais, services. 30 85 

Am. Express Co 4 85 

J. Murphy, drayage 4 50 

" " 400 

L. M. Brown, hardware 30 

" pail 30 

S. D. Childs & Co., paper 2 90 

" 180 

'* " stationery . 505 

" " pen holders and pens 180 

Hortense Crosby, services 500 

" " _ 500 

May 15. Am. Express Co 25 

40 



May 


13- 
10. 


Apr. 


29. 


Apr. 
Apr. 


27. 
17- 
15- 


Aug. 


17- 
14. 
14. 


Apr. 


13- 
14. 



June 


^ "i- 


May 


3. 


Mch 


.10. 


Apr. 


28. 


Apr. 


26. 


June 


: I. 


Apr. 


20. 


May 


29. 




27. 




29. 


Apr. 


II. 




13- 


May 


■i. 


May 


5- 




25- 


Apr. 


26. 


May 


10. 




22. 


Apr. 


24. 




27. 




28. 




23. 




25. 


Apr. 


8. 




17- 




26. 


May 


■i- 


Apr. 


10. 


Feb. 


9. 



758 31 



400 ' REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

Apr. 27. C, B. &Q. R. R _ 78 

May 26. L. M. Brown, bolts 100 

WyckofE, S. & Benedict, shelf 55 

5. Morrison, Plumojer & Co., corks 680 

13. Adams Express Co 205 

23. B. F. Simons, sack for papers i 00 

27. Sam'l R. Hull, drayage 7 75 

2. Mrs. F. N. Chase, services April 13 to May 1 6000 

20. H. S. Towle, services April 19 to May 24 00 

I. L. G. Hill, guard work 2 00 

Apr. 5. Inter-Ocean, papers....... 300 

22. Chicago News, papers 100 

27. S. B. Humbert, P. M., postage -.. 2000 

June I. " " " 3020 

Apr. 27. World's Columbian Commission, grain 21 75 

28. The Fair, crockery 2502 — ft 56694 

May 26. Jas. King Seed Co., corn hooks. $ 3 25 

Am. Express Co 100 

12. Crane Co., copper finished rail. 30600 

22. M. Larson, desk and chairs 3600 

27. Creamery Package M'f'g Co — 

butter tubs and express 5 69 



70 50 
23 »7 



Apr. 22. E. Kretchmer, paid express $ 125 

paid for broken can 50 

paid C, B. & Q. R. R 65 

paid for honey and express 12 30 

paid for supplies 39 86 

paid R. R. fare 25 00—$ 79 56 

30. Ben Packard, services, April $ 5500 

carfare 2 20 

May 8. Am. Express Co — 155 

I. C. L. Gabrilson, premium on wool 3000 

telegram ___ 50 

15. State Ag'l Society pd. freight and expenses sending exhibit 68 45 

Apr. 29. Chas. W. Dahlgreen, lo banners 55 00 

May 8, E, Kretchmer, 15 days labor $ 4500 

expenses 30 15 

paid for supplies 855—$ 8370 



May I. C. L. Gabrilson, salary 2 V2 months $15000 

R. R. fare and expenses from Feb. 22 to May i 121 84 

paid for printing and postage 34 05 — $ 305 89 -S 1,128 16 

Pay Roll, April 22-30 $ 5^5 95 

April 22-30, additional 17230 

April 15-22 460 65 

April 15-22, additional. 94 50— f 1,30340 

Pay Roll, May 20-27 $ 399 i7 

Apr. 20. B. F. Chase Co., 2 glass charts framed 80 00 

Apr. 20. Mrs. E. G. Rhodes, 8 months services (half time) as Sec'y 

Iowa Board of Lady Managers 160 00 

June I. J. F. Duncombe, January and May meetings, 9 days 45 00 

uom. work, 4 days $ 2000 

9. J. F. Duncombe, per diem, June, 6 days 30 00 — $ 50 00 

J. W. Jarnagin, Com. work, May, 16 days % 80 00 

per diem, June, 7 days 3500 

R.R.fare.- 5100—$ 16600 



A. C. Roberts, per diem, June, 5 days $ 25 00 

R.R.fare 1760—$ 4260 



Wm. H. Dent, per diem, June, 6 days $ 30 00 

R.R.fare. __ 2650—? 5650 



H. W. Seaman, Com. work, May, i day $ 500 

" June, 3 days. 15 00 

per diem, May, 2 days '. 10 00 

" June, 5days 2500 

R.R.fare 25 00-$ 



Chas. Ashton, per diem, June, 6 days l $ 3000 

R. R. fare 21 io~$ 



Chas. Ashton, Com. work, March, 18 days $ 9000 

" April, 14 days 7000 



REPORT OF AUDITING COMMITTEE 



401 



June 9. 



May 



May 30. 
Apr. 29. 



May 27. 

May I. 
June 7. 
May 31. 
June 14. 
May 24. 



Mch. 29. 

31- 

Apr, 6. 



Chas. Ashton, Com. work, May, 14 days 

" June, 2 davs 

R. R. fare ..._ 

Jas. O. Crosby, Com. work. May, 6 days ■ .§ 

per didm, June, 11 " 

R. R. fare.... 

A. C. Roberts, Com. work, April, 14 davs : $ 

R. R. fare '. 

Drake, Parker & Co., livery $ 

hotel 

S. H. Mallory paid for tickets above in connection with ded- 
ication of State Building 

Jarnagin & McKee, printing minutes 

Library Bureau — 

card index outfit 

5 L. B. file boxes 

10 C. C. pamphlet cases 

5 newspaper racks 

100 Athenaeum files 



May 



29. 



16. 



17. 
9- 
May 20. 
24. 
22. 
30. 
31- 



Apr 
June 



4. 

3- 

5. 

May 27. 

30. 

Apr. 28. 

May I. 

27. 



70 00 
10 00 
_9_B5— $ 
30 CO 
55 00 
5 00— S 



70 00 
13 10- -S 

49 50 
[06 00 

48 00 — S 

S 

15 00 

1 00 

2 40 
56 25 

45 00—6 



F. N.Chase, Sec'y., Telegrams and R. R. fare, April $ 

per diem. May 

telegrams, express and R. R. fare. May 

Milward & Clark, decorating and installation in excess of 
contract 

J. O.Crosby' paid share of entertaining Foreign Commission- 
ers joining .with other states 

Pettibone, Wells & Co., envelopes 

copyright fee 

Ora E. Miller, salary and expenses $ 

Nonpariel Printing and Publishing Co., printing 

Press and E. D. Forcum, labor 

C. R. I. &P. R. R _ 

U. S. Express Co 



23 66 

t55 00 
17 16- 



Smith Bros., 5 stands 

Hibbard, Spencer, B. & Co., Hardware 

J. M. Stonestreet. photographs __ 

J O. Briner, labor 

Gilbert Temple, photographs 

Jas. McDonald, balance on frames 

Jos. Schell, balance on frames 

S. W. Heath, Co. Supt., glass school house 

Frank B. Cooper, expenses 

Iowa Iron and Brass Works, balance on stand. 

Cravath & Ray, printing 

IraC. Kling 

W. C. McKee, paid for supplies.. 

W. J. Johnston, burlap 

C. A. Frederick, labor 

Thos. Sedgwick, labor 

J. H. Rice & Co., glass 

S. D. Childs & Co., stationery 

Thos. Sedgwick, labor. 

Chas. E. Simmons, labor 

Leslie G. Hill, labor 

Am. Express Co 

Ira C. Kling, labor 

T. A. Kellett, labor 

Rand, McNally & Co., sphere and stand 

Callie Silvers, labor 

E. D. Forcum 

Rayburn & Porter, frames 

W. C. McKee, labor 

Robert McCay, labor. 

U. S. Express Co - 



C. B. &Q. R. R 

Emma Munson, labor... 

H. E. Kratz, paid express 

Jarnagin & McKee, printing.. 
Veatch & Bull, photographs... 
Gilbert Temple, photographs. 

PlattBros., paper 

J. W. Jarnagin 



5 10 


00 


I 


00- 


$ 100 


00 


IX 


50 


20 


00 


3 


21 


I 


70 


2 


80 


3 


15 


75 


00 

78 


75 00 
6 80 


76 


30 


71 


00 


25 


00 


17 


20 


40 


70 


15 


00 


no 


15 


44 


75 


35 


90 


4 


»o 


53 


00 


3 


00 


I 


20 


I 


40 


4 


50 


7 


50 





CO 


I 


60 


50 


00 


20 


15 


8r 


50 


20 


00 


5 


00 


203 


35 


41 


00 


4 
8 


30 
55 


9 
II 


05 
60 


60 


00 


II 


49 


u 


00 
60 


II 

10 


25 
60 


216 


87- 



249 85 

90 00 

83 10 

203 50 
74 20 



119 65 

195 82 

150 00 
30 00 
II 00 



1.674 75 



402 



REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 



Tuly 7- 



May 6. 
19- 



June 



23- 



May 5. 

31. 

24. 
June 16. 
July I. 
May 5. 

Apr 15. 
Mch. 8. 
July 13. 

Aug. I. 
July 18. 
June 28. 



H. W. Fairchild paid following bills— 

N. Zoller, stone $ 

Giles B. Lumbard, lumber 

J. S. Flannagan, boxes 

B. T. Holmes, labor 

World's Col. Ex., hauling. _ 

Backus & Sisley, brooms 

C. L. Hanson & Co., glass 

The Fair, 2 chairs 

Backus & Sisley, matches 

BuUard & Gorinley Co., padlocks 

The Fair, crockery 

A. C. Waters, disinfectant machines.. 

The Fair, towels - 

E. Harrold, teaming 

Marshall Field & Co., carpet sweeper 

McClelland & Taylor, drugs 

Hercules Iron Works, ice 

Albert Allen, carfare 

World's Col. Expo., removing garbage 

Siegel Cooper & Co., cloth 

J C. Johnston, painting 

Cheattle & Bowley, mops 

John Hyland, oil and chimneys 

Hercules Iron Works, ice 

Adams Express Co 

Pettibone, Wells & Co., envelopes 

Adams Express Co.. -. 

World's Col. Expo., removing garbage 

W. B. Conkey Co., Fair Directory 

Marshall Field & Co , towels 

Geo. C. Mages & Co , frame 

Marshall Field & Co., soap 

Mrs. L. W. Deering, expenses 

Iowa Printing Co., printing 

Hercules Iron Works, ice ... 

Walker & Dietz, alcohol 

Associated Express Co 

Am. Express Co 



J.. M. T. Myers, expense on exhibits 

Mrs. E. G. Rhodes, expenses 

Mrs, Flora J. McAchran, expenses 

Adams Express Co. 

Hyde Park Gas Co... 

B. F. Chase Co., 6 signs 

5 signs - 

" " I sign ._.».. 

" " I sign __ 

Hercules Iron Works, ice 

Mrs. L. P. Barnard, expenses in connection with mines- 
Grotto by Dubuque ladies __ 

World's Col. Expo,, hauling 

Chi., St. Paul & K.C. R. R 

J. S. Ford, Johnson & Co., benches 

" " " settees 

F. Newhall & Sons, apples 

J. J. Richardson, expense live stock dept .. 

S. B. Humbert, P. M., stamps 



May 7. S. D. Childs & Co., pens _. 

June 26. Yale & Towne Mfg. Co.. keys and labor. 

28. World's Col. Expo., labor 

Dec. 20, 1892. Yale & Towne Mfg. Co., sash lifts. 
June 28, 1893. Jos. Fahndrick & Sons, saw dust .. 
July 4. Backus & Sisley, brooms 

6. Bryant-Neely liumber Co , lumber 

June6. Am. Express Co 

July 6. C. H. Rice, mops 

7. McClelland & Taylor, drugs... 

8. Hercules Iron Works, ice 

W. S. Loomis, services 

Marshall Field & Co., soap 



rugs. 

" " " towel rollers .. 
C. H. Rice, dusters 

Ben Packard, paid for cleaning floor. 
L. M. Hrown, ladders and hardware . 





20 




80 


15 


00 


I 


10 


3 


80 


2 


05 


2 


40 




25 




55 


7 


90 


30 


00 




50 


2 


10 


2 


96 


I 


25 


I 


05 


5 


35 


7 


50 




95 


27 


00 




70 


I 


20 


2 


33 


I 


40 


10 


00 




40 


2 


50 


2 


■io 


4 


80 


2 


00 


I 


80 


17 


70 


30 


00 


2 


45 


I 


50 


3 


75 




75 


I 


00 


I 


00 


I 


00 


50 


00 


II 


20 


13 90 


I 


75 


3 


36 


9 


00 


4 


50 


I 


50 




75 


2 


40 


39 


65 


14 


63 


7 


20 


17 


00 


II 


]0 


62 


00 


21 


94 


21 


00- 




35 


3 


25 


I 


»5 


6 48 


4 


45 


I 


»5 


9 


14 




40 


I 


05 


3 


10 


2 


70 


15 


65 


2 


49 




50 


I 


25 




40 


1 


95 



498 37 



29 80 



REPORT OF AUDITING COMMITTEE 403 

Am. Express Co 25 

" - -- 50 

11. Adams Express Co 65 

12. Bullard & Gormley Co., bolts. 55 

Dennison Mfg. C, tags __ 10 85 

8. S. D. Childs & Co., stationery 17 60 

12. " " twine 40 

Geo. E. Watson & Co., paper 50 

13. A, Allen, car fare ago 

G. F. Foster, Son & Co., caps for helpers 20 30 

S. D. Childs & Co., stationery 8 75 

14. Am. Express Co., .__ 75 

13. Atlas Laundry Co __ 18 19 

14. Am. Express Co 25 

15. Geo. W. Reed & Co., washing __ 775 

John C. Ure, supplies and labor 1385 

July I. F. N. Chase, Sec'y., per diem, June S 150 00 

R R.fare __ 2923 

telegrams 346—$ 182 69— f 375 39 



June 30. World's Col. Expo., removing garbage $ 180 

July 12. St. Louis, K. &N. W. R. K ... 511 

13. Standard Express Co., drayage 2 75 

, 14. Am. Express Co 55 

15. W. N. Donaldson, ice ^_ 180 

Am. Express Co 55 

18. L. M. Brown, brackets 1 40 

July 19. S. B. Packard, telegrams 2 43 

20. Mrs. L. O. Person, expenses . 17 50 

19. Garden City Flag Mfg. Co., 4 banners. 2600 

21. World's Col. Expo., drayage 25 

Sam'l G. Derham, to apply on filters 10 00 

I. Associated Express Co 55 

21. Garden City Flag Mfg. Co., 3 awnings 1200 

Marshall Field & Co., soap 2 82 

22. Adams Express Co 45 

22. Am. " — __ 25 

July 7. F. Newhall & Sons, apples 6200 

12. " " " — 1550 

23. Am. Express Co 200 

25- " " - - 105 

26. S. D. Childs & Co., ink 50 

27. Carqueville Litho. Co., lithographs Iowa bid 720 

Am. Express Co i 20 

May 24. Estate of C. Schotte, window shades . 8800 

July 29. Adams Express Co 25 

31. Atlas Laundry (Jo ... 10 31 

E. H. Exelby, removing garbage 470 

22. E. Baggot, to apply on plumbing 100 00 

31. F. N. Chase, Sec'y , per diem, July 815500 

R. R. fare 3 10— $ 158 10 

telegrams and express 2 80 — $ 539 82 

20. S. B. Packard, com. work, Apr., 6 days 3000 

per diem, May, 3 days. 1500 

Com. work, June, i day 5 00 

per diem, July, 4 days 2000 

R. R. fare _._ 5764—$ 12764 

Henry Stivers, per diem. May, 2 days 1000 

" July, 6 days 3000 

R. R. fare 21 50—$ 61 5© 

Chas. Ashton, Com. work, June, i day... $ 5 00 

attendance at Iowa bid., July lodays 50 00 

R. R. fare 1055 — $ 6555 



Jas. O. Crosby, attendance at Iowa bid., June 10 to July 21 — 

30 days 15000 

R. R. fare 300—$ 15300 

A.C.Roberts, per diem, July, 5 days $ 2500 

R. R. fare 1760—$ 4260 

J. W. Jarnagin, attendance at Iowa bid., June 17 days $ 85 00 

per diem, July 5 days 25 00 

R. R. fare 27 65— S 13765 

[9. Henry Stivers, paid postage and freight 11 35 

13. W. C McKee, services.. 7500 

Lilly I. Aiken, services 60 00 — $ 135 00 



404 



REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 



17. Jarnagin & McKee, printing $ 

Aug. 3. J. F. Duncombe, per diem, July, 5 days _ S 2500 

Aug., 4 days 20 00— S 

Henry Stivers, per diem, Aug., 4 days $ 20 00 

R. R. fare 16 15— S 



H. W. Seaman, per diem, Aug., 4 days 
R. R.fare. 



June 
Aug. 



A. G. Colpoys, services 

S. B. Packard, per diem. Aug. 
R. R. fare 



3 days S 



J. W. Jarnagin, per diem, Aug., 4 days _. S 

R. R. fare 



Wm. H. Dent, per diem, Aug.. 6 days. $ 

R. R. fare 



Aug. 7. 



July 29. E. Kretchmer paid following bills — 

May 27, E. Kretchmer, postage S 

May 25, Boll & Clark, printing 

July 15, E. Kretchmer, postage 

July 27, Boll & Clark, printing. 



7 71 
3 50 

8 25 
10 25 

July 24, shipping Cdses 2100 

July 27, " " 300 

July 29, express and freight 15 75 

July 27, labels 200 

July25, Thos. G. Newman, glass pails 28 32 

July 28, postage 252 

July 19, Muth & Son, glass jars 19 yj 

July 29, exhibition cases __ 58 45 

July 26 C, B. & g R. R 25 

July 29, boxes and labor 10 00 — S 

Aug. 26. L. G. Clute, 24 days labor, Aug $ 4800 

expenses, Aug 35 95—$ 



July 15. 
Aug. 31. 



C. L. Gabrilson, paid for butter and expenses from June 27 
to July 15 -.. , _ S 

E. Kretchmer paid following bills — 



Aug. 23. 
24. 



Aug. 13. 
26. 



Dean, Foster & Co., glass jars 8 20 85 

Am. Express Co 50 

Schlesinger & Mayer, ribbon 55 

Shipping cases.-- 3 7° 

C. Kretchmer, labor 8 75 

C, B. &Q. R. R 152 

E. Kretchmer, labor, Aug., 18 days 54 00 

expenses 38 50 

R. R. fare 14 5° 

tickets --- I 50 

washing compound- 10- 



20 00 

12 50— S 



s 
15 00 

17 22—$ 



20 00 
13 70- 



30 00 

21 00 — s 



Chas. Ashton, attendance Iowa bid,, July, 21 days .$ 105 00 

Aug., 5 days 2500 

R. R. fare 1063 

telegrams i 15—8 

S. H. Mallory, Com. work. Jan., 6 days . S 30 00 

" Feb., 14 " - 7000 

" Mch., 10 '' ,... 5000 

" April, 4 " _ 2000 

" M"ay, 20 " 100 00 

" June, 13 " 6500 

per diem, Jan., 2 days to 00 

" Mch., 4 " -- 2000 

" April, 4 " 2000 

" Mav, 5 " - 25 00 

" June, 4 " 2000 — 5 



Aug. 29. A. C. Roberts, attendance at Iowa Building, Aug. and Sept., 

33 days $ 165 00 

R. R. fare 1766- 



190 77 
83 95 
131 36 



32 20 
45 00 

36 15 

32 50 
25 00 

32 22 

33 70 

51 00 • 

141 78 



430 



182 6 



July 25. L. G. Clute, 2 days, June 400 

expenses __ i 80 

2 days __ 400 

per diem, July, 20 days 40 00 

expense, July 25 40 — $ 



•5 20 



REPORT OF AUDITING COMMITTEE 40^ 

June 30 L. G. Clute, salary and expenses April, May and 

June -S 17480 

paid for help 400 

paid for grain 20 00 

paid for honey 19 57 

paid express and freight 29 13 

paid R. R. fare 26 05— S 27355 

June I. C. L. Gabrilson, services, May S 100 00 

July I. " " June .._.. 100 00 

Aug. 1. " " July 100 00 

June I. McArthur Bros., butter cases 395 39 

Aug. 8. Jas. H. Rice & Co., glass 300 

June 21. Garden City Awning and Tent Co., I banner 21 00 

Aug. 5. Ben Packard, paid for cleaning floor S 75 

paid for painting cards i 00— S i 75 

23. Adams Express Co S 4 90 

25. Robert Stevenson Co., glass jars 2325 

June 9. C. L. Gabrilson, expense gathering butter S 128 52 

freight on car butter 9800 — S 22652 

July 31. C. L. Gabrilson paid bill of A. H. Barber, freights 26 87 

" cartage. 28 40 — S 55 27 

Aug. 10. E. Kretchmer, paid express and freight S 50 34 

paid labor 2660 — S 7694 

May 26. Creamery Package Manufacturing Co— 

buttertubs and express S 13 01 

June 28. brass figures 198 

July 3. buttertubs and express 1729 

May 31. butter boxes 2 10 

June 5. buttertubs - 58 

labor and parafine 4 58 

buttertub __ 29 

labor and parafine 10 80 

16. buttertubs and express 5 80 — S 2,063 75 



July 26. S.B.Humbert, P. M., stamps _ « 26 18 

29. Hercules Iron Works, ice 2 40 

31. G. F. Foster, Son & Co., badges 80 

30. B. F. Chase Co., signs and lettering Z9 75 

31. C. H. Rice, brooms 2 00 

Aug. I. Marshall Field & Co., cloth _ 2 53 

2. W. N, Donaldson, ice 270 

5- " " ---- - 225 

W. U. Telegraph Co 50 

The Fair, 3 dozen glasses 2 88 

bowls - go 

strainer 22 

trays 46 

squeezer 20 

1. Marshall Field & Co., brush 175 

S. D. Childs & Co., carbon paper 350 

Sept. I. Atlas Laundry Co., laundry, Aug. 14-19 472 

1-5 292 

" 21-26 492 

Aug. II. E. H. Exelby, removing garbage, July 21-31 4 50 

18. Aug. i-io 5 30 

25. " 11-21 4 50 

5. Albert Allen, carfare 375 

17, A.tlas Laundry Co., Aug. S-12 4 23 

16. S. D. Childs & Co., paper and pencils 795 

23. Marshall Field & Co., soap 3 00 

24. S. D. Childs & Co., ink 50 

25. C. H. Rice, brooms i 75 

12. W. N, Donaldson, ice 2 10 

19- " " " 225 

26. " " " - 3 15 

5. Am. Express Co i 25 

4. Mrs. A. M. Ainsworth, expense 1550 

July 31. Mary B.Hancock, expense 875 

Aug. 7, A. Levi, setting glass 75 

July 29. Jas. H. Rice Co., glass 65 

Aug. 14. World's Col. Expo., drayage 38 

Mch.25. C. & N. W. R. R lll'.'.".".'.''.'."'lll'."'' "/.'.'.'.' '.'.'/.'.' 2 CO 

Aug. 31. Adams Express Co 2 30 

2. .\m. Express Co 25 

14- ' " I 55 



406 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

C, R. I. & P. R. R 

J. Murphy, teaming __ ._ 

A. H. Revell & Co., chairs and tables ._ 

Marshall Field & Co., tacks 

" " cloth 



Apr. 


i6. 


Aug. 


9- 




24. 




23- 




25- 




26. 




2S. 




26. 




31. 




3. 


luly 


3- 


Aug. 


23. 


luly 


31. 


Aug. 


24. 




18. 




26. 




17- 


Aug. 


24. 


Sept 


.11. 


Aug. 


12. 




31- 



cloth, 
tacks, 
cloth. 



B. F. Chase Co., 2 signs 

Carson, Pirie, Scott & Co., bunting 

Schraps & Kahn, catering for press reception 

T. C. Rogers, flowers 

S. D. Childs & Co., stationery 

Jacobs, Coles & Co., envelopes 

S. D. Childs & Co., letter tabs 

Snyder & Hurd, stationery 

Iowa PiintingCo., letterheads 

Henry Dahl, tables and chairs 

McClelland & Taylor, drugs 

Mrs. Orry Salts, expense 

Wendell & Co., II badges for Commissioners 

F. N.Chase, Sec'y., freight and express 

telegrams and express, Aug 

per diem, Aug.... $ 155 00 

R. R. fare 2696—$ 18196—$ 88130 



Sept. 13. H. W. Seaman, Cora, work, Aug., 4 days 

per diem, Aug., i day. 

R. R. fare 

Com. work, Sept., i day , 

per diem, Sept., 5 days 25 00 — $ 85 00 



15 40 


2 50 


8 50 


19 


I 80 


5 45 


19 


7 94 


4 22 


15 00 


269 


67 00 


3 00 


50 


17 00 


I 75 


2 50 


45 20 


8 15 


I 60 


17 50 


90 00 


6 90 


16 92 


$ 181 96—$ 


$ 20 00 


5 00 


30 00 


5 00 


25 00—$ 



Wm. H. Dent, per diem, Sept., 6 days i $ 30 00 

R. R. fare 2150 — $ 5150 



S. B. Packard, attendance account Live Stock — 

Aug., 7 days $ 3500 

Sept. ,6 days 3000 

per diem, Sept., 6 days 30 00 

R. R.fare 7438—$ 16938 



Sept. 5. Geo. F. Ferris, charging phonograph battery 2 35 

Aug. 31. Hyde Park Gas Co., gas, June 30-Aag. 31 3 36 

Sept. 15. J. F. Duncombe, telegrams i 29 

II. Geo. W. Reed & Co., washing 6 'io 

W. U. Telegraph Co 37 

Aug. 14. U. S. Express Co 25 

Sept. 5. Associated Press Co 125 

2. C. H. Rice, mops and dust pans 100 

Aug. 30. L. M. Brown, bellows 100 

Sept. 12. A. Allen, R. R. fare 825 

16. Geo. E. Watson & Co., paper 150 

Marshall Field&Co., cloth 18 "ji 

" - 114 

Chicago Bank Note Co., invitations tor Iowa days 60 00 

6. Pearson Lumber Co., lumber 950 

19. . Roundy Regalia Co., badges, Iowa Days 135 00 . 

20. Art Floral Co., flowers, Iowa Days __ 9 00 

21. Harmon Male Quartette, music, Iowa Days 100 00 

22. Adams express Co i 25 

Portable chair, concession chairs, Iowa Days 10 00 

Fish, Joseph & Co., ribbon 2 85 

19. I font type i 50 

22. H. W. Seaman, telegrams i 20 

20. Regan Printing House, printing 35 20 

21. Pettibone, Wells & Co., badges, Iowa Days 22000 

20. " " " " " 4000 

Sept, II. B. F. Chase Co., silk banner for Band 75 °° 

22. F. N. Chase, Sec'y, telegrams, Sept. 2-18 10 18—? 757 45 

Sept. 22. Henry Stivers, attendance at Iowa Bldg., Sept., 13 days $ 65 00 

R. R. fare 14 15— ? 79 i5 



S. B. Packard, Com. work, Sept., 7 days $ 35 00 

R. R.fars.- 17 22— S 5222 



J. W. Jarnagin, Com. work, Aug., i day $ 5 00 

attendance at Iowa Bldg., Sept., 15 days 75 00 

R. R. fare 1370—$ 



REPORT OF AUDITING COMMITTEE 407 

H. W. Seaman, per diem, Sept., 6 days $ 30 00 

R. R. fare 12 50— S 4230 

June 23. Merle & Heaney Mfg. Co., stools 8 10 00 

28. Regan Printing House, cards 19 00 

May 6. U. S. Express Co 80 

June 22. '• " — 175 

Apr. 6, " " 140 

June 27. Am. Express Co _ 60 

D. S. Clark, carpenter work 50 00 

May 13. Crane Co.. Cop. Fin. rail 3850 

Iowa Fire Insurance Co., insurance go 00 

June 14. Regan Printing House, cards __. 3 00 

10. W. B. Ketcham, expense on exhibit 2615 

A. H. Andrews & Co., settees, desk and chair 37 00 

22. B. F. Chase Co., signs for Educational Department 441 40 

33. Chas. Bodach, show case and stand 1650 

10. Regan Printing House, cards 7 75 

3. U. S. Express Co i 00 

May 30. " " 80 

June 30. E. P. Fogg, Co. Supt., photographs 40 00 

24. W. W. Steward. 5 show cases 22500 

July 10. Jas. Mortland, labor 2000 

June 27. J. Fred Smith, express 11 10 

24. W.F.Cramer, express. ■ 395 

May 31. Emma Munson, labor 15 00 

June 23, J. W. Butler Paper Co., cardboard 3275 

25. J. W. Jarnagin, paid drayage, flags, etc.- 26 10 — S 1,119 55 



Mch.29. C, B.& Q. R. R $ 75 

Apr. 25. U. S. Express Co 125 

27. Rand & Leopold Desk Co., paid freight 98 

May 18. Garden City Awning and Tent Co., flags. 1585 

The Fair, pen racks 50 

31. Siegel, Cooper & Co . 4 book cases 5800 

" " " rose bowl. __ ... 48 

" " " towels __ 70 

June 3. E. Harrold, teaming 750 

Wells, Fargo & Co., express 25 

July 12. Backus & Sisley, brooms. 280 

fune 7. Atlas Laundry Co., May 15-June I. 3 12 

Oct. 15. Jas. Fahndrick & Son, saw dust 4 45 

June 9. }. Paulsen, labor 2000 — S 116 63 

June 30, Thos. W. Meers, salary. May. $ 6000 

expenses. May 6740 

salary, June 69 31 

expenses, June 50 35 — $ 247 06 

Oct. 2. A. C. Roberts, attendance at Iowa Building, Sept., 13 days.S 65 00 

R. R. fare 1440—6 7940 

J. F. Duncombe, attendance at Iowa Bldg., Aug., 6 days § 30 00 

per diem, Sept., 5 days 2500 — $ 5500 

Oct. 10. S. B. Packard, attendance at swine exhibit, Sept., 4 days..s 20 00 

Oct., 6 days... 30 00 

R. R. fare 36 2J— S 86 24 

Jas. O. Crosby, per diem, Aug., 5 days .$ 25 00 

" Sept., 13 days 6500 

R. R. fare 6 00 — S 96 00 

Chas. Ashton, attendance at Iowa Bldg., Sept., 15 days $ 75 00 

Oct., II days 55 00 

R. R. fare 17 94—? 147 94 

June ID. S. H. Mallory, paid office rent in Chicago, Jan. i-May i, '93 S 127 00 

June 5. J. C. Johnston, finishing and setting glass in show case 5800 

Pay Roll, Oct. 1-7 

Oct. 7. Genevieve Shaffer, expense as soloist, Iowa Days 

Sept. 30. Hyde Park Gas Co., gas, Aug. 31 to Sept. 30 

Oct. II. Carr Bros., crockery 

10. C. H. Rice, oil __ 

Backus and Sisley. groceries . 

7. Adams Express Co 

9. Associated Express Co 

10. WellsFargo " _. 

4. Northern " __ , 

American " 

6. " " _ 

9- " " 1 20— S 42294 



s 358 


12 


34 


00 


16 


32 


I 


35 


I 


25 


3 


05 


2 


35 




90 


I 


CG 


I 


15 


I 


25 


I 


00 


I 


20— S 



4o8 



REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 



Sep. 


23. 




25. 




2S. 


Oct. 


2, 


Sep. 


25- 




23. 



16. 
30. 

26. 

June 20. 
Sep. 13. 

16. 
Aug. 7. 
Sep. 26. 

15- 

30 

iq. 

18. 

30. 
Oct. 2. 
Sep. 21. 

30. 

26. 
Aug. 31. 
Sep. lb. 
Oct, 2. 
Sep. 30. 

16. 

30. 

13. 

18. 



13- 
26. 
23. 



Aug. I. 
Oct. 3. 
Sep. 27. 

19. 

29. 

26. 

Oct. 3. 



Sep. 27. 

23- 

July 29. 
June 12. 
May 31, 

Apr. 10. 



May 26. 
9- 
10. 



W. M. McFarland, expense Iowa days $ 

Jennie M. Sugg, " " " 

Marie Chambers, " " " 

Lucia Gale Barber, " " " 

J.H.Barber, " " " 

Florence Castle, " " " 

Frederick A. Self, " " " 

Wellington Catering Co., catering Iowa days 

Parker Bros., livery, Iowa days _ 

Albertype Co., souvenir programs 



Jas. Pain & Sons, fire works, Iowa days 

C. H. Rice, tacks, etc 

" brooms 

Backus & Sisley, brooms 

E. H. Exelby, removing garbage Aug. 21-31 
" " Sept. 1-15 

Jas. Wadsworth, tacks and twine 

Marshall Field & Co., soap 



Thayer & Jackson Stationery Co., ink 

C. H. Rice, oil 

" hardware 

0. J. Wocher, fly paper 

Rosalie Drug Co., borax 

G. A. Larson, labor 

Backus & Sisley, matches.. 

1. C. Seifert, labor 

H. F. Barndt, coal 

U. S. Express Co., 

Am. " " 



Nat'l 
Adams 



C. &N. W. R. R 

Telephone Co ... 

Sam'i G. Derham, balance of filters. 

Herman Stirisi, plumbing 

E. Baggot, balance of plumbing 

W. S. Loomis, services 

Fred W. Gute, labor 

Marshall Field & Co., cloth 



brushes 



E. H. Hunt, moss 



A. J. Brockway, labor 

W. M. McFarland, paid for printing 

Geo. Ashton, labor 

Standard Express Co., drayage 



Atlas Laundry Co., Aug. 28 to Sep. 29 

C. R. Schraps. catering. 

Garden City Awning and Tent Co., flags. 

S. D. Childs & Co., blanks 

" " pens and ink 

F. N. Chase, Sec'y, paid for postage 

" telegrams . 

per diem, Sept 

R. R.fare 



Stadler & Torgerson, photographs .... 

J. Rush Lincoln, Commandant, portion of expense of 300 

cadets 

Board of Lady Managers, i show case 

Andrews & Noel, painting 

" " balance on decorating 

John McLane, post office furniture $ 

curtains 

lumber 

Marshall Field & Co., ribbon .__ ._ 

" " rope portieres 

" •' " floor broom 

" " " mat 

2 brushes 

sweeper 

" " " mattresses 

Hyde Park Gas Co., gas, May "i 31 



27 50 
12 90 
32 85 
23 25 
15 80 
6 00 

2 00 
8 75 

479 00 

55 00 

517 02 

450 00 

I 25 

I 80 

I 00 

5 90 

6 70 
I 40 
I 59 
I 50 
I 60 

25 

10 

25 

25 

25 

30 

25 

II 75 

85 

I 35 

I 10 

I 25 

90 

40 

I 60 

1 25 
25 

90 00 

5 00 

83 45 

35 60 

3 00 

2 42 
23 16 

2 21 
I 00 
I 00 



I 25 

6 00 
5 50 

7 75 
228 50 

20 46 
415 50 
108 82 

3 50 

4 40 
40 00 ■ 

I II 
150 00 
34 63-S 



2 82 
6 00 

4 24 

2 00 

13 04 

24 72 



2,949 42 



$ 


t5 00 


167 80 

500 00 — $ 


1,500 00 
56 00 

667 80 



REPORT OF AUDITING COMMITTEE 



409 



24. 
, 8. 
Mch.31. 
Apr. 28. 
May 4. 
\ 19. 
Sei|. 23. 
May 10. 

13- 

31. 

12. 

18. 

29. 

29. 

27. 



Aor 



Sep. 20. 



Oct. 10. 
May 24. 
June 19. 
May 16, 
Feb. 9. 
June I. 
13. 



Office Toilet Co., towels, April 
Hyde Park Gas Co., service ... 
Jerome Paper Co., toilet paper 
Tobey Furniture Co., furniture 



Apr. 





30. 




26. 




29. 


May 


8. 




6. 


Apr. 


6. 


May 


3- 


Apr. 


30. 


May 


9. 




ID. 




9- 


Apr. 


25. 




29. 


May 


.■). 




II. 




q. 




«. 




4- 


Apr. 


21. 




iq. 



International Steel Post Co., iron fencing --- 

World's Col. Expo., teaming -- 

Western Rubber and Belting Co., hose 

J. S. Ford, Johnson & Co., chairs 

Heywood & Morrill Rattan Co., chairs 

" " " " furniture 

" " " " chairs 

" " '' " tables 

" " " " chairs 

" " " " furniture- $32035 

discount 18 15- 



F. E. Green, labor ,. . 

T. Histe; " - -- - 

H. Proesser, " 

G. W. Copeland, labor 

F.S.Hale, " 

F. E. Green, paints 

S. H. Mallorv , telegrams .. 

Dennison Mfg. Co. tags 

P. F. Peitibone & Co., book. 

Chicago Edison Co., light, Mch. 16 to Apr. 18. 

Floyd Davis, analysis of water 

Jacobs, Coles & Co., envelopes 

J. C. Johnston, finishing stairs 



Pay roll of employees in Iowa building and at exhibits in 
exposition buildings- 
May 28-June 3 - - : 

June 4-10 .. 

June 10-17 ■ 

June 17-24 

fune 25-July I 

July 2-8 

July 9 15 -- 

July 15-22 

Julv 23-29 

Pay roll, educational department, July 

July 30- Aug. 5 

. Aug 5 12 

Aug 13-19- — ■•• 

Aug. 20-26 

Aug. 26-Sept. 2 

Sept. 3-9 

Sept. 10-16 

Sept. 17-23 

Sept. 2i-30 

HolJi^ & Duncan, paper 

Anderson & Hanson, paint 

Geo. E. Watson & Co., paint 

S. J. Stebbins, hardware 

Fuller & Fuller Co., asphaltum 

Sprague, Smith & Co., mirrors - 

J M.Kelly, cartage... 

L. M. Brown, tacks, hammer, etc 

" nails and paper 

J. J. Magee, soda. 

Marshall Field & Co., cloth 

Pitkin & Brooks, glass jars 

J. J. Zoller, gl-iss 

"Heath & Milligan Mfg. Co., paint 

" " paint 

" " duster 

" " hard oil 



Eureka Show Case Co., show case. 
Hiram J. Thompson, moulding 



C. H. Rice, hardware 

H. L. Clark, paint and labor 

Carson. Pirie, Scott & Co., ribbon. 

.^dam Zeska & Co.. wire rings 

S. J. Stebbins, hooks 

L. M. Brown, tacks 



W. L. Dow, Agt., cement 



I 


00 


23 


75 


47 


50 


71 


50 


42 


00 


42 


24 


2 


20 


24 50 


54 


00 


7 


00 


34 


30 


23 


25 


II 


20 


98 


25 


% 302 


20 


S 20 


50 


19 


00 


6 


00 


19 


00 


12 


00 


29 


92 




85 


14 


30 


I 


=^0 


I 


00 


20 


00 


9 


00 


15 


00- 


S 316 


63 
63 


363 


327 


63 


320 


13 


365 


34 


359 


^3 


355 


80 


355 


80 


355 


80 


120 


00 


365 


80 


373 


80 


387 


80 


338 


30 


402 


30 


378 


30 


374 


80 


469 


13 


409 


13 


I 


40 


II 


18 


5 


30 


I 


76 


I 


20 


13 


00 




75 


6 


15 


3 


90 




25 


10 


15 


8 


28 




75 




80 


3 


CO 




50 




90 




90 


9 


50 




95 


3 


50 




40 
50 


3 


2 


54 
00 


10 




50 


I 


fco 


6 


40 


5 


50 



1,632 32 



21 



410 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

27. Marshall Field & Co., ribbon 

cloth 

James King Seed Co , grass seed 

corn screws 

green moss 





^6. 




2V 




28. 


May- 


4- 




2. 


Apr. 


18. 


May 


2. 


Apr. 


29. 




24. 


May 


7. 


Apr, 


29. 




24. 




22. 




20. 




21. 


Apr. 


24. 




19. 


May 


13. 


Apr. 


27. 




25- 




21. 




22. 




19. 


May 


10. 




12. 


Apr. 


2=i. 




26. 




25. 




24. 




20. 




24- 


Aug. 


24. 



Henry Fowler, cement 

Heath & Milligan Mfg Co., lampblack. 

}as. H. Walker Co., ribbon 

Marshall Field & Co., cloth. ._ 



Martin Johnson, teaming. 

E. Harrold, teaming 

Adams Express Co 

American " 

Associated " 



F. N. Chase, Sec'y-, telegrams, express and R. 

Backus & Sisley, tubs and soap 

A.Allen, dusters. 

H. F. Barndt, coal 



C. H. Rice, tacks a 

Siegel, Cooper & Co., cloth 

C.H.Rice pails 

Bridgeport Wood Finishing Co., paint 

C. French, cloth 

A, Allen, R R. fare, Apr. lo-May 10. 

BuUard & ormley Co., brackets 

John Doyle & Co., casting 

Marshall Field & Co , ribbon 

" cloth 

Jas. King Seed Co., Lycopdium 

Anderson & Hanson, hard oil 

A. R. Porter, ribbon 

J. J. Magee, turpentine 

T. W. Wilmarth Co., to apply on fixtures 

" " balance on light fixtures. 20 00 — $ 7,296 38 



32 90 


9 41 


3 50 


8 10 


2 00 


2 CO 


2 50 


3 75 


30 


II 28 


10 53 


18 81 


2 00 


5 00 


27 65 


80 


50 


5 65 


4 85 


I 90 


I 80 


7 25 


7 25 


I 15 


92 


I 35 


I 80 


50 


9 20 


I 98 


5 00 


5 17 


9 55 


3 50 


4 50 


482 


I 20 


200 00 


20 00- 



Oct, 13. J. W. Jarnagin, per diem, Oct., 9 days $ 4500 

R. R. fare 1820—$ 6320 



Oct. 23. J. Greenhill, express $ 0020 

24. American Express Co. .- . i 10 

25. Wells Fargo Express Co 50 

14. J. Greenhill, express 200 

20. Adams Express (-0 100 

24. Backus & Sisley, groceries 13 21 



16. 



14. " " oil- 

26, " " oil. 

23. L. M. Brown, pails.. . 
The Fair, cups.. 

24. " glasses ... 
23. C. H. Rice, hardware 



24. Art Floral Co., flowers 

20. Pettibone, Wells & Co., printing 

23. Chas. E. Marble Printing Co., printing 

7. E. Baggot, gas fittings . 

27. Mary S Scott, expenses 

26. Emrna P. Ewing, paid for assistants 

" supplies 1550—$ 25000 

Nov. I. S. B. Packard, attendance Oct. 27 to Nov. 2, account of Live 

Stock, including Nov. meeting, 7 days » 

R. R. fare - 14 50 — « 4050 

A. C. Roberts, attendance at Iowa Bldg., Sept. 27 to Oct. 31, 

35 davs.__ - S 175 00 

R. R.fare 1800—$ 19300 



I 


80 




I 


85 




I 


OH 






94 






50 






60 
45 








I 


92 




I 


68 




2 


75 




I 


75 




I 


47 




4 


25 




5 


50 




9 


28 




64 o"; 




89 


72 




25 


00 




15 


50- 


-$ 


e 

-» 35 


00 




14 


50- 


-s 



Chas. Ashton, attendance at Iowa Bldg., Oct. 20 to Nov. 2, 

13 days - S 6500 

R. R.fare — - i3 55— » 78 55 



REPORT OF AUDITING COMMITTEE 4II 

Jas. O. Crosby, attendance la. Bldg., Oct. 3-Nov. 2, 31 days.S 155 00 

R. R. fare 3 00— S 15800 



H. W. Seaman, attendance at Iowa Bldg., Oct. 21 to Nov. 2, 

12 days...,. js 6000 

R. R. fare _ __ 12 50— f 



Wm. H. Dent, attendance at Iowa Bldg,, Sept. 28 to Nov. 

S.ydays- $ 3500 

R. R. fare 16 00— S 



Aug. 25. O. C. Scott, paid express $ 2 20 

Oct. 2. Lizzie Fleming, services ' 1500 

Apr, 10. H. H. Seerley, Prest., expense 100 00 

Sept, 18. U. S. Express Co., i 25 

Aug. 30. " " . 240 

12. Craver & Steele Mfg. Co., iron and labor 738 

Apr. 15. Snider, McConnell & Co., paper n 50 

Sept. 16. J. W. Jarnagin, express. _ 460 — $ 



Oct. 12. Baltimore & Ohio R. R s 0025 

Sept. 9. " '• _ _ 75 

Oct. 3. L. G Clute, per diem, Sept. 13-Oct. 3 $ 3200 

" " 9 I 00 

expenses... 29 05 

paid freight and help i 65—$ 63 70 

Aug. 22. A. H. Barber, tubs and express, Sept. exhibit $ 19 67 

Oct. 3. " 2 tubs ...f 0024 

freight paid on Sept. exhibit 25 62 — $ 25 86 

Oct. I. C, L. Gabrilson, salary, Aug. and Sept $ 200 co 

expenses, Aug. 12 to Sept. 12 8218 

paid for wood and labor 51 22 

salary, Oct _.$ 100 00 

R. R. fare 970 — $ 10970 

Oct. 28. C. L. Gabrilson, expense, Oct. exhibit $ 5 59 

paid J. G. Steiger, labor 8 00 

paid John Kolthoff, butter 16 52 

paid American Express Co 5 20 — $ 35 31 

21. A. H. Barber, freight and storage Oct. exhibit $ 45 64 

Sept. 30. " cartage " Sept. exhibit 26 60 

29. " tubs, express, etc.. 18 17 

Oct. 14. " express __ 295 

Nov. 6. E. Kretchmer, paid C, B. & Q. R. R _.$ 0097 

per diem, Sept. 1-6 1000 

expenses, Sept 10 10 

per diem, Oct. 8 26 22 50 

R. R. fare 14 50 

expenses 1800 

per diem, Oct. 27 to Nov. 7 2500 

expenses, " •' 22 80 

paid for nails, signs, etc... 3 00 

" J. C. Kretchmer, labor 20 00 

" freight 667—$. 153 54 

15. W. I. Buchanan, refrigeration in dairy dept 

Oct. 21. Jas. Hethershaw, potato exhibit crops 1892-93 

F, N. Chase, Sec'y, paid for vegetables 

Sep. 9- C, R. I. &P. R. R _ 2131—$ 99980 

8. D. M. Moniger, services supt. of cattle $ 

27. " " " horses 

W- W. McClung, " swine 

Nov. 29. S. B. Packard, per diem from June, 1892, to Nov., 1893, pro- 
moting and preparing live stock exhibit 

express and expense '380—$ 55585 



Wm. G, Marshall, expense of swine exhibit $ 

A.J. Lytle, " " " 

Stone & Stone, " " " 

Jno. Johnston & Sons " " " 

M.Dunn, " " " 

Wm. Roberts & Son, " " " 

Peter Mouw, " " " 

Taft&Co., " " " 

T. F Bonner, " " " 

T.R.Wilson, " " •' __ 

J. H. Lathrop, " " " 80 10— f 1,02535 



100 


00 


20 


00 


22 


95 


21 


31—$ 


.$ 63 60 


19 

73 
395 


60 


85 
00 


3 


80-$ 


.$ 66 


40 


67 


90 


56 


40 


42 


40 


42 


40 


207 


60 


161 


05 


, 187 


00 


61 


20 


52 


90 


80 


10— f 



412 



REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 



Oct., 


3. 

. 7. 




12. 




17. 


Sep. 
June 
Sep. 
Nov. 


3- 
14. 
30. 

7. 


June 20. 
Oct. 28. 



Oct. 23. 



July 21. 
Oct. 7. 
Sep. 4- 

II. 

23- 

23. 

24. 

Oct. IT. 

Sep. 20. 

Oct. 7. 

28. 

25- 

28. 

Mch. 2. 

27. 
Apr. 18. 
Mch. 23, 



17. 
15- 
16. 
14. 
27. 
30. 
Oct. 16. 
30. 
31- 
27- 
25- 



Sep. 



John Jacobs, expense of horse exhibit. $ 

E. Knott & Co., " " " 

Lefebure & Son, " " " 

J. Murray Hoag, " " " 

Peter Hopley, " " '' 

E. F. Kleinmeyer, " " " __. 

A. B. Holbert, " " " 

L. B Goodrich, " " " -. .., 

J. H. GilfiUan, expense of cattle exhibit S 

Wm. McTurk, " " " ... 

W. A. McHenry, " " " 

Geo. S. Redhead, " " " 

Iowa State Band 



Payroll Oct. 8-14 

Oct. 15-21 --. 

Oct. 22-28. 

Oct. 2q-Nov. 4 .. 

Nov. 5-1 1 _ 

Nov. 13-20 - - 

C. T. Rush, premium on photo exhibit 

Wm. H. Morhiser, " '' " 

A. Grossheim, " " " 

Orry H. Salt-:, expense ... 

Iowa Ptg. Co., letter heads 

" " envelopes 

Jarnagin & McKee, printing minutes 

The Hampden Co , hotel expenses of governor's party — 

Iowa days 

A. B. Davis, team to haul Gatling gun 

S B Packard, expense account Iowa days 

Milward & Clark, decorating, Iowa days 

Associated Exp re -^s Co 

Boone Mill and Elevator Co., corn meal 

Regan Printingr House, printing 

Jarnagin cS: McKee, " 

C. R. Schraps, serving corn dinner 

C. L. Ga^rilson. butter 

W. U. Telegraph Co .... 

J. H. Buhlman, freight prepaid on exhibit 

W.S.Porter, " " " 

M. W. Moir, " " " .--. 

Muscatine P. Brick Co., '' " _.. 

McGregor Imp. Co., " " 

Muscatine Terra Cotta L. Co. " " 

Frank H. Sowden, signs and express 

Am. Express Co 

II pkgs . -. 

Standard Express Co., drayage 

Globe Saving-! Bank, exchange... 

E. H. Exelby, removing garbage, Sept. 16-30 

Oct. 1-16 

Jos. Fahndrick & Son's, saw dust 

Atlas Laundrv Co., Oct. 7-28 

C. H. Rice, screw driver and tacks 

W. U. Telegraph Co 

A. Allen, car fare 

F. N. Chase, Sec'y, per diem, Oct S 155 00 

R. R. fare 7 35— S 



7i 05 
373 00 

99 75 
419 80 
551 70 
321 10 
425 17 
433 50— S 

3T0 70 
232 30 
252 45 
184 60— S 



100 00 
250 00 
250 00- 



J. J. Magee, chloride lime S 45 

Chicago Telephone Co., service from May 16 Sept. i _. .. .. 56 00 

World's Col Expo., labor. . 3 75 

" " ' bal. of bill for wiring and service of 

electric lights. 545 70 

Andrews & Noel, decorating 16 00 

J. H. Harvey, ribbon 600 

Milward & Clark, making costumes (Chicago day) for Iowa 

parade 6000- 



50 00 
30 00 

20 00 

21 13 
II 00 
10 20 
38 10 



354 00 



4 


20 


225 


00 


4 


00 




44 


3 


50 


31 


15 


94 


00 


7 


00 




35 




9S 


2 


38 




75 


I 


00 


3 


60 


4 


10 


7 


25 




65 


I 


25 


7 


10 


7 


00 


2 


25 


7 


80 


9 


00 


5 


75 


15 49 




50 




50 


4 


25 



2,697 15 

980 05 
1,000 00 

600 00 



687 90 
432 46 

367 46 

367 46 

383 47 
281 10 
167 9.^ 



162 35 



Nov. 



postage ... 
telegrams 



. $ 3^ 00 

3 33—$ 34 33 



C. W. Heaftord, supt. storage of cases S 



9 77— » 



REPORT OF AUDITING COMMITTEE 



413 



Mch.30. Sawyer, Goodman & Co., lumber S 119 24 

- 63 63-S 

Nov. 4. Chas. Stadler, photographs __ S 

Pay roll, Nov. 20 25 ." 

Nov. 26-Dec. 2 

Dec. 12. Jarnagin & McKee, cut of educational exhibit, express, etc. 14 40 

14. J. W. Jarnagin, postage, telegrams, etc -- 20 48— S 

15. Chas. Ashlon, telegrams and postage s 

Nov. I- B., C. R. & X. R. R S 413 

Oct. 21. Northern Pacific Express Co go 

Nov. 17. Adams Express Co 5 60 

" - 75 

15- " ■' -- 265 

' - 50 

23. " " — 200 

21. " " 130 

II. " " go 

25. Am. " 25 

16. ^ " " .- I 90 

i-l- " " - 4 35 

21. " " - 300 

9- " " - 100 

13. " '■ ---- - -- — 80 

Associated Express Co. i 15 

20. ■' " .- 440 

/• " '" -- ---- 5 35 

10. ■• " 5 10 

114 15 

3 Backus Mfg. Co., freight 3 29 

Nov. 25. G. D. Gammon, drayage 3S 00 

17. " ■' 1500 

g. Col. Transfer and Teaming Co., drayage i oo 

8. Jas. Henderson, drayage 500 

23. W. B. Ketcham, return expense on exhibit 2370 

6. John Hayes, drayage 150 

18. Saml Hull, " 1750 

25- " " ---- - --- 875 

9. Jas. Henderson, drayage 100 

23. H. S. Blanchard. services __. 205 

10. Register Press Clipping Bureau, Iowa clippings 5 00 

Oct. 9. Parker Bros., team. 600 

Nov. 20. Col. C. L. Root, expense of troops, Iowa Days b6 00 

10. Chas. Stadler, photographs 35 00 

Sept.29. F. N. Chase, Sec v., admissions Iowa Days.. 750 

Oct. 25. Iowa State Agl. Society, loan of flags 1000 

10. Mihvard & Clark, decorating, Chicago Days 1500 

7. General Geo. Greene, expense Iowa Days ... 1450 

Fred'k H. Little, "" " 17 81 . 

J. T. Davidson, " " 1845 

Thos. F. Cooke, " " 1403 

H. H. Canfield, " " 12 70 

J. S. Wylie. " " 250 

T. S. Wand. " " 11 90 

J. M.Alexander, " " 25 50 

Patrick Brennan, " " 1990 

B. H. O'Meara, " " 550 

J. W. Breckler, " " 17 75 

F. C. Goececke, " " .. 8 42 

Dec. 4. H. F. Barndt, coal 700 

Nov. 29. C. H. Rice, nails, oil, etc ._ 410 

15. Chicago Telephone Co., seivice, Sept. i-Nov. 15 39 63 

24. E. Baggot, plumbing 450 

25. B. F. Chase Co., labor and express paid 670 

Dec. 2. E. H. Downing, laundry 157 

Nov. 30. F, N. Chase, Sec'y., per diem, Nov. s 150 00 

R. R. fare 42 55— S 192 55— S 

Oct. 2. Republican Printing Co., Columbian Visitors Register 5 

Dec. 15. A. f. Collman, Supt., ji expense of Horticultural Exhibit.. . 

Nov. 21. G. F. Ferris, charging phonograph battery S 00 50 

Oct. 13. S. D. Childs & Co., paper and dusters 225 

14. " " letter files. i 25 

18. •' '■ twine and glue 95 

20. '■ " paper 175 

30. " " ink I 20 

24. Jacobs, Coles (Sc Co, stationery 5 50 

Nov. 27. Geo. S. Mornin, ink 100 

21. Snyder & Hurd, printing i 75 

Oct. 23. Jos'. Spies, grapes. i 00 



182 87 

100 00 
92 15 
66 75 

34 88 



846 48 



75 00 
1,009 20 



414 



REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 





24. 


>Jov 


. 2. 


June 


1 20. 


Dec. 


7. 


Oct. 


30. 




=51. 


Nov, 


. 20. 




i8. 




lO. 




iS. 




II. 


Oct. 


28. 


Nov, 


, i6. 




I. 




6. 




10. 




q. 




6. 


Nov. 


+• 




2S. 


Oct. 


SI- 


Nov, 


. 2* 




8. 




13. 




I. 




20. 




i6. 


Oct. 


31- 


Nov, 


, 20. 


Oct. 


I. 




6. 


Sept 


•23. 


Nov. 


2q. 


Dec. 


7- 


Apr. 


19, 


Nov. 


28. 




i6. 




24. 




25- 




28. 




25. 


Apr. 


2g. 


Dec. 


I. 



Barnard, Edwards & Co., grapes __ i 60 

H. P. Stanley & Co., apples 4 00 

L. M. Brown, pails.- 50 

Wendell & Co., 2 medals :. 2000 

F. N. Chase, Secy., p'd Treasurer of American and Foreign 

Agl. Exhibitors Association for Iowa membership. 1000 

A. J. W. Copelin, photographs .._ 5 00 

Kincerbocker Ice Co., ice, Oct. 2-30 14 55 

ice, Sept. 2-30 __ 18 30 

Hyde Park Gas Co., gas, Sept. 30-Oct. 31 37 92 

" " gas, Oct. 31-N0V. 20 4 56 

Geo. E. Watson & Co., paper 2 40 

E. H, Downing, laundry i 23 

- 91 

Mrs. W. M. Stephens, expense 175 

L. M. Brown, twine 80 

Backus & Sisley, oil .-- 2 50 

" - 50 

C. H. Rice, twine and nails 135 

" hardware. __ 215 

" hammers _ i 00 

" nails and twine 320 

" nails. -- 50 

S. B. Humbert, P. M., stamps 2200 

H. F. Barndt, coal 700 

" " 700 

World's Col. Expo., removing garbage 50 

" " " " - 1640 

Wausau Excelsior Co., excelsior 2 00 

" " twine and excelsior 230 

" " " boxes, barrels and excelsior 9^0 

Peter Wall in, packing furniture 19 00 

John R. Mitchell, excelsior 5 00 

W. S. Loomis, services -.._ 9190 

Mattie Bowell, box for exhibit i 50 

F. N. Chase, sign 7500 

E. Baggot, oil heaters 26 00 

" plumbing 1250 

Adams Express Co 5 00 

Am. Express Co 40 

" - 855 

I 25 

" " I 10 

Rand & Leopold Desk Co., freight paid 15 33 

B., C. R.&N. R. R 256 

C, R. I. & P. R. R I 50 

I 56 

" " 121 

C, B. &Q.R.R 160 

St. Louis, K. & Western R. R 1 00 

111. Cent. R. R. 45 

- 465 

585 

F. I'J. Chase, Sec'y., telegrams 7 53 

W. S. Loomis, services 124 00 

C.H.Rice, hardware. 75 — S 

J. F. Duncombe, per diem., Oct., 3 days S 

" per diem, Dec, 3 days .__ 

S. H. Mallory, attendance at Iowa Bldg., Aug., 2 days $ 10 00 

Sept., 21 days 105 00 

Oct., 31 days 155 00 

Nov., 17 days 85 00 

per diem, Dec, 2 days 10 00 

R. R. fare 2 01— S 

A. (-. Roberts, per diem, Dec, 4 davs $ 2000 

R. R. fare 11 76—$ 

Clias. Ashton, Com. work, Aug., 19 days 8 

per diem, Nov., i day 500 

Dec, 3 days 1500 

R. R. fare 3 60— S 

J. W. Jarnagin, attendance at Iowa Bldg., Oct., 2 days S 10 00 

Nov., 13 days 65 00 

per diem, Dec, 5 days 25 00 

R. R. fare 45 36— S 

S. H. Packard, per diem and Com. work, Dec, 5 days S 25 00 

R. R. fare 4 50— S 



633 66 
15 00 
15 oa 



367 01 

31 76 
95 00. 

23 60 

145 36 
29 50 



REPORT OF AUDITING COMMITTEE 



Jas. O. Crosbv, per diem, Dec, 6 days 
R. R. fare-- 



30 00 

8 55— s 



S. B. Packard, Com. work, Dec, 12 days. 

" Jan., 12 days. 

R. R. fare 



Feb. 7, 1894. E. A. Higley & Co. balance room rent 

Jan. 4, 1894, B. P. Hoist, supplies S 

June I, '93. Ira C. Kling, services. - -.. 

Dec 20, '93. L. G. Clute, services, Oct. 16 to Dec. 12 S 150 00 

paid 111. Cent. R. R. freight 4 08 

2 88 

" drayage and expense 90— S 157^6 

Dec. II, '93. C. L. Gabrilson, services, Nov $ 86 68 

postage -- 2 00— $ 88 68 

Dec. 26, '93. E. Kretchmer, services.-. S 600 

paid for honey - 1887 

paid drayage and postage i 54 

paid C, B. & Q R. R 300 

paid Adams Express Co-- 3 25— S 3266—$ 

Mcb. 24. H. K, Ashton, services -- — -.S 

Apr. 10. J. C. Ashton, " 

May 6. Mrs. S. B. Maxwell, services — 

29. Rand, McNally & Co., 20,000 maps 

June Mrs. Hortense Crosby, services. .- -- - 

July I. Emory Miller, " -.- 

June 8. Geo. H. Benedict & Co., I view-- 

July ig, Geo. W. Melville, engraving - --- 





28. 


Aug. 


23- 


Sep. 


4. 




21. 




19. 




20. 




28. 




30. 


Oct. 


.s- 




II. 




30. 




3^- 




25. 


Nov, 


■ 13. 


1894. 


Ian. 


q- 


Feb. 


I. 




7- 


Dec 


.14. 



Am. Express Co - 

Chi., Gt. Western R. R 

Standard Express Co., drayage 
S. D, Childs & Co., envelopes... 
111. Central R. R 



Standard Express Co., drayage 



J. A. Sexton, P. M 
H. S. Towle, P. M. 
J. A. Sexton, P. M. 



stamps 



Rand, McNally & Co., 5,000 maps 

C. T. Peick, photographs 

Dubuque Telegraph, account hand books. 



Chas. Ashton, postage and express 

Dubuque Telegraph Co., bat. account 
1893. Iowa State Band, bal. account... 

John Wilson, expense poultry dept 

G. W. Stout, " " " .... 

E. H. Strohmeier, *' " *' 

W. H. Garland, " " " .. - 



7 50 

37 25 

15 CO 

250 00 

25 GO 

10 00 

25 00 
52 00 
37 00 

26 00 
15 00 

36 00 
13 00 

I 40 
5 00 
7 50 

37 50 
3 20 

11 66 

5 50 
48 00 

12 00 
18 00 
24 00 

12 00 
62 50 

6 50 
,925 00 

100 00 
18 95- 



4 25 
3 50 
I 85 
I 25-S 



Nov. 14. W. W. Wyant, postage. S 

Dec. I. C. L. Gabrilson, R. R. fare and postage 



3 02 

29 28— S 



Feb. I, 1894. A. B. Holbert, expense horse dept 
W. S. Niles, " cattle " 

Richardson Bros.. " " 



$ 
106 93 
217 50 — $ 



John M. Sterr 
Wm. Miller, 
D. L. Heinsbeimer, ' 
Dan'l Sheehan & Son 
Richardson Bros., 



Feb. 8. D. W. Lotspeach, apples 

R. W. Carson, fruit 

Iowa State Horticultural Society. 
A. F. Collman, expense 



dairy test award $ 



50 00 
100 00 
250 00 
300 00 
600 GO ■ 



38 55 



60 00 
60 00 
18 00— s 


138 00 


S 15 50 

25 00 — S 


2 00 

40 50 



2,847 4& 

433 24 
2,000 00 



10 85 

32 30 
42 63 
324 4S 



4 75 

626 02 

14 80 



4l6 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 

Jan. i6. A. J. W. Copelin, photographs i860 

Feb. 7. A. B. Holbert, agt., expense horse dept 12444 

5. Jarnagin & McKee, 300 lists of awards S 100 

printing minutes 37 10— $ 38 10 



Feb. 25, 1893. Mrs. J. D. Ainsworth, expenses $ 30 00 

June I. Or a E. Miller, expenses.. 334 15 

Jan. 29, 1894. Albert Allen, services 60 00 

Oct. 26, 1893. Josselyn & Taylor Co., bal. of account 21830 

Dec. 13. A. G. Colpoys, services. 10 00 

Pay roll, Dec. 10-16 50 25 

Dec. 17-31 8i 00 

Jan. 1-7, 1894 17 50 

Dec. 3-9 _ 53 95 

Dec. 15,1893. Eunice E. G. Allen, water color $ 

Jan. 2,1894. S. B. Humbert, P. M., postage 

June 9, 1893. Backus & Sisley, mdse 

Dec. 28. C. Jevne & Co., mdse 

Nov. 2. Atlas Laundry Co 

Dec. r6. Carter & Hussey, paper and pencils.. 

26. J. C. Preston, rubber stamps .- 

Nov. 21, 1892. Wilson & Chase, thread 

Dec.23, 1893. W. L. Scott, services -. 

H. M. Robers, services 

Nov. I. C. H. Rice, chimneys 

Dec. 5. " nails 

28. Sam'l R. Hull, draya^e 

A. Allen, postage and K, R. fare 

R. R. fare 

Jan. I, 1894. W. L. Robinson Coal Co., coal 

Dec. 19, 1893. " " " " __ -J 

22. E. H. Downing, laundry 

16. " " - 

22. S. R. Hull, drayage 

8. G. D. Gammon, " 



19. U. S. Express Co 

28. White Line Transfer Co., drayage. 

8. Thos. Collins, agt., terminal chgs.. 

21. Chi. Gt. Western R. R _1. 

8. Thos. Collins, agt., terminal chgs.. 

II. C. R. I. &P. R. R 

I. Chi., Mil. & St. Paul R. R 

27. Adams Express Co 

Ar,<-.. " " 



8 & II. " " " 

Apr. 26. Chi., Mil. & St Paul R. R 

Dec. 31. W S. Loomis, services and expense. .. 

F. N. Chase, Sec'y, telegrams and R. R. fare 



per diem, Dec S 130 00 

R. R. fare 76 08— $ 206 08— S 61887 



Mch. 17, 1893. B„ C. R & N. R. R., car Cedar Falls to Chicago $ 

Apr. 7. Bait. & O. R. R 

27. World's Col. Expo., terminal chgs 

May 13. " " " " " 

Sep. 9. Adolph Witteman, express paid 

Jan. 2, 1894.. U. S. Express Co 

6. " " 



28 00 


21 00 


I 75 


12 90 


2 II 


2 70 


70 


25 


2 75 


2 75 


20 


I 80 


2 00 


I 20 


I 25 


3 75 


3 75 


60 


84 


75 


4 00 


2 50 


55 


14 25 


13 29 


7 86 


27 02 


12 00 


25 


12 63 


65 


I 50 


60 


I 00 


42 40 


93 


166 20 


14 II 


206 08— S 


40 00 


. 75 


50 


I 15 


2 25 


30 



4. S. R. Hull, drayage 

22. Am. Express Co. 

6. C, R. I. & P. R. R 

10. White Lins Transfer Co., drayage 

Feb. I. 

Jan. 12. Thos. W. Mears, freight and drayage. 

I. Rukgaber & Crane, clock 

17. C. J. Holman & Bro., exhibits broken 

25. W. B. Conkey Co., catalogues 

30. L. B. Abdill, picture frames 

24. Wendell & Co., gold medal 

5. W. U. Telegraph Co 

6. Carter & Hussey, book and pens 

13. Florence Albright, services 

Feb. 3- " " " 

Jan. 24. S. B. Humbert. P. M., postage 

25. W. L. Robinson Coal Co., coal 



5 


85 


3- 


25 


2 


25 


8 


60 


I 


25 


7 50 


3« 


40 


35 


3Q 


55 


00 




50 




35 


[18 


50 


52 


50 


17 


00 


3 


50 



30 


00 


24 


56 


42 


50 


5 


00 



REPORT OF AUDITING COMMITTEE 417 

28. Joe T. Knapp, services 52 50 

31. W. S. Loomis, " _ 16000 

F. N. Ctiase, Sec'y, express and telegrams 4 29 

Feb. I. '• " per diem, Jan S 135 00 

R. R.fare 33 80— S 168 80— S 7Q4 53 

Feb. 8. Chas. Ashton, com. work, Dec, 4 days $ 2000 

Jan., 2 days 1000 

Feb., 3 days 1500 

per diem, Feb., 4 days 20 00 

R. R. fare 21 10— S S6 10 

S. B. Packard, com. work, Jan., 15 days S 75 00 

Feb., 3 days 15 oo 

per diem, Feb., 4 days 20 oo 

R. R. fare 2200 — S 13200 

A. C. Roberts, per diem, Feb., 4 days S 20 00 

R. R. tare 13 24— S 3324 

Henry Stivers, com. work, 2 days S 10 00 

per diem, Feb., 2 days 10 00 

Dec. 2 days 10 00— S 

J. W. Jarnagin, per diem, Feb., 4 days $ 20 00 

R. R. fare ._ __ 4 56— S 

H. VV. Seaman, per diem, Feb.. 5 days S 25 00 

K. R. fare __ i7 50— S 

W. H. Dent, per diem, Feb., i day s 

.Jas. O. Crosby, com. work, Dec, 2 days S 10 00 

per diem, Feb., 5 days 25 00 

R. R. fare z 510 — S 4010 

Chas. Ashton, com. work, June, 8 days S 40 00 

Aug. 6 days 30 00 

Sept., 8 days 40 00 

R. R. fare 14 80— g 12480 

Wm. H. Dent, per diem, Feb., I day S 500 

Sep. 29, 1892. T. R. Rosier Co., lire extinguishers 96 00 

Feb. 19,1894. Rand & Leopold Desk Co., desk .S 3000 

Feb. 10. Am. Express Co - - 25 

13. Adams " " 30 

28. Am. " " 5 pkgs 274 

20. F. Furst, honey, Apr. 1893 8 00 

15. John Anderson, coal 3 50 

28. S. B. Humbert, P. M., stamps 11 56 

10. Chas. Ashton, telegrams i 10 

24. 45d Street Laundry . — 103 

15. Carter & Hussey, typewriter ribbons 1 00 

20. " " letter book i 50 

16. Joe T. Knapp, services 35 00 

Mch. 3. " " 5250 

Feb. 28. Florence Albright, " -. 6125 

Mch. I. W. S. Loomis. " 15000 

Feb. 28. F. N. Chase, Sec'y, per diem, Feb $ 120 00 

R. R. fare and telegrams 31 63 — $ 151 63 — $ 511 36 

Mch. 27. S. B. Packard, com. work, Feb., 17 days S 85 00 

Mch., 15 dajs 75 00 

R. R. fare 2750 — S 18750 

Mch. 10. Iowa State Register, advertisement S 85 

Des Moines Leader, " 195 

8. Chicago Tribune, " 480 

24. " " " ' 400 

19. " Record, " 240 

8. ■' Herald " 3 00 

19. " " " 3 40 

Iowa State Register " 720 

Dubuque Herald, " 5 00 

22. Council Bluffs Nonpareil " i 90 

19. Burlington Hawkeye " 444 

14. Lansing M. and Smelting Co., ret. frt 195 

9. Chas. Barnard, ret. frt 254 

4. Am. Express Co i 25 

^ 7. U.S. '■ 35 

Feb. 12. " ' 35 

Mch 12. Adams " 25 



4i8 



REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COMMISSION 



13. 

1893. 

July 12. 
Apr. 10. 
Sept. I. 
Aug. 31. 
Oct. 4- 

1894. 

Mch. 19. 

Apr. 2. 

Mch. 23. 

15. 

28, 



1893. 

Apr. 22. 

25. 

May 2. 

4. 

8. 

Q. 
12. 
15- 
19. 
24. 
26. 
June 5. 
12. 
19. 
26. 

July 3- 

8, 
10. 
14. 
21. 
22. 

Aug. I. 
5- 

14. 

16. 

25. 

29. 
Sept. I. 



16. 

18. 

23- 

26. 
Sept, 27, 
Oct. 24. 

12. 
Nov. 4. 

10. 
Mch. 31. 
June 12. 
July 10. 
Aug. 16. 
Sept. 9. 
Oct. 



White Line Transfer Co., storage and drayage. 



World's Col 



Expo., hauling. 



water bill, Aug. 9-13 

water meter and bill to Aug. 9. 
water bill Aug. 31 to Oct. 3...-. 



5 50 



I 00 
16 05 
10 84 
39 71 
32 64 



Carter & Hussey, book 20 

'■ " paper... 105 

S. B, Humbert, P. M., postage 6 00 

Mrs. D. J. Thayer, stenographer 1000 

E. Waller, labor 175 

T. D. Hastie, services 2 00 

JoeT. Knapp, " 7100 

W. S. Loomis, " 15050 

F. N. Chase, Sec'y., per diem, March % 135 00 

telegrams and R. R. fare 82 26— S 217 26—$ 



Iowa State Band % 



Chandler & Co., rent of room for Band. 



100 00 
100 00 

100 00 
250 00 
100 00 
100 00 
100 00 
200 00 
200 00 
200 00 
200 00 
600 00 
400 00 
400 00 
200 00 
200 00 
100 00 
200 00 
500 00 
200 00 
200 00 
400 00 
400 00 
600 00 
500 00 
500 00 

50 00 
450 00 
100 00 
200 00 
500 00 
200 00 
300 00 
100 00 
100 00 
250 00 
150 00 
250 00 
250 00 
750 00 
300 00 
300 00 
300 00. 
300 00 
300 00 
300 00— 



-S 12,500 CO 



Total amount received $148,045 30 

" expended 141,039 12 



Balance on hand April I, 1894 $ 7.00618 

To the President and Members of the Iowa Columbian Commission: 

We herewith submit statement of Disbursements of this Commission 
since date of last report, April ist, i8q4, (showing balance on hand of 
$7,006.18, after payment of Warrant No. 429,) as follows: 
1893. 

Oct. I. American Express Co., express % 0070 



REPORT OF AUDITING COMMITTEE 419 

1894. 

Mch. 21. C. E. John, carpenter -.. 6 00 

31. Perkins Bros. Co., advertising 3 81 

Apr. I. Iowa Printing Co., stationery .'•. 11 50 

1. S. H. Hall, hauling 3 50 

2. A. L. Reid & Co , laundry. i 76 

3. C. H Rice, hardware. 50 

7. U. S. Express (Jo., expressage 35 

7. American Express Co., expressage 30 

8. W. U. Telegraph Co., telegraphing 224 

9. Des Moines Leader, advertising 1045 

13. Carter & Hussey, paper. ... i 00 

17. Davenport Democrat, advertising 2 50 

19. Joe T. Knapp, watchman. 3500 

21. W. S. Loomis, clerk 1242'; 

27. B., C. R. & N. R. R., freight 1635 

28. S.B.Humbert, P. M., postage ... __ 700 

May I. O. E. Pearson, photographing 6 00 

I. F. N. Chase, Sec'y., per diem. April S 125 00 

I- " " disbursements. 75 98— $ 200 98 

Warrant No. 430 $ 434 19 

Apr. 20. American Express Co., expressage $ 

20. " " " 

May 3. Joe McDonald, teaming.. __ 

3 C. B. & Q. R. R., freight 

8, E. Harrold, teaming.. 

9. Smith & Hughes, teaming and labor. 

17. White Line Transfer Co., drayage 

26. L Emma Jones, typewriting .__ 

31. Helen Sevens, typewriting 

31. S. B. Humbert, P. M., postage 

W. U. Telegraph Co., telegraphing 71 

P. Johnson, refund 12 50 

F. N. Chase, Sec'y., per diem. May. $ no 00 

disbursements 42 23 — S 152 23 





$ 




75 




6,5 


6 


00 


I 


00 


4 


00 


39 


10 


2 


00 


2 


7.5 


I 


50 



Warrant No. 431 S 235 19 

July I. C. W. Bron'^on, drayage $ 2 10 

American Express Co., expressage— __ 3 20 

Mrs. Townsend, cleaning 225 

Lillie A. Pearce, stenographer 7 50 

Joe T. Knapp, watchman.. 65 00 

S. B. Humbert, P. M.. postage 8 00 

2. J. G Wyeth storage 800 

23. U.S. Express Co., expressage 4 30 

31. F.N.Chase Sec'y., per diem, June $ go 00 

disbursements 14 51 — $ 104 51 

Warrant No. 432. $ 20486 

July 19. W. U. Telegrapn Co., telegraphing $ 00 25 

Aug. I. S. B. Humbert, P. M., postage 600 

F. N. Chase, Sec'y., per diem, July $ 100 00 

disbursements 18 56 — $ 118 56 

Warrant No. 444 S 124 Si 

May 21. J. W. Jarnagin, printing minutes. 

Warrant No. 442 S 11 90 

May 21. Central Union Telephone Co., telephoning $ 0040 

Sept. I. S. B. Humbert, P. M., postage 500 

F. N. Chase, Sec'y., per diem, Aug.... $ 65 00 

disbursements 13 30 — S 78 30 

Warrant No. 445 S 8320 

May 30. W. S. Loomis, clerk 

June 9. American Express Co., express 

30. Mrs. L. P. Barnum, Dubuque exhibit 

J. K. P. Thompson, freight 

Sept. 15. Snyder & Hurd, advertising 

29. U. S. Express, expressage 

Oct. I. Denia Severin, stenographer 

S. B. Humbert. P. M., postage .__ __ 

F. N. Chase, Sec'y., per diem, Sept $ 80 00 

disbursements 6 49- 

4. C. L. Dahlberg & Co., typewriting .. 

White Line Trans. Co., storage 

Warrant No. 446 

Oct. 4. C. W. Norton, Live Stock Dept 

Warrant No. 440 



7 50 




I 65 




II 70 




2 4.5 




I 40 




3 90 




22 50 




5 00 




86 40 




12 00 




5 00 




S 


159 50 




61 75 



420 REPORT OF IOWA COLUMBIAN COiMMISSION 

Peter Mouw, terminal charges __ 

Warrant No. 438 550 

Wm. Rorierts & Sons, terminal charges 

Warrant No. 439 5 00 

July 20. Age Publishing Co., Clinton, adv. postoflfice fixtures $ 220 

Junes. C. G. W. Ry. Co., freight * 80 

Nov. I. S. B. Humbert, P. M., postage stamps 11 00 

Oct 16. Adams Express Co., expressage i 15 

15. American " " " i 25 

5. Chas. Ashton, U. S. Exp. freight, exp 85 

30. F. N. Chase, Sec'y., per diem, Oct S 8500 

disbursements 14 35 — S gg 35 



Warrant No. 453 to F. N. Chase S 116 60 

1894. 

Nov. 26. W. U Telegraph Co., tel. to Chicago $ 56 

Dec. 31. Miss Denia Severin, stenographic work 1950 

Nov. 30. F. N. Chase, per diem, Nov 5 7000 

disbursements. 1 23 22 — 93 22 

Oct. 17. Am. Express Co., expressage 1 65 

18. " " " 70 

U.S. " " 75 

17- •' " " - - ■ I »5 

Nov. 30. S. B. Humbert, P. M.. postage stamps 500 

Bryant-Neely Lumber Co., half ton coal 4 50 

Dec. 31. F. N. Chase, per diem, Dec .--.$ 4000 

disbursements..- 696 — $ 4696 

Warrant No. 455 to F. N. Chase S 17469 

1895- 

Jan. 25. C. G. W. R. R. Co., frgt S 85 

4. S. B. Humbert. P. M., postage stamps 700 

Apr. 3. U. S. Express Co., expressage 2 10 

Mch.]6- " " " 50 

7. H. H. Markley, P. M., postage stamps 400 

Apr. 6. F. N. Chase, per diem, Jan., Feb. & Mch $ 70 00 

disbursements 1280 — $ 8280 

Warrant No. 456 to F. N. Chase. $ 9725 

1894. 

Nov. 15. Anna M. Cooper, sten., typewriting and com. rep... S 10 00 

1895. ■ 

Apr. 6. Warrant No. 458 to Anna M. Cooper $ ic 00 

9. A. H. Treat, on settlement claim for frgt. and terminal charges 

mineral exhibit $ 25 00 

Warrant No. 459 S 2500 

10. H. H. Markley, P. M., postage $ 2 00 

15. Wm. L. Veatch, photograph i 25 

May 13. H. H. Markley, P. M., postage 400 

June 7. " " " — 200 

29. Denia Severim, stenographic work 1800 

Aug. 6. H. H. Markley, P. M., postage 400 

Apr. 10. B. F. White & Son, stationery 2 So 

Sep. I. Julia W. Pearce, recording minutes 600 

Oct. 19. A. J. Colpoys, type writing for Tr 25 00 

26. H. H. Markley, P. M., postage 200 

Nov. 7. F. N. Chase, per diem, Apr., $45; May, 30; June, 25: July, 

10; Aug., 20; Sept., 10; Oct , 10 $ 150 00 

disbursements 13 51—$ 163 51 

19. Warrant No. 464 to F. N. Chase __ S 23056 

15. J. W. Jarnagin, printing minutes S 13 30 

25. Warrant No, 465 to J. W. Jarnagin.. S 1330 

19. S. H. Mallory— postage, $10; tel., $1 85 $ 11 85 

30. Warrant No. 466 to S. H. Mallory S 11 85 

1894. 

Oct. 5. F. N. Chase, Knapp bk loss S 354 i/ 

Warrant No. 450 to F. N. Chase § 354 1/ 

Miss Albright, stenographer ? 15 00 

Warrant No. 451 to her __ S 15 00 

Nov. I. State Treasurer, refund to state 3.000 00 

Warrant No. 452 to B. A. Beeson $ 3.00000 



$ 5-374 32 



REPORT OF AUDITING COMMITTEE 421 

The following warrants were issued to Commissioners for per diem and R. R. fare after 
No. 429. 
1894. 

July 26. No. 433, H, Stivers, II days and com. work S 55 00 

434, S. B. Packard, 21 days and R. R. fare, S24 25 129 25 

Oct. 3. 435, J. F. Uuncombe, 3 days 1500 

436, H. W. Seaman, 5 days and R. R. fare, $17 50 . 42 50 

4. 437, " " 4 " " " " 37 50 

441, J.W. Jarnagin, 7 " " " 432 39 32 

443, J- O. Crosby, 8 " " " 1250 4750 

5. 447, A. C. Roberts. 10 " " " 14 70 64 70 

448, S. B. Packard, per diem " " 12525 

449, Chas. Ashton, " " " 8860 

454, H. W. Seaman, 7 days " " 30 00. 65 00 

457, S 6. Packard, 6 " " " 26 40 56 40 

460, Chas. Ashton, 5 '• 2500 

461, J. O. Crosby, appropriated for publishing report.. 2,000 00 

462, J. W. Jarnagin, com. work and R. R. fare 41 44 

463, S. H. Mallory,' " " " 157 "O 

467 J.O.Crosby, '* " " 31365—$ 3,303 11 



1805. 




Apr. 


6. 


(ulv 


26. 


Aug. 


12. 




26. 


Nov. 


18. 


1896. 




Feb. 


19. 



SUMMARY— RECEIPTS: 



8,677 43 



Appropriation by 22nd General Assembly $ 5,000 00 

24th " '^ 125,00000 

From Board of Lady Managers .__ 545 30 

Concession for model of capitol 5,000 00 

Net salvage 2,576 54 

Refund of cash on warrants to departments, unexpended 4,248 84 

Knapp & Co., bank assignee's dividends 59 39 

Increment in hands of Treasurer 46 

S 142,430 53 
Total amount of 467 warrants 141,465 39 

Balance in Treasurer's hands S 965 14 

There are some outstanding unpaid bills and expenses yet to be incurred in the distri- 
bution of the 5,000 printed copies of the Commission's report to the Governor. The above 
summary does not include the $12,500 appropriated by the executive council for the Iowa 
State Band, as that was disbursed by the executive committee and was not paid into the 
treasury of the commission. 

Appropriations were made by the commission from time to time for the different de- 
partments, and warrants were drawn therefor on the requisition of the commissioner in 
charge for the sums so appropriated, and vouchers were returned by them as expenditures 
were made. 

The first report of the auditing committee included the $12,500 appropriated by the exec- 
utive council which had been expended and vouchers filed therefor. With that sum de- 
ducted the — 

Total amount received by the treasurer was - S 135,545 30 

Total warrants drawn and paid 132,787 96 

Leaving in treasury April i, 1894 $ 2,757 34 

In hands of commissioners unexpended ■.- 4,248 84 

Total balance as per report S 7,006 18 

Net salvage 2,576 54 

Two dividends from assignee of Knapp & Co. bank . 59 39 

Increment in treasury 46 

5 9,642 57 
Amount of warrants — 430-467 inclusive 8,677 43 

Balance in treasury $ 965 14 

for which vouchers will be returned accompanied by a supplemental report. 



ROSTER OF EMPLOYEES AT THE IOWA STATE BUILDING. 

Mrs. F. N, Chase, hostess, Cedar Falls. 

Albert Allen, superintendent, Dubuque. 

Gen. Ed. Wright, Department of Information, Des Moines. 

Henry Towle, postmaster, Clinton. 

Miss Delia S. Hutchinson, registry clerk, Iowa City. 

Miss Elizabeth Gardner, registry clerk, Clinton. 

Mrs. Sara B. Maxwell, librarian, Des Moines. 

Miss Blanche Maxwell, assistant librarian, Des Moines. 

Master George Stivers, assistant Press Department, Burlington. 

Miss Florence Albright, stenographer, Shell Rock. 

Mrs. D. J. Thayer, commercial stenographer, Chariton. 

J. T. Knapp, assistant, Cedar Falls. 

J. C. Ashton, assistant, Guthrie Center. 

Otto Hanson, assistant. Council Bluffs. 

John Hyland, night-watch, Davenport. 

Fred Branch, night-watch, Elkader. 

Preston Erwin, janitor, Chariton. 

W. J. Barnett, janitor, Muchakinock. 

Henry Carter, assistant janitor, Chariton. 

Louis Perkins, assistant janitor, Chariton, 

Rebecca Brown, servant, Chicago. 

Tillie Osten, servant, Chicago. 

Anna Almason, servant, Chicago. 

Ned B. Rehkopf, assistant in Iowa Building, Des Moines. 

W. H. Patrich, bookkeeper, Des Moines. 

W. S. Loomis, accountant, Red Oak. 

OTHER DEPARTMENTS. 

C. L. Gabrilson, in charge of Dairy Department, New Hampton. 

Ben S. Packard, Agricultural Department, Marshalltown. 

L. S. Ciute, Agricultural Department, Greeley. 

E. Kretchmer, Apiary Department, Red Oak. 

Wm. Duncombe, Mines and Mining, Ft. Dodge. 

T. W. Mears, Mines and Mining, Centerville. 



